Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T22:40:07.346Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

IS JAPAN BACK? MEASURING NATIONALISM AND MILITARY ASSERTIVENESS IN ASIA'S OTHER GREAT POWER

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2021

Jennifer Lind  and
Chikako Kawakatsu Ueki
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Observers of East Asia frequently claim that Japanese nationalism is on the rise, and that Tokyo is abandoning its longtime military restraint. To determine whether these trends are indeed occurring, we define and measure Japan's nationalism and military assertiveness; we measure whether they are rising relative to Japan in the past, and relative to seven other countries.

Drawing from social identity theory, we distinguish between “nationalism” and a more benign “patriotism.” We find in Japan (1) strong patriotism that is stable over time, and no evidence of rising nationalism. Furthermore we find that (2) military assertiveness remains generally low, but it has risen in terms of decreased institutional constraints and peacekeeping activities. Our findings have important implications for academic debates about nationalism and Japanese security policy, and for policy debates about a nascent balancing effort against China.

Keywords

NationalismpatriotismsecuritymilitaryJapanUS–Japan alliance
Type
Article
Information
Journal of East Asian Studies , Volume 21 , Issue 3 , November 2021 , pp. 367 - 401
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the East Asia Institute

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abe, Shinzo. 2006. Utsukushii Kuni e [Towards a beautiful country: my vision for Japan]. Tokyo: Bungeishunju.Google Scholar
Abe, Shinzo. 2013. “Japan is Back,” Speech at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, February 22.Google Scholar
Abe, Shinzo. 2015. “Address on August 14, 2015.” Speeches and Statements by the Prime Minister, Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet. http://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/statement/201508/0814statement.html. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Asahi Shimbun. 1993. “Shitsumon to Kaitou Sengo Hosho Mondai ni kansuru Asahi Shimbunsha Yoronchosa” [Questions and answers, Asahi Shimbun opinion survey on post-war compensation issue.] Asahi Shimbun, November 13.Google Scholar
Asahi Shimbun. 2015. “Murayama-Koizumi Danwa ‘Dato’ 74% Asahi Shimbun Yoronchosa” [74% say Murayama-Koizumi statement is ‘adequate’ Asahi Shimbun opinion survey]. April 14.Google Scholar
Babb, James. 2013. “The New Generation of Conservative Politicians in Japan.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 14 (3): 355–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BBC News. 2015. “Japan and Korea Agree WW2 Comfort Women Deal.” BBC News, December 28. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35188135. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Beckley, Michael. 2017. “The Emerging Military Balance in East Asia: How China's Neighbors Can Check Chinese Naval Expansion.” International Security 42 (2): 78–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beech, Hannah, and Kobayashi, Chie. 2013. “Return of the Samurai,” Time 182 (16), October 14.Google Scholar
Bender, Arik. 2018. “Poll: 82% of Israelis Proud of the Country, Half Fear War is Near.” Jerusalem Post, April 19. www.jpost.com/israels-70th-anniversary/poll-82-percent-of-israelis-proud-of-the-country-half-fear-war-is-near-551239. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Bender, Jeremy. 2015. “France's Military is All Over Africa.” Business Insider, January 22.Google Scholar
Berger, Thomas U. 1998. Cultures of Antimilitarism: National Security in Germany and Japan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Berger, Thomas U. 2012. War, Guilt and World Politics after World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, J. Patrick. 2012. “States of the Nations: Nationalism, Narratives and Normative Change in Postwar Japan.” Ph.D. diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Brewer, Marilyn. 1999. “The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate?” Journal of Social Issues 55 (3): 429–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bukh, Alexander. 2007. “Japan's History Textbooks Debate: National Identity in Narratives of Victimhood and Victimization.” Asian Survey 47 (5): 638–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buruma, Ian. 1994. The Wages of Guilt. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux.Google Scholar
