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The Evolution of South Korea's Rural Institutions: The Political Economy of Export Promotion and Market Protection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2016

Daniel A. Pinkston
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Extract

South Korea's economic takeoff in the 1960s triggered a scholarly debate over the causes behind its economic growth. Neoclassical economists and “statist” scholars focused on government policies toward the industrial sector, but as this article shows, they have neglected to consider the political economy behind the government's targeting of the agricultural and livestock sectors for export promotion. In fact, the South Korean government's support of export-led growth—aimed at the rural sector as well as industry—transformed the nation's agricultural and livestock institutions from instruments of development and export promotion into protectionist mechanisms. This article discusses how complete market liberalization would have resulted in more efficient resource allocation and reveals how political considerations affected the institutional arrangement in the South Korean countryside and the subsequent liberalization of agricultural and beef markets.

Keywords

economic developmentagriculturelivestockinstitutionsprotectionexport promotionNational Livestock Cooperatives Federation (NLCF)National Agricultural Cooperatives Federation (NACF)Park Chung Hee
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of East Asian Studies , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , April 2007 , pp. 61 - 92
Copyright
Copyright © East Asia Institute 

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References

Notes

I would like to thank Stephan Haggard and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on an earlier draft. Of course, I am responsible for any and all errors in this article.Google Scholar

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26. After liberation, Korea exported its first livestock products in 1959 with the shipment of 2,030 hogs and 20 head of cattle to Hong Kong. See KREI, Han-gug nongjeong 40nyeon-sa I, p. 30, and II, p. 122; and NLCF, Chug-hyeob 10nyeon-sa, p. 882.Google Scholar

27. “So 3000du i-sang su-chul” [Exporting More Than 3,000 Head of Cattle], Nonghyeob-sin-mun , March 11, 1965.Google Scholar

28. KREI, Han-gug nongjeong 40nyeon-sa I, p. 30.Google Scholar

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30. For a discussion of agricultural inputs and growth, and government investment during this period see ch. 4, “The Sources of Agricultural Growth,” and ch. 6, “Government Investment Policy and Plans,” in Hwan, Ban Sung et al., Rural Development. Google Scholar

31. Korea's surplus labor and land scarcity indicate a comparative disadvantage in agriculture and livestock, but this did not deter the government from targeting these sectors for exports in the 1960s.Google Scholar

32. “Su-chul jeungdae-e bun-bal” [Exerting Effort to Increase Exports], Nonghyeob-sin-mun , December 6, 1965.Google Scholar

33. Ibid. Google Scholar

34. NLCF, Chug-hyeob 10nyeon-sa , p. 884.Google Scholar

35. In 1965 the Korean government completed negotiations to normalize diplomatic relations with Japan. Opposition to the treaty was widespread, but Korean leaders insisted it was necessary for economic development. “Bag-dae-tonglyeong yeon-du-gyo-seo: jeungsan-su-chul geonseol jeon-lyeog, 10nyeon-nae geun-dae-hwa-i-lug” [President Park's Annual Address: Complete Devotion to Increasing Production-Exporting-Construction; Achieving Modernization Within 10 Years], Nonghyeob-sin-mun , January 24, 1966.Google Scholar

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37. Special cooperatives included things such as livestock, beekeeping, and silk. NACF, Nonghyeob 30nyeon-sa , p. 665.Google Scholar

38. The First Five-Year Economic Plan expired at the end of 1966, and the second plan began in January 1967.Google Scholar

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41. “Chug-san jin-heung-ui sae-jeon-gi: chug-san-in-dae-hoe, geonuimundo chae-taeg [A New Turning Point in Livestock Promotion: Livestock Producers Conference, Proposal, and Adoption],” Nonghyeob-sin-mun , December 12, 1966.Google Scholar

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