Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T18:42:10.490Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Contraception during lactation: considerations in advising the individual and in formulating programme guidelines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2011

Miriam H. Labbok
Affiliation:
Department of Population Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA

Summary

Lactating women are at reduced risk of conception, but the individual woman may not wish to accept even a reduced level of risk. The risk increases when infant feeding supplementation begins and an alternative form of contraception is then required for the lactating mother. The relationship between lactation and fertility, trends in prolonged lactation, factors affecting these trends, and contraceptive use during lactation are reviewed. Suggestions for advising individuals and formulating programme guidelines are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bhatia, S., Becker, S. & Kim, Y. (1982) The effect on fecundity of pill acceptance during postpartum amenorrhea in rural Bangladesh. Stud. Fam. Plann. 13, 200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferry, B. & Smith, D. (1981) Breast-feeding Differentials. World Fertility Survey Comparative Studies. International Statistics Institute, Voorburg, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Gray, R. & Huber, D. (1983) The effect on fecundity of pill acceptance during postpartum amenorrhea: a comment. Stud. Fam. Plann. 14, 150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gussler, J. & Briesmeister, L. (1980) The insufficient milk syndrome: a biocultural explanation. Med. Anthrop. 4, 145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howie, P. & McNeilly, A. (1982) Breastfeeding and postpartum ovulation. IPPF med. Bull. 16, 1.Google ScholarPubMed
Kleinman, R. & Senanayake, P. (Eds) (1984) Breast Feeding, Fertility and Contraception. IPPF Medical Publications, London.Google Scholar
Labbok, M. (1983) Breastfeeding and contraception. New Engl. J. Med. 308, 51.Google ScholarPubMed
Labbok, M., Ford, K. & Gray, R. (1985) Contraceptive usage during lactation: analysis of 1973 and 1976 National Survey of Family Growth: 1. Age and race. Am. J. publ. Hlth, 75, 75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCann, M., Liskin, L., Piotrow, P., Rinehart, W. & Fox, G. (1981) Breastfeeding, Fertility and Family Planning. Population Reports, Series J. No. 24. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.Google ScholarPubMed
Nilsson, S. & Nygren, K. (1979) Transfer of contraceptive steroids to human milk. Res. Reprod. 1, 1.Google Scholar
Pebley, A., Goldberg, H. & Menken, J. (1985) Contraceptive use during lactation in developing countries. Stud. Fam. Plann. 16, 40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perez, A., Vela, P., Masnick, G. & Potter, R. (1972) First ovulation after childbirth: the effect of breastfeeding. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 114, 1041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauss, L., Speckhard, M., Rochat, R. & Senanayake, P. (1981) Oral contraception during lactation: a global survey of physician practice. Int. J. Gynec. Obstet. 19, 169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO (1983) The dynamics of breastfeeding. WHO Chron. 37, 6.Google Scholar
WHO/NRC (1983) Breastfeeding and fertility regulation: current knowledge and programme policy implications. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 61, 371.Google Scholar