Catalinac, Amy. 2016. Electoral Reform and National Security in Japan: From Pork to Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cave, Peter. 2013. “Japanese Colonialism and the Asia-Pacific War in Japan's History Textbooks: Changing Representations and their Causes.” Modern Asian Studies 47 (2): 542–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chai, Sun-Ki. 1997. “Entrenching the Yoshida Defense Doctrine: Three Techniques for Institutionalization.” International Organization 51 (3): 389–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatham House. 2014. “Israeli Perspectives on the Palestinian Refugee Issue.” Chatham House, March 5–6. www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/field/field_document/20140305IsraeliPerspectivesPalestinianRefugee.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2021.Google Scholar
Chelala, Cesar. 2015. “Abe is Wrong to Rush Toward Militarization.” Japan Times, August 15.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2015a. “Japan's Adoption of Security Bills Poses Threat to Regional Stability.” China Daily, July 20. www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-07/20/content_21328041.htm. Accessed September 16, 2021.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2015b. “Shinzo Abe Slashes 7 Decades of Pacifism, Switches Japan to War Mode.” China Daily, July 16. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-07/16/content_21300965.htm. September 16, 2021.Google Scholar
Chrisafis, Angelique. 2018. “France Admits Systematic Torture During Algeria War for First Time.” Guardian, September 13. www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/13/france-state-responsible-for-1957-death-of-dissident-maurice-audin-in-algeria-says-macron. Accessed September 19, 2021.Google Scholar
Christensen, Thomas J. 1999. “China, the US–Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia.” International Security 23 (4): 49–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, Eun Bin. 2015. “Can Affirming National Identity Increase International Trust? Experimental Evidence from South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Nationals.” International Studies Review (South Korea) 16 (1): 75–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottam, Martha L., and Cottam, Richard W.. 2001. Nationalism & Politics: The Political Behavior of Nation States. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Crawford, Timothy W. 2011. “Preventing Enemy Coalitions: How Wedge Strategies Shape Power Politics.” International Security 35 (4): 155–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daugbjerg, Mads. 2009. “Pacifying War Heritage: Patterns of Cosmopolitan Nationalism at a Danish Battlefield Site.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 15 (5): 431–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Figueiredo, Rui J.P., and Elkins, Zachary. 2003. “Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry into the Vices of In-Group Pride.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (1): 171–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dekle, Robert. 1988. “The Relationship between Defense Spending and Economic Performance in Japan.” in Sharing World Leadership? A New Era for America and Japan, ed. Makin, John H. and Hellmann, Donald C.. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.Google Scholar
Dieterich, Sandra, Hummel, Hartwig, and Marschall, Stefan. 2010. “Parliamentary War Powers: A Survey of 25 European Parliaments.” Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. Occasional Paper no. 21.Google Scholar
Doak, Kevin M. 2007. A History of Nationalism in Modern Japan: Placing the People. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dower, John. 1999. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Druckman, Daniel. 1994. “Nationalism, Patriotism, and Group Loyalty: A Social Psychological Perspective.” Mershon International Studies Review 38 (1): 43–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudden, Alexis. 2015. “The Shape of Japan to Come.” New York Times, January 16.Google Scholar
Ebuchi, Tomohiro, and Takeuchi, Yusuki. 2018. “54% of Japanese in favor of Accepting More Foreign Workers.” Nikkei Asian Review, October 29.Google Scholar
Ebuchi, Tomohiro, and Takeuchi, Yusuki. 2015. “The Unquiet Past.” The Economist, August 14. www.economist.com/essay/2015/08/15/the-unquiet-past. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2017. “Japan's Government Tries to Free its Soldiers from Pacifist Shackles.” The Economist, February 18. www.economist.com/asia/2017/02/16/japans-government-tries-to-free-its-soldiers-from-pacifist-shackles. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Erlanger, Steven. 1991. “The Search for a New Security Umbrella.” New York Times, May 12. www.nytimes.com/1991/05/12/weekinreview/the-world-the-search-for-a-new-security-umbrella.html. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Estévez-Abe, Margarita. 2014. “Feeling Triumphalist in Tokyo.” Foreign Affairs 93 (3): 165–171.Google Scholar
