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An Ultramontane Jansenist? Charles Hersent's Panegyric of St Louis (1650)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2018

SEAN HEATH*
Affiliation:
School of History, University of St Andrews, St Katharine's Lodge, The Scores, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9BA; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Viewed with hindsight, the link between Jansenism and Gallican resistance to papal pronouncements can seem inevitable. Before 1653, however, Rome's reluctance to commit itself unambiguously to condemning Jansen's ideas of grace made the idea of gaining papal support conceivable to some of his supporters. This article examines one hitherto ignored moment: the panegyric delivered in Rome by Charles Hersent, whose career in controversy combined ultramontane views with Jansenist theology. The episode reveals the broader volatility of these years, often missing from accounts that present the condemnation of Jansenism as inevitable, and the fact that Jansenism was not yet fused with Gallicanism.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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Footnotes

I would like to thank Joseph Bergin, Guy Rowlands, Emily Michelson, Marc Jaffré, Daniel Ponziani and the anonymous reviewer for assisting me substantially with the researching, writing and revision of this article. All faults, of course, remain my own.

References

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20 The name referred to St Optatus, the fourth-century bishop known for his writings against the schismatic Donatists.

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27 Simon's analysis to the effect that Richelieu attempted to use the controversy to gain leverage with the curia would be worth researching further: Lettres, 197.

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32 [Sauvage, Henri-Michel], La Réalité du projet de Bourg-Fontaine, démontrée par l’éxécution, Utrecht 1755, i. 182–9Google Scholar. It is worth noting that Sauvage implies mistakenly that this took place after the panegyric of 1650.

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36 Ibid. between pp. 24 and 25.

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41 For a representative example from each decade see Gazette, 1 Oct. 1633, 393; 27 Sept. 1642, 910; 27 Sept. 1653, 966; 25 Sept. 1666, 990; 25 Sept. 1677, 742; 23 Sept. 1684, 620; 22 Sept. 1696, 449; 22 Sept. 1708, 451; 28 Sept. 1715, 461; 28 Sept. 1720, 465; 22 Sept. 1731, 450–1; 22 Sept. 1742, 437; 22 Sept. 1759, 472; 19 Sept. 1763, 329; 26 Sept. 1777, 383; 22 Sept. 1789, 382.

42 Lionnet, Jean, ‘Quelques Aspects de la vie musicale à Saint-Louis-des-Français: de Giovanni Bernardino Nanino à Alessandro Melani (1591–1698)’, Publications de l’École française de Rome lii (1981), 333–75Google Scholar; Lionnet, Jean, ‘Une «Mode française» à Rome au xviie siècle’, Revue de musicologie lxxvii (1991), 279–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cametti, Alberto, ‘Arcangelo Corelli à Saint-Louis-des-Français à Rome’, Revue musicale iii (1921–2), 25–8Google Scholar.

43 AAE, 109CP/119, fo. 266r.

44 Gazette, 26 Sept. 1648, 1322.

45 Ibid. 27 Sept. 1687, 529; 20 Sept. 1721, 467–8; Mercure, Sept. 1721, 164.

46 Gazette, 26 Sept. 1665, 943.

47 de Gondi, Jean-François-Paul, Retz, cardinal de, Œuvres, Paris 1870–87, vii. 52–3, 479Google Scholar.

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49 ‘et souviens-toy qu'il est bien difficile de faire rendre à un discours par un instrument muet, qui est la plume, la force, & la grace, que luy donne la bouche, qui est un organe ou instrument animé’: Hersent, Eloge funebre, 14.

50 Bouchard, Jean-Jacques, Sermon panegyrique sur Saint Louis, Rome 1640Google Scholar.

51 For the incorporation of St Louis into the absolutist pantheon and the use of panegyrics to praise the reigning Bourbon king see Boureau, Alain, ‘Les Enseignements absolutistes de Saint Louis, 1610–1630’, in La Monarchie absolutiste et l'histoire en France: théories du pouvoir, propagandes monarchiques et mythologies nationales, Paris 1986, 7997Google Scholar, and Zoberman, Pierre, ‘Généalogie d'une image: l’éloge spéculaire’, XVIIe siècle cxlvi (1985), 7991Google Scholar. I am currently working on a monograph on the cult of St Louis in early modern France, which will be the first large-scale treatment of the topic.

52 Bretagne, Antoine de, Panégyrique de Saint Louys roy de France, Rome 1674, 7Google Scholar.

53 Saint-Jean, Léon de, Saint Louys, le snt. des roys, & le roy des saints: sermon panegyrique, presché à Rome, Rome 1648, 17Google Scholar. This was also published in Italian as S. Lodovico, il santo de’ rè, & il rè de’ santi, Rome 1648Google Scholar.

