A review of the field of human teratoepidemiology—the epidemiology of congenital malformations—is presented here along with a discussion of the importance of international collaboration in monitoring congenital malformations. Studies implicating various environmental teratogens such as drugs, industrial and agricultural chemicals, intrauterine infections, radiation and nutritional factors are discussed at some length as well as problems encountered in detecting human teratogenic agents.

Survey of recently married couples was carried out in Reading, Berkshire, UK in 1974. Its purpose was to provide information about the geographical and social origins of marriage partners, and to show how the town's social and geopraphical features might influence marital choice.

A list marriage certificate was preferred to the electoral register as a sample frame. Despite a lower than usual response rate the method was judged successful. Basic data on the geographical distribution of the husband and wife are given here, together with the fitting of the aggregate frequency distribution of distances to the log-normal distribution and their summary description in terms of the geometric means.

That married people have lower death rates than either the unmarried or the widowed has been recognized since the mid-19th century. Marital condition involves diverse and complex selection processes and is associated with differences in life style, factors which may contribute to differences in mortality. Mortality statistics of married people are presented here by age of surviving partner in an attempt to assess the influence of age difference between spouses.

A study of employment during pregnancy and its effects was carried out among pregnant women who were under the care of the Community Health Center, Hadassah Medical School, in a neighbourhood of West Jerusalem. Of the women, 46−2% worked during pregnancy, and 78−6% of them were in occupations which demanded light physical activity. Most of the women worked throughout the whole pregnancy. Educational level as well as parity emerged as the main factors in determining whether a pregnant woman worked or not. No significant effects of employment were found in pregnancy complications or length of gestation, but significant differences did emerge in the number of delivery abnormalities. This finding is interpreted as the result of the interaction of several social conditions rather than of work itself. The findings support the hypothesis that work by itself does not affect either pregnancy or its outcome (as measured by birth weight).

Analysis was made of relations between the ABO blood group system and mother–child pairs in an ethnically homogeneous sample of Australian births. There was an increase in the proportion of B-positive (AB or B) children with increasing number of pregnancies and maternal age. A discriminant analysis indicated that pregnancy number was the basic determinant of the effect. A decreasing proportion of parturients of group O was noted as the number of previous fetal deaths, due to natural abortion or stillbirth, increased. This was independent of maternal Rh type. A dominant effect whereby the gestation period lengthened according to the proportion of O-containing genes in the phenotypes was also observed.

The determinants of fertility variation among districts of Sri Lanka are explored by multiple regression analysis. The proportion of young women who are married (age 20–24), and the proportion of women of reproductive age who have received at least 5 years of education, account respectively for 46% and 24% of district variation in total fertility. Infant mortality variation accounts for only 8%. From the results it is argued that encouragement of education of women and postponement of marriage is one practical measure which will help to reduce Sri Lankan fertility.

From pedigree analysis of a sample of 214 Orcadians, inbreeding levels are high by comparison with limited dada for Britain. The mean inbreeding coefficient is 0.001834, with a zero baseline taken as 1750. There appears little secular change for subject born over the period 1879–1940. Local variations occur within Orkney, and possible reasons for these are suggested.

A function is proposed for estimating the proportion of women who resumed menstruation at a given time post-partum on the basis of the proportion of women breast feeding at that time. The function was fitted to 25 series of incidences from nine countries (236 time points), most countries providing three contrasting groups: urban (well-to-do), urban (poor) and rural. The average error of the estimate within series was 0·08. At any given time post-partum variation in breast feeding proportions [explained] on average 85% of between series variance in the proportions of menstruating women. Some uses of the function are briefly considered.

Consanguinity is studied in a large sample of marriages among Dhangars of Maharashtra, India. The 22 endogamous castes included in the study show great variation in incidence, about an overall frequency of 26.4%. Matrilateral first cross-cousin unions are more frequency than patrilateral, and maternal uncle-niece nuions least frequent. Geograbhical differences are conspicuous, and all three types of consanguineous union show characteristic patterns; matrilateral unions increase in frequncy northwards, patrilateral and uncle-niece decrease northwards. The inbreeding levels among the Dhangars are high compared to other Maharashtrian groups, but substantially lower than in southern Dravidian speaking groups.