Fierke, Karin. 2002. “Links across the Abyss: Language and Logic in International Relations,” International Studies Quarterly 46 (3): 331–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedberg, Aaron L. 2015. A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Fukuoka, Kazuya. 2013. “Memory, Nation, and National Commemoration of War Dead: A Study of Japanese Public Opinion on the Yasukuni Controversy.” Asian Politics & Policy 5 (1): 27–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gayle, Curtis A. 2003. Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genron, NPO and Daily, China. 2014. “The 10th Japan–China Public Opinion Poll.” Analysis Report on the Comparative Data, www.genron-npo.net/en/opinion_polls/archives/5317.html.Google Scholar
Gholz, Eugene, Friedman, Benjamin, and Gjoza, Enea. 2019. “Defensive Defense: A Better Way to Protect US Allies in Asia.” The Washington Quarterly 42 (4): 171–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Global Times. 2013. “Tit-for-Tat Policy Toward Japan an Unwise Strategy.” Global Times, November 7. www.globaltimes.cn/content/823081.shtml#.%20UntFNuIjqSo. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Goddard, Stacie E., and Krebs, Ronald R.. 2015. “Rhetoric, Legitimation, and Grand Strategy,” Security Studies 24 (1): 5–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldgeier, James M. 1997. “Psychology and Security.” Security Studies 6 (4): 137–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldgeier, James M., and Saunders, Elizabeth N.. 2018. “The Unconstrained Presidency: Checks and Balances Eroded Long before Trump.” Foreign Affairs 97: 144–156.Google Scholar
Green, Michael J., and Hornung, Jeffrey W.. 2018. “Is Japan's New Defense Plan Ambitious Enough?” War on the Rocks, December 6, 2018. https://warontherocks.com/2018/12/is-japans-new-defense-plan-ambitious-enough/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Grimmer, Justin, and Stewart, Brandon M.. 2013. “Text as Data: the Promises and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis 21 (3): 267–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groll, Elias. 2015. “Shinzo Abe Regrets but Declines to Apologize for Japan's World War II Actions.” Foreign Policy, August 14. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/14/shinzo-abe-regrets-but-declines-to-apologize-for-japans-wwii-actions/. Accessed September 16, 2021.Google Scholar
Guardian Weekly. 1985. “The Rising Sun Burns with a New Fire.” Guardian Weekly, July 21.Google Scholar
He, Yinan. 2009. The Search for Reconciliation: Sino-Japanese and German-Polish Relations Since World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermann, Tamar, Atmor, Nir, Heller, Ella, and Lebel, Yuval. 2013. The Israeli Democracy Index. Jerusalem: The Israel Democracy Institute Press.Google Scholar
Herrmann, Richard K., Isernia, Pierangelo, and Segatti, Paolo. 2009. “Attachment to the Nation and International Relations: Dimensions of Identity and Their Relationship to War and Peace.” Political Psychology 30 (5): 721–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopf, Ted. 2010. “The Logic of Habit in International Relations,” European Journal of International Relations 16 (4): 539–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornung, Jeffrey W., and Mochizuki, Michael M.. 2016. “Japan: Still An Exceptional U.S. Ally.” The Washington Quarterly 39: 95–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huggler, Justin. 2017. “AfD Politician Calls for Germany to Stop Atoning for Nazi Past.” Guardian, January 18. www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/18/afd-politician-says-germany-should-stop-atoning-for-nazi-crimes. Accessed September 16, 2021.Google Scholar
Hughes, Christopher W. 2009. Japan's Remilitarisation. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hughes, Christopher W. 2013. Japan's Re-Emergence as a ‘Normal’ Military Power. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, Christopher W. 2016. Japan's ‘Resentful Realism’ and Balancing China's Rise, The Chinese Journal of International Politics 9 (2): 109–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoguchi, Takashi. 1993. “Japan in Search of a Normal Role.” Adelphi Papers 33 (275): 58–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Institute for International Strategic Studies (IISS). 2016. The Military Balance. London.Google Scholar
Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 2013. “Nihonjin no Kokuminsei Chosa. www.ism.ac.jp/kokuminsei/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
ISSP (International Social Survey Programme). 1995. 2003. Data also available at IISS website. http://w.issp.org/menu-top/home/Google Scholar
Izumikawa, Yasuhiro. 2010 . “Explaining Japanese Antimilitarism: Normative and Realist Constraints on Japan's Security Policy.” International Security 35 (2): 123–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Japan Association of International Relations. 2012. “Foreign Policy and Nationalism in Postwar Japan.” Kokusai Seiji 170 [International relations], October 2012.Google Scholar
Japan Cabinet Office. 2013. “Public Opinion Survey on Diplomatic Relations (1978–2013).”Google Scholar
Japan Cabinet Office. 2016. “Public Opinion Survey on Diplomacy, 2016.” http://survey.gov-online.go.jp/h27/h27-gaiko/zh/z22.html. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Japan Times. 2013. “69% say Abe Should Heed Fallout From Yasukuni: Poll.” Japan Times, December 29. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/12/29/national/69-say-abe-should-heed-fallout-from-yasukuni-poll/. Accessed September 16, 2021.Google Scholar
Johnston, Alastair Iain. 2013. “How New and Assertive Is China's New Assertiveness?” International Security 37 (4): 7–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, Alastair Iain. 2017. “Is Chinese Nationalism Rising? Evidence from Beijing,” International Security 41 (3): 7–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karasawa, Minoru. 2002. “Patriotism, Nationalism, and Internationalism among Japanese Citizens: An Etic-Emic Approach.” Political Psychology 23 (4): 645–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kato, Norihiro. 2014. “Tea-Party Politics in Japan,” New York Times, September 12.Google Scholar
Katwala, Sunder. 2014. “The Rise of a Quieter British Patriotism.” The New Statesman, 14 April. https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/04/rise-quieter-british-patriotism. Accessed September 19, 2021.Google Scholar
Kazianis, Harry J. 2019. “A Japan–South Korea Dispute Hundreds of Years in the Making.” National Interest, August 26. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/korea-watch/japan-south-korea-dispute-hundreds-years-making-76241. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Kim, Jae-won. 2013. “Abe Wants to Ditch Pacifist Constitution,” Korea Times, April 25.Google Scholar
Kim, Yun-hyung. 2013. “Japanese Politician Says S. Korea and Japan Need to Resist Nationalism.” Hankyoreh, September 13.Google Scholar
Kingston, Jeff. 2015. “The Politics and Pitfalls of War Memory and Apology.” Japan Times, July 11.Google Scholar
Kingston, Jeff, ed. 2016a. Asian Nationalisms Reconsidered. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kingston, Jeff. 2016b. “Nationalism in the Abe Era.” Asia-Pacific Journal 14 (3). https://apjjf.org/2016/20/Kingston.html. Accessed September 16, 2021.Google Scholar
Kitada, A. 2005. Warau Nihon no “Nashonarizumu” [Sneering Japanese “Nationalism”]. Tokyo: NHK Books.Google Scholar
Koizumi, Junichiro. 2005. Statement by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, August 15. www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/8/0815.html. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Kono, Kei, Takahashi, Koichi, and Hara, Miwako. 2010. “The Survey of Japanese Value Orientations: Analysis of Trends Over Thirty-Five Years.” NHK Broadcasting Studies 8. www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/english/reports/pdf/10_no8_04.pdf. Accessed September 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Korea Herald. 2018. “Japan Never Learns.” Korea Herald, October 1. www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20181001000378. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Kosterman, Rick, and Feshbach, Seymour. 1989. “Toward a Measure of Patriotic and Nationalistic Attitudes.” Political Psychology 10 (2): 257–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs, Ronald R. 2015. Narrative and the Making of US National Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larimer, Tim. 1999. “National Colors.” Time, August 16.Google Scholar
Larivé, Maxime. 2014. “Welcome to France's New War on Terror in Africa: Operation Barkhane.” National Interest, August 7.Google Scholar
Lewis, Leo. 2015. “Japan Arms Fair Confirms Country's Status as Weapons Exporter.” Financial Times, May 14.Google Scholar
Lewis, Leo. 2017. “Japanese Hotel Row Highlights Latent Nationalism.” Financial Times, January 22.Google Scholar
