Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T18:58:51.160Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Scottish Churches, Morality and Homosexual Law Reform, 1957–1980

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 June 2015

JEFF MEEK*
Affiliation:
Glasgow E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The role of Scottish Churches in the decision not to include Scotland in the 1967 Sexual Offences Act requires scrutiny. This article examines the role of the Church of Scotland, and other Churches, in debates regarding homosexuality in the years following publication of the Wolfenden Report. It argues that although Scotland's Churches appeared steadfast in their determination to prevent homosexual law reform during the 1950s and 1960s, there was much ambivalence, contradiction and debate and that, in fact, Scotland's two main Churches played a significant role in the development of Scotland's foremost homosexual rights organisation, the Scottish Minorities Group.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Grimley, Matthew, ‘Law, morality and secularisation: the Church of England and the Wolfenden Report, 1954–1967’, this Journal lx (2009), 725–41Google Scholar; Machin, Ian, ‘British Churches and moral change in the 1960s’, in Jacob, W. M. and Yates, Nigel (eds), Crown and mitre: religion and society in northern Europe since the Reformation, Woodbridge 1993, 223–41Google Scholar.

2 For example see Davidson, R. and Davis, G., The sexual state: sexuality and Scottish governance, 1950–80, Edinburgh 2012Google Scholar; ‘Sexuality and the state: the campaign for Scottish homosexual law reform, 1967 to 1980’, Contemporary British History xx (2006), 533–58; and ‘ “A field for private members”: the Wolfenden Committee and Scottish homosexual law reform, 1957 to 1967’, Twentieth Century British History xv (2004), 174–201; and J. M. Meek, ‘Gay and bisexual men: self–perception and identity in Scotland, 1940 to 1980’, unpublished PhD diss. Glasgow 2010, 20–45.

3 Davidson and Davis, ‘ “A field for private members” ’, 175.

4 RWC, 2.

5 Grimley, ‘Law, morality and secularisation’, 728.

6 Jones, Timothy, ‘The stained glass closet: celibacy and homosexuality in the Church of England to 1955’, Journal of the History of Sexuality xx (2011), 133Google Scholar.

7 MacDonald, F. A. J., Confidence in a changing Church, Edinburgh 2004, 149Google Scholar.

8 Ibid. 146.

9 ‘Church and Nation’, GH, 7 May 1958, 6.

10 ‘Procurator fiscal at Glasgow: Mr James Adair's new post’, GH, 9 Nov. 1937, 9.

11 Ibid.

12 ‘Mr James Adair’, GH, 8 Jan. 1982, 4.

13 ‘Proposal for Sunday bowling: religious bodies’ opposition’, GH, 26 Oct. 1954, 3.

14 ‘Protecting young women: parents' failure’, GH, 8 Mar. 1945, 3.

15 Hansard, HC clxxxi.1270, 10 Mar. 1925.

16 RWC, 118.

17 Davidson and Davis, The sexual state, 56.

18 Hansard, HL cclxvi.131, 12 May 1965.

19 ‘Report of the Wolfenden Committee: large majority for disapproval’, GH, 27 May 1958, 3.

20 Ibid.

21 Meek, ‘Gay and bisexual men’, 18, and ‘The legal and social construction of the sodomite in Scotland, 1885–1930’, unpubl. MSc diss. Glasgow 2006, 77–80.

22 MacDonald, Confidence in a changing Church, 149.

23 Ibid.

24 Church of Scotland, ‘Assembly Reports, 1956’, 373, as quoted ibid. 147–8.

25 ‘Report on church relations: signatories not a band of conspirators’, GH, 10 Apr. 1958, 5.

26 Resolution of synod, 23 May 1973, NAS, HH60/876, as quoted in Davidson and Davis, ‘Sexuality and the state’, 538.

27 ‘Keep Scots sex laws’, Evening Times, 28 July 1980, 3.

28 ‘Free Kirk call for ultimate sanction of death penalty’, GH, 16 May 1968, 5.

29 ‘Free Kirk attack attitude on morals’, GH, 16 May 1974, 22.

30 ‘Christian revival’, The Scotsman, 23 May 1990, as quoted in Esteban, E., ‘Press talk’, Gay Scotland li (1990), 6Google Scholar.

31 Author interview with ‘Simon’, 27 July 2007.

32 Brown, C., The death of Christian Britain: understanding secularisation, 2nd edn, London–New York 2009, 176CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Ibid.180.

34 Hansard, HL ccclxxxiv. 45–6, 14 June 1977.

35 G. M. Carstairs to T. C. Harvey, 18 June 1969, NAS, GD467/1/1/1.

36 Hansard, HL ccvi.821–3, 4 Dec. 1957.

37 Grimley, ‘Law, morality and secularisation’, 728.

38 ‘Great Britain: the Wolfenden report’, Time Magazine, 16 Sept. 1957, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809883,00.html, accessed 12 Oct. 2010.