Comparison of some longitudinal data on infant weight in two samples of Australian Aborigines indicates changes in infant growth between 1966 and 1976 which suggest that at the time when the child comes off the breast, weight gain slows. This faltering of weight gain is often followed by a partial catch-up, but the resultant weight for age at 1 year corresponds with a lower British centile than the child was at just before weaning.

The term colour blindness is generally used to describe the lack of sensitivity to colours. Although there are instances of total colour blindness, in most cases the people confuse red or green, and this defect is an X-linked trait. This colour vision anomaly is widely used as a genetic marker in the study of human variation, and is frequently cited as ‘relaxed selection’ according to the Post (1962) and Pickford (1963) hypothesis.

The menopause clearly marks the end of the reproductive phase in the female, but no comparable event of sudden discontinuity in fertility occurs in the male. Successful paternity in man has been recorded at the age of 94 (Seymour, Duffy & Koerner, 1935). This difference between the sexes is rather surprising, as the male does not seem to age in a fundamentally different way from the female and as, moreover, the death rate for males is higher in all age groups, than for females. This may be related to the presence of only one X chromosome, the eventual defects of which cannot be compensated for by the activity of the homologue. The Y chromosome does not appear to bear vital genes, as it is not essential for life, XO individuals being perfectly viable, in distinction to the YO genotype. Moreover in the absence of male inducers, the phenotype is female, suggesting that the male phenotype is a more complex differentiation. For whatever reason, the lower viability of the male remains a striking fact: males represent only 35% of the age group over 75 years. The persistence of reproductive function into old age is therefore the more surprising. This does not mean, however, that a gradual decrease in sexual activity and testicular function in the ageing male does not occur. From adolescence onwards, there is a continuous decline in sexual interest, arousal and activity, without a sudden discontinuity in any age group.

Although abortion is still illegal in the Philippines it appears to be increasing. This article reviews the methods to which women wanting to terminate a pregnancy resort, in spite of the health risks attached to them; these traditional practices include the use of herbal and pharmaceutical preparations supposedly with abortifacient properties, catheter insertion, abdominal massage and dilatation and curettage. It then goes on to discuss menstrual data from the records of two doctors in one ciry who are amongst the relatively small number of people in the country who are using the technique at the present time.

Half the women in this study had resumed menses by the 6th month post-partum. Concurrent with these findings, less than 50% were still breast-feeding at the 6th month post-partum. The majority of these breast-feeding women were partially breast-feeding. By the 6th post-partum month more than 90% of the women had resumed intercourse and slightly less than half were using contraceptives. Nevertheless, the cross-sectional data indicate that only 25% of the women were using contraceptives at 12 months post-partum. These results show a much shorter period of lactational amenorrhoea than has been reported for a rural area of Bangladesh.

One hunderd and forty 'normal' children aged 0—5 years, selected from three large general medical practices to represent a wide socioeconomic range, were seen monthly for periods of at least one year. Average growth patterns, previously shown to be related to the energy value of diets, conformed to British standards. Height and weight were not significantly related to socioeconomic status, maternal 'efficiency', number of sibs nor place in family. About half the children aged 0.5 years or less changed growht 'channels', falling to 0.4% in children aged 2 years or more. Respiratory illnesses showed seasonal changes, but growth rates did not, and there was no evidence that illness of any kind or severity had more than a transient effect on growth rates. Developmental test scores were not found to be related to growth rates. Girls tended to have higher scores than boys. Children from non-manual families and those with sїbs at least 5 years older scored more highly in tests of language than those in other types of family.

The Western Abelam of Papua New Guinea display an annual cycle of social conflicts and births which is a function of a system of ritual beliefs involved in the growing of ceremonial yams. This sociorhythmic ritual complex involves adherence to various taboos which encourage a 6-month period in which social conflict is avoided and sexual activity is markedly curtailed. Conflict case studies and demographic data collected from one village over a 15-month period indicate significant seasonal variation in various areas of Abelam social life and suggest that sociorhythmic phenomena can affect both social behaviour and demographic patterns of human groups. Alternative environmental and nutritional hypotheses are also investigated.