Li, Qiong, and Brewer, Marilynn B.. 2004. “What Does it Mean to be an American? Patriotism, Nationalism, and American Identity After 9/11.” Political Psychology 25 (5): 727–739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liff, Adam P. 2017. “Policy by Other Means: Collective Self-Defense and the Politics of Japan's Postwar Constitutional Reinterpretations.” Asia Policy 24: 139–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lind, Jennifer. 2004. “Pacifism or Passing the Buck? Testing Theories of Japanese Security Policy.” International Security 29 (1): 92–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lind, Jennifer. 2008. Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Linley, Matthew. 2016. “Nationalist Attitudes Among Mass Publics in East Asia.” In Asian Nationalisms Reconsidered, ed. Kingston, Jeff. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Machida, Satoshi. 2017. “National Sentiments and Citizens’ Attitudes in Japan Toward the Use of Force Against China.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 2 (1): 87–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maeda, Sawako. 2009. “Transformation of Japanese Space Policy: From the ‘Peaceful Use of Space’ to ‘the Basic Law on Space.’” Asia-Pacific Journal 7 (1). https://apjjf.org/-Maeda-Sawako/3243/article.html. Accessed September 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Matthews, Eugene A. 2003. “Japan's New Nationalism.” Foreign Affairs, November/December.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeil, Gil David. 2010. “Japan: the Land of the Rising Nationalism.” The Independent, November 5.Google Scholar
McVeigh, Brian J. 2004. Nationalisms of Japan: Managing and Mystifying Identity. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, John J. 2014. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Midford, Paul. 2011. Rethinking Japanese Public Opinion and Security: From Pacifism to Realism? Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Russell A. 2010. “Germany's Basic Law and the Use of Force.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 17 (2): 197–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2018. Japan's Contribution to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, October 25. www.mofa.go.jp/policy/un/pko/pdfs/contribution.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Moritsugu, Ken. 2015. “Japan Takes a Step Toward Having a More Normal Military.” Military Times, September 20. www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2015/09/20/analysis-japan-takes-step-toward-having-a-normal-military/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2015. “Japanese Apologies Lost in Translation.” East Asia Forum, April 26. www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/04/26/japanese-war-apologies-lost-in-translation/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2013. “Rebranding of Abe Nationalism.” Asia-Pacific Journal 11 (1). https://apjjf.org/2013/11/28/Tessa-Morris-Suzuki/3966/article.html. Accessed September 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Muneo, Narusawa. 2014. “The Overseas Dispatch of Japan's Self-Defense Forces and U.S. War Preparations.” Trans. by Richard Minear. Asia-Pacific Journal 12 (2). https://apjjf.org/2014/12/31/Narusawa-Muneo/4158/article.html. Accessed September 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Murata, Hiroko. 2014. “Nihonjin ga Motsu Kuni heno Aichaku toha [What affinities do Japanese have of their country].” Hoso Kenkyu to Chosa, May 2014.Google Scholar
Murayama, Tomiichi. 1995. “On the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the War's End,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, August 15. www.mofa.go.jp/announce/press/pm/murayama/9508.html. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Takashi, Yoshino, Ryozo, Maeda, Tadahiko, Inagaki, Yusuke, and Shibai, Kiyohisa. 2017. “A Study of the Japanese National Character: The Thirteenth Nationwide Survey (2013).” ISM Survey Research Report No. 119. www.ism.ac.jp/editsec/kenripo/pdf/kenripo119.pdf. Accessed September 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Nakanishi, Terumasa. 2016. “Saraba Abe Shinzo” [Farewell Shinzo Abe], Rekishi-tu 42 (May 2016), 92–118.Google Scholar
Nakano, Koichi. 2015. Ukeikasuru Nihon Seiji [Rightward Shift of Japanese Politics]. Tokyo: Iwanami.Google Scholar
Nakano, Koichi. 2016a. “Political Dynamics of Contemporary Japanese Nationalism,” in Asian Nationalisms Reconsidered, ed. Kingston, Jeff. London: Routledge. 160–171.Google Scholar
Nakano, Koichi. 2016b. “New Right Transformation in Japan.” In Disasters and Social Crisis in Contemporary Japan, ed. Mullins, Mark R. and Nakano, Koichi. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