39 Church of Scotland, Assembly Report 1967, as quoted in MacDonald, Confidence in a changing Church, 150.

40 Ibid.

41 Hansard, HL ccclxxxiii.170, 10 May 1977.

42 Ibid. ccccxiii.1839, 21 Oct. 1980.

43 Jeffery-Poulter, Stephen, Peers, queers & commons, London–New York, 1991, 3844Google Scholar.

44 ‘Police handbook angers homosexual group – handbook for police a “smear” on homosexuals’, The Scotsman, 20 Sept. 1980, 1, 5.

45 Robin Cook mp to Chief Constable Alexander Morrison, 21 Sept. 1980, NAS, GD467/1/2/5.

46 Jeffery-Poulter, Peers, queers & commons, 143.

47 Ibid. 142.

48 General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, ‘Report of Church and Nation Committee, 1956’, Edinburgh, 373.

49 MacDonald, Confidence in a changing Church, 148.

50 Hansard, HC dccccxvii.1842, 18 Oct. 1976.

51 For example see ibid. dxcvi.475, 26 Nov. 1958; HL cclxvi.146, 668, 12, 24 May 1965.

52 Mort, Frank, ‘Sexuality: regulation and contestation’, in Collective, Gay Left, Homosexuality: power and politics, London 1980, 42–4Google Scholar.

53 Davidson and Davis, The sexual state, 51, 55.

54 SMG, report on meeting, 9 Mar. 1969, NAS, GD467/1/1/1.

55 Davidson and Davis, ‘Sexuality and the state’, 535.

56 Author interview with ‘Walter’, 27 July 2007.

57 ‘Gay Liberation Front: manifesto’: People with a story, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/glf-london.html, accessed 11 Feb. 2010.

58 Albany Trust to Ian Dunn, 14 Feb. 1969, NAS, GD467/1/1/1.

59 Dunn, Ian, ‘When twenty years have passed’, Gay Scotland xliv (1989), 10Google Scholar.

60 Ean Simpson to Dunn, 23 Feb. 1969, NAS, GD467/1/1/1.

61 Dunn to CSMWC, 14 May, 14 Aug. 1968, ibid.

62 Robert Orr, ‘Capitalism, patriarchy and gay oppression: a study of the Scottish Minorities Group’, unpubl. MA diss. Edinburgh 1980, 48.

63 Simpson to Dunn, 23 Feb. 1969.

64 Ibid.

65 Discussion document, 28 June 1970, NAS, GD467/1/1/3.

66 Simpson to Dunn, 27 Mar. 1969, NAS, GD467/1/1/1.

67 Author interview with ‘Walter’, 13 Apr. 2007.

68 Simpson to Dunn, 20 July 1970, as quoted in Orr, ‘Capitalism, patriarchy and gay oppression’, 48.

69 Dunn, ‘When twenty years have passed’, 3.

70 Ibid. 151.

71 Davidson and Davis, The sexual state, 108.

72 ‘Divorce law change for Scotland’, Guardian, 24 Jan. 1973, 9.

73 MacDonald, Confidence in a changing Church, 61.

74 Ibid. 22.

75 Walker, Graham, ‘The religious factor’, in Devine, T. M. and Wormald, Jenny (eds), Oxford handbook of modern Scottish history, Oxford 2012, 585602Google Scholar at p. 595.

76 Ibid. 595–6.

77 Orr, ‘Capitalism, patriarchy and gay oppression’, 19.

78 Ibid. 19–20.

79 Dunn, Ian, ‘Father Anthony Ross op’, Gay Scotland lxix (1993), 3Google Scholar.

80 SHRG, ‘The Pitlochry papers’, 1981, NAS, GD1467/1/3/9.

81 ‘Bid to start club for homosexuals fails’, GH, 20 Jan. 1971, 20, http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-ZRAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DKUMAAAAIBAJ&dq=columba%20ryan&pg=4169%2C3373955, accessed 7 May 2013.

82 SMG news (Jan. 1971), NAS, GD467/6/1.

83 Ian Dunn, ‘A brief history of Scottish minorities group’, NAS GD467/1/1/4.

84 For example, the Revd Bob Eccles, the Catholic chaplain for the University of Strathclyde, addressed the SHRG in January 1981.

85 Newsletter of the Paisley & District SHRG, no, 6, http://www.lgbthistoryscotland.org.uk, accessed 7 May 2013.

86 Author interview with ‘Daniel’, 27 Mar. 2007.

87 Ibid.

88 Ibid.

89 Yip, A. K. T., ‘Dare to differ: lesbian and gay Catholics’ assessment of official Catholic positions on sexuality’, Sociology of Religion lviii (1997), 168–9Google Scholar.

90 Joseph Ratzinger, ‘Letter to the bishops of the Catholic Church on the pastoral care of homosexual persons’: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19861986_homosexual-persons_en.html, accessed 29 May 2013.