54 Mercure Galant, Sept. 1703, 266–73.

55 ‘impétueux et entreprenant’: Rapin, Mémoires, i. 167–70.

56 Ibid. i. 322; Gazette, 24 Sept. 1650, 1285.

57 ‘il m'ordonne d'abandonner auiourd'huy la loüange, la feste & le triomphe preparé pour honorer la mémoire de sainct Louis, pour le deferer & le rendre entierement à celuy que cette Croix me represente donnant sa vie pour les hommes’: Hersent, Charles, L'Empire de dieu dans les sainctsou bien l’éloge de sainct Louis roy de France, 2nd edn, Rome 1651, 1112Google Scholar.

58 ‘une Confession & une penitence proportionnée à la grieveté & au nombre de vos pechez’: ibid. 24.

59 ‘les prieres & les larmes de cette vertueuse Princesse’: ibid. 30.

60 ‘les Saincts en qualité de Saincts n'ont de vray estre & de vraye subsistence, que celle, qu'ils reçoivent de Iesus-Christ par le don d'une Grace purement gratuite’: ibid.

61 ‘Mortels qui me regardez en ce iour comme un objet digne de vos admirations, rendez plustost la gloire à ce grand Roy par la grace duquel ie suis tout ce que ie suis’: ibid.

62 ‘de sorte qu'il n'y a aucune action de nostre franc-arbitre qui puisse estre soustraite & separée de l'ordre & operation de sa Providence’: ibid. 14.

63 Rapin, Mémoires, i. 323.

64 ‘d'ambrasser la protection & la deffense de cette Grace medicinale qui a cousté au Sauveur tout son sang … qu'il a puissamment deffenduë par la tres-sçavante plume de S. Augustin…; & sur tout d'empescher par vostre authorité, que soubs le nom du tres-docte, tres-modeste & tres-religieux Evesque d'Ypre, la doctrine concernant la Grace & Predestination gratuite, que cette grande lumiere de l'Eglise sainct Augustin a enseignée avec l'ordre, l'approbation & admiration de nombre de grands Papes vos Predecesseurs … de laquelle [l'Eglise Romaine] ne doit iamais estre privée, ne soit point décriée & calomniée’: Hersent, L'Empire, 8.

65 Ibid. 9.

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67 [Gerberon], Histoire, i. 331–2.

68 La Censure du catechisme de la grace contenant la doctrine de Iansenius, &c. faite par nostre tres-sainct pere Innocent X. le 6. d'Octobre 1650: la censure du livre de Iansenius faite par monseigneur l'evesque de Soissons, & publiée en son diocese, par son commandement: et le recit veritable de ce qui s'est paßé à Rome à l'occasion d'un sermon du sieur Hersant, fait le iour de sainct Louys en l'eglise de ce sainct, en l'année saincte de 1650: avec le decret d'aiournement personnel, donné à Rome audit sieur Hersant, Paris 1650.

69 Moréri, Grand Dictionnaire, iv. 50–1.

70 Copie d'une lettre escrite de Rome par un pelerin françois en l'année saincte, sur le suiet d'un sermon, fait par le sieur Hersan à Rome, en l'eglise nationale de Saincte Louis, n.p. [1650].

71 [Sauvage], Réalité du projet, i. 182.

72 For the role of assessor and Francesco Albizzi see Mayer, Thomas, The Roman Inquisition: a papal bureaucracy and its laws in the age of Galileo, Philadelphia 2013, 1415, 141Google Scholar.

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75 The correspondence consulted was AAE, 109CP/114–20; 110CP/5.

76 ‘ad respondendum in causa fidei, & se expurgandum a criminibus, de quibus imputatur’: Censure, 17.

77 Journal de Mr de Saint-Amour, 47–50; [Gerberon], Histoire, i. 333–4.

78 Jean Gazaignes, Annales de la société des soi-disans Jésuites, Paris 1764–71, iv. 294n. It is worth pointing out that the sources dealing with Hersent's case before the Inquisition are sympathetic to the Jansenists, so may over-emphasise the extent to which they could not find theological fault with his sermon. Unfortunately, I was unable to find any documentation relating to Hersent's case in the Archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, Rome.

79 Journal de Mr de Saint-Amour, 61–5, 121, 327; [Gerberon], Histoire, i. 417–18.

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81 Decret de mostre S.P. le Pape Innocent X, Paris 1650Google Scholar; Pierre Blét sj, Le Clergé du Grand Siècle en ses assemblées, 1615–1715, Paris 1995, 217–37Google Scholar.

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