The Nation. 2017. “Japanese Emperor Greets New Year Well-Wishers.” The Nation, January 2.Google Scholar
New York Times. 2014. “Mr. Abe's Dangerous Revisionism.” New York Times, March 2.Google Scholar
Nihon Saiken Inishachibu. 2015. “Sengo Hoshu” wa Owattanoka [Is the “postwar conservatism” over]. Tokyo: Kadokawa.Google Scholar
Nikkei Asian Review. 2020. “Nearly 70% of Japanese Say More Foreigners Are ‘Good’: Survey.” Nikkei Asian Review, January 10.Google Scholar
Nilsson-Wright, John, and Fujiwara, Kiichi. 2015. “Japan's Abe Administration: Steering a Course between Pragmatism and Extremism.” Chatham House, September. www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/20150914JapanAbeAdministrationNilssonWrightFujiwara.pdf. Accessed September 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Nippon.com. 2015. “A Look at International Marriage in Japan.” Nippon.com, February 19. www.nippon.com/en/features/h00096/.Google Scholar
Nozaki, Yoshiko. 2008. War Memory, Nationalism and Education in Postwar Japan: The Japanese History Textbook Controversy and Ienaga Saburo's Court Challenges. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nye, Joseph. 2012. “Japan's Nationalist Turn.” Project Syndicate, November 9.Google Scholar
Ogawa, Shuko. 2000. “The Difficulty of Apology.” Harvard International Review, September 22.Google Scholar
Ogihara, Makiko. 1987. “The New Nationalism Has Many Faces.” Sydney Morning Herald, June 16.Google Scholar
Oguma, Eiji. 2002. “Minshu” to “Aikoku”—Sengo Nihon no Nashonarizumu to Kokyosei [“Democracy” and “Patriotrism”—Nationalism and Publicness in Postwar Japan]. Tokyo: Shinyosha.Google Scholar
Okamoto, Tatsuaki. 2001. Kokuminshi no Henbo: Nichibei Rekishi Kyokasho to Gurobaru Jidai no Nashonarizumu [Changes in national history: history texbooks in Japan and the United States and nationalism in a globalized age]. Tokyo: Nihon Hyoronsha.Google Scholar
Olick, Jeffrey K. 1999. “Genre Memories and Memory Genres: A Dialogical Analysis of May 8, 1945 Commemorations in the Federal Republic of Germany.” American Sociological Review 64 (3): 381–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oros, Andrew L. 2008. Normalizing Japan: Politics, Identity, and the Evolution of Security Practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Oros, Andrew L. 2017. Japan's Security Renaissance: New Policies and Politics for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orr, James J. 2001. The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osawa, Masachi. 2011. Kindai Nihon no Nashonarizumu [Nationalism in modern Japan]. Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar
Otake, Hideo. 2005. Saigunbi to Nashonarizumu [Remilitarization and nationalism]. Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar
Panda, Ankit. 2014. “Japan's Demographic Crisis: Any Way Out?” The Diplomat, March 26.Google Scholar
Parameswaran, Prashanth. 2015. “The Truth About India's Militant Strike in Myanmar.” The Diplomat, June 12.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2011. U.S. Seen as Among the Greatest Nations, But Not Superior to All Others. Pew Research Center Report, June 30. www.people-press.org/2011/06/30/u-s-seen-as-among-the-greatest-nations-but-not-superior-to-all-others/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2014. “How Asians View Each Other.” Chapter 4 of Global Opposition to U.S. Surveillance and Drones, but Limited Harm to America's Image. Pew Research Center Report, July 14. www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/chapter-4-how-asians-view-each-other/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2018, “In Many Countries, People are Split on Whether Their Culture is Superior to Others, section of Being Christian in Western Europe. Pew Research Center, 29 May. www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/nationalism-immigration-and-minorities/pf_05-29-18_religion-western-europe-01-04/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Posen, Barry R. 2014. Restraint: A New Foundation for US Grand Strategy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Powers, Kathleen. 2018. “Nationalism, Social Identity Content, and Foreign Policy Attitudes.” Paper prepared for presentation at the 2018 International Studies Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Preble, Christopher A. 2011. The Power Problem: How American Military Dominance Makes Us Less Safe, Less Prosperous, and Less Free. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Pyle, Kenneth. 