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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 March 2011
Siam's immediate reaction to the signature on Aug. 11, 1863 of the French treaty of protectorate over Cambodia (see article by author in the previous issue of the Quarterly) was formally to protest to Drouyn de Lhuys in Paris and to Admiral de la Grandière in Saigon, but by December it appeared as if she were reconciled to the fait accompli. The strategy of the Phra Klang was no longer to contest the protectorate but rather to diminish its importance. To this end he pretended to accept it as the means by which France sought to guarantee Cambodia in the future in a state of equilibrium between herself and Siam. In a letter to Grandière he said that no one would deny that Cambodia was an independent state. He expressed his regret for having charged the Admiral with intimidating Norodom. The translation of Norodom's letter, said he, had probably been faulty in giving the impression that he had been intimidated. The Phra Klang further acknowledged that France had succeeded to the place of Annam in Cambodia but at the same time reminded Grandière that Siam had exercised the rights of a suzerain in Cambodia over a long period. This prolonged relationship between Siam and Cambodia entitled Siam to be consulted by France before the making of a treaty, and Siam should have been consulted. It was his hope that the Cambodians would not be encouraged by the establishment of the protectorate to deny to Siam her just rights in Cambodia and that France would continue to respect these rights.
1 The present article was made possible by a grant from the Social Science Research Council.
Ministère des affaires étrangères, Asie XXIX, 1864–1866, Indo-Chine III, (hereafter cited as Asie XXIX), Phra Klang to Grandière, December 11,1863, pp. 84, 85.
2 Ministère des affaires étrangères, Siam III, 1864–1866, 1867 (January-March), (hereafter cited as Siam III), Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, October 5, 1864, pp. 71–73.
3 Public Record Office, London, Foreign Office MSS, (hereafter cited as F.O. 69/39 etc.) F.O. 69/39, Aubaret to Kralahome, September 30, 1864.
4 Ibid., Kralahome to Aubaret, October 1, 1864.
5 Ibid., Aubaret to Kralahome, April 22, 1864.
6 Siam III, Aubaret to Drouhyn de Lhuys, October 5, 1864, p. 75; also F.O. 69/39, Kralahome to Aubaret, October 3, 1864.
7 F.O. 69/39, Kralahome to Aubaret, October 3, 1864.
8 Asie XXIX, Grandière to Chasseloup-Laubat, October 29, 1864, p. 193.
9 F.O. 69/35, Norodom to the Mah Thai Department in Bangkok, December 1, 1863.
10 Siam III, Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, October 5, 1864, p. 71.
11 Ibid. French translation of published English text, pp. 95–101. English text in F.O. 69/35.
12 F.O. 69/35, Translation of the treaty between Cambodia and Siam.
13 Ibid. So says Norodom in his letter to the officials in Bangkok, December 1, 1863.
14 Siam III, Chasseloup-Laubat to Drouhyn de Lhuys, January 8, 1865, pp. 86–93.
15 Ibid., p. 92.
16 Ibid. Drouyn de Lhuys to Chasseloup-Laubat, January 14, 1865, pp. 107–109.
17 Ibid. Drouyn de Lhuys to Aubaret, January 14, 1865, pp. 103–106.
18 Ibid. Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, April 15, 1865, p. 126.
19 F.O. 69/39, Aubaret to Kralahome, April 22, 1864.
20 Siam III, Aubaret to Kralahome, April 10, 1865, p. 139.
21 Ibid. Aubaret to Druoyn de Lhuys, April 15, 1865, p. 129.
22 F.O. 69/39, Consul Knox to Lord Russell, April 26, 1865.
23 Siam III, Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, April IS, 1865, p. 129.
24 Ibid. Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, April 28, 1865, p. 141.
25 Asie XXIX, Chasseloup-Laubat to Drouyn de Lhuys, July 9, 1865, pp. 300–302.
25a Article IV: “Les frontières des provinces de Battambang et d'Angcor ainsi que celles du Laos Siamois, limitrophes du Cambodge sont acceptées et reconnues” etc. Siam III, Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, April 15,1865. Annex, p. 132.
25b Ibid. Article V: “Le royaume du Cambodge est reconnu libre et indépendant. Ce royaume n'est soumis à aucune suzeraincré, il demeure ainsi placé entre les possessions françaises d'une part et le royaume de Siam d'autre part” etc.
26 Ibid. Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, November 10, 1865, pp. 183–85.
27 Ibid. Chasseloup-Laubat 10 Drouyn dc Lhuys, January, 1866, pp. 202–203.
28 Ibid. Note from Lagree to Grandière, January 8, 1866, pp. 208–10.
28a Ibid. French translation of secret Siam-Cambodian treaty of December 1, 1863. Article XI, pp. 100–101. “Les provinces de Photisat et de Kaphongsawai sont contig ües á celles de Phra-Tabong et de Siammp, er il est avantageux à leurs habitants d'être en relations suivics avec ccs dernières provinces. Ong-Phra-Norodom et Ong-Phra-Harirat Danai ont envoyé à S. M. le Roi de Siam de l'offre de ces provinces dc Photisat et de Kaphongsawai. La communication dans laquelle est faite cette offre est datée du 13 de la lune déclinantc du 4e mois de I'an du chien 1224 correspondant au 2 mars 1863 de l'ére chrétienne. Cette pièce est de'posee dans les archives de Bangkok. S. M. le Roi de Siam répondit que les provinces de Photisat et de Kaphongsawai étant avantageuses au Cambodge, elle ne voulait point les accepter et qu'ellc les laissait au Cambodge comme jadis….”
29 Asie XXIX, Louis de Carné to Drouyn de Lhuys, May 20, 1866, pp. 359–61.
30 Siam III, Acting Consul Grapinet to Drouyn de Lhuys, November 11, 1865, pp. 187–88.
31 Ibid. Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, July 6, 1866, pp. 223–27.
32 Ibid. Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, July 12, 1866, p. 239.
33 Ibid. Chasseloup-Laubat to Marquis de Moustier, October 8, 1866, p. 269.
34 Ibid. Aubaret to Marquis de Moustier, November 26, 1866, p. 273.
35 Ibid. Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, December 22, 1866 p. 277; also for correspondence between Aubaret and Kralahome in English, see dispatches, November 30 to December 15, F.O. 69/40.
36 Siam 111, Kralahome to Grandière, December 22, 1866, p. 328.
37 Ibid. Kralahome to Grandière, December 24, 1866, p. 327.
38 Cited in Landon, Margaret, Anna and the King of Siam, New York, 1943, p. 371Google Scholar.
39 F.O. 69/39, Aubaret to Phra Klang, December 17, 1866.
40 Ibid. Phra Klang to Aubaret, January 2, 1867.
41 Ibid. Phra Klang to Aubaret, January 5, 1867.
42 Ibid. Aubaret to Phra Klang, January 5, 1867.
43 Ibid. Phra Klang to Aubaret, January 7, 1867.
44 Ibid. Aubaret to Phra Klang, January 8, 1867.
45 Ibid. Phra Klang to Aubaret, January 10, 1867.
46 Ibid. Aubaret to Phra Klang, January 10,1867, also, Siam III, Aubaret to