2007. Japan Rising: The Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Rathbun, Brian, and Albuyeh, Rod. 2018. “Yin and Yang?: Social Identity Theory and Chinese Views about Americans and Themselves.” Article Manuscript, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Ratner, Ely, et. al. 2020. “Rising to the China Challenge: Renewing American Competitiveness in the Indo-Pacific.” Center for a New American Security. January 28. https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/rising-to-the-china-challenge. Accessed September 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Reuters. 2016. “Japan to Bolster Coast Guard Amid Island Dispute with China.” Reuters, December 21. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-china-coastguard-idUSKBN14A1BT. Accessed September 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Rich, Motoko. 2017. “A Pacifist Japan Starts to Embrace the Military.” New York Times, August 29.Google Scholar
Richard, Dreux. 2016. “Why Obama Is Shinzo Abe's Enabler.” New York Times, June 1.Google Scholar
Ripley, Will. 2015. “Assertive Japan Poised to Abandon Years of Pacifism.” CNN.com, September 18.Google Scholar
Saadia, Manu. 2017. “France Should Apologize for Colonialism in Algeria.” Washington Post, February 23.Google Scholar
Saaler, Sven. 2015. “Nationalism and History in Contemporary Japan.” In Asian Nationalisms Reconsidered, ed. Kingston, Jeff. London: Routledge: 172–185.Google Scholar
Samuels, Richard J. 2007. Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asian Security. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Samuels, Richard J. 2007–8. “‘New Fighting Power!’ Japan's Growing Maritime Capabilities and East Asian Security,” International Security 32 (3): 84–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sankei Shimbun. 2015. “Honsha-FNN Godo Yoron Chosa, Omona Shitsumon to Kaito” [Sankei-FNN Public Opinion Poll, Major Questions and Answers], August 18, Morning edition, p. 5.Google Scholar
Schreer, Benjamin. 2013. “The Reluctant Ally? Germany, NATO and the Use of Force.” In NATO's European Allies: Military Capability and Political Will, ed. Matlary, Janne Haaland and Petersson, Magnus. London: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Schrock-Jacobson, Gretchen. 2012. “The Violent Consequences of the Nation: Nationalism and the Initiation of Interstate War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56 (5): 825–852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimazu, Naoko. 2006. Nationalisms in Japan. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, Gi-Wook, and Sneider, Daniel C.. 2015. History Textbooks and the Wars in Asia: Divided Memories. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shirai, Satoshi. 2014. Eizoku Haisenron: Sengo Nihon no Kakushin [Eternal defeat thesis: the core of postwar Japan]. Tokyo: Ota.Google Scholar
Smith, Sheila A. 2015. “Abe Focuses on Japan's ‘Lessons Learned.’” The Diplomat, August 15.Google Scholar
Smith, Sheila A. 2019. Japan Rearmed: The Politics of Military Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snider, Daniel. 2012. “Divided Memories: History Textbooks and the Wars in Asia.” Nippon.com, May 29. www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/a00703/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Snyder, Jack. 1994. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Soble, Jonathan. 2016. “Japan's Leader Has Little Use for the Lessons of Hiroshima.” New York Times, May 26.Google Scholar
Soeya, Yoshihide. 1998. “Japan: Normative Constraints Versus Structural Imperatives.” In Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences, ed. Alagappa, Muthiah, 198–233. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Soeya, Yoshihide, Welch, David A., and Tadokoro, Masayuki, eds. 2011. Japan as a ‘Normal Country’?: A Nation in Search of Its Place in the World. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
South China Morning Post. 2018. “Shinzo Abe's Nationalist Push Can Easily Heighten Tension in the Region.” South China Morning Post, December 16.Google Scholar
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2018. SIPRI Military Expenditure Database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milexGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Bruce. 2015. “70 Years After Hiroshima, Opinions Have Shifted on Use of Atomic Bomb.” Atlantic, August 4.Google Scholar
Stokes, Bruce. 2016. “Hostile Neighbors: China vs Japan.” Pew Research Center Report, September 13. www.pewglobal.org/2016/09/13/hostile-neighbors-china-vs-japan/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Stone, Jon. 2016. “British People are Proud of Colonialism and the British Empire, Poll Finds.” The Independent, January 19.Google Scholar
Stone, Oliver, and Kuznick, Peter. 2014. “Japan Tilts to the Right; Under Abe's Leadership, Nation Shifts From Pacifism to Militarism with Obama Blessing.” USA Today, February 3.Google Scholar
Stothard, Michael. 2017. Macron Calls France's Colonial Past a ‘Crime Against Humanity.’ Financial Times, February 17.Google Scholar
Sugano, Tamotsu. 2016. Nippon Kaigi no Kenkyu [Research on Nippon Kaigi]. Tokyo: Fusosha.Google Scholar
Suzuki, Shogo. 2015. “The Rise of Chinese ‘Other’ in Japan's Construction of Identity: Is China a Focal Point of Japanese Nationalism?” Pacific Review 28 (1): 95–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, Koichi, and Aramaki, Hiroshi. 2016. “Japanese Value Orientations in a Forty Year Time-Series Survey.” Survey on Japanese Value Orientations, Public Opinion Research Division, NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute.Google Scholar
Takahashi, Kosuke. 2014. “Shinzo Abe's Nationalist Strategy.” The Diplomat, February 14.Google Scholar
Tanabe, Shunsuke. 2013. Japanese Perceptions of Foreigners. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.Google Scholar
Tanabe, Shunsuke. 2016. “Nihon ni okeru Nashonarizumu no Jitenkan Hikaku to Kitei Youin.” [Time comparison and determining factors of nationalism in Japan]. In Gendai Nihon ni okeru Nashonarizumu to Seiji [Nationalism and Politics in Contemporary Japan], ed Shunsuke Tanabe, 29–48. www.waseda.jp/prj-ipa/Report2016.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Tardy, Thierry. 2014. “The Reluctant Peacekeeper: France and the Use of Force in Peace Operations.” Journal of Strategic Studies 37 (5): 770–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tharoor, Ishaan. 2019. “India and Pakistan May Not Go to War. But the Crisis is Escalating.” Washington Post, February 27.Google Scholar
Tisdall, Simon. 2013. “Is Shinzo Abe's ‘New Nationalism’ a Throwback to Japanese Imperialism?” Guardian, November 27.Google Scholar
Trachtenberg, Marc. 1999. A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsutsui, Kiyoteru. 2009. “The Trajectory of Perpetrators’ Trauma: Mnemonic Politics Around the Asia-Pacific War in Japan.” Social Forces 87 (3): 1389–1422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Evera, Stephen. 1994. “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War.” International Security 18 (4): 5–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viscusi, Gregory. 2012. “Hollande Calls France's Algerian Rule Brutal; No Apology,” Bloomberg, December 20.Google Scholar
Wall Street Journal. 2004. “National Pride Varies Greatly Across Five European Countries.” Wall Street Journal. June 24. www.wsj.com/articles/SB108791772299244030. Accessed September 19, 2021.Google Scholar
Wall Street Journal. 2014. “Tensions in Asia Stoke Rising Nationalism in Japan.” Wall Street Journal, February 26.Google Scholar
Wall Street Journal. 2015. “Full Text of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's World War II Statement.” Wall Street Journal, August 14. http://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/08/14/full-text-japanese-prime-minister-shinzo-abes-world-war-ii-statement/. Accessed February 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Wang, Vivian, and Qin, Amy. 2020. “As Coronavirus Fades in China, Nationalism and Xenophobia Flare.” New York Times, May 11.Google Scholar
Wang, Zheng. 2014. Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical memory in Chinese politics and Foreign Relations. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Watts, Jonathan. 2001. “Japan's Rising Nationalism Enrages Asia.” The Observer, July 15.Google Scholar
Weiss, Jessica Chen. 2014. Powerful Patriots: Nationalist Protest in China's Foreign Relations. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Sandra. 2002. Nation and Nationalism in Japan. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
World Values Survey. 2014. www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp.Google Scholar
Shimbun, Yomiuri. 2015. “70 Nen Danwa ‘Hyokasuru’ 48%, Honsha Yoronchosa [48% Positive on 70th year statement, Yomiuri Shimbun opinion survey].” Yomiuri Shimbun, August 18.Google Scholar
Yoshida, Reiji and Aoki, Mizuho. 2015. “Diet Enacts Security Laws, Marking Japan's Departure From Pacifism.” Japan Times, September 19.Google Scholar
Yoshino, Kosaku. 1997. Bunka Nashonarizumu no Shakaigaku—Gendai Nihon no Aidentiti no Yukue [Sociology of cultural nationalism—the future course of contemporary Japan's identity]. Nagoya: Nagoya University Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Lind and Kawakatsu Ueki supplementary material

Lind and Kawakatsu Ueki supplementary material

Download Lind and Kawakatsu Ueki supplementary material(File)
File 32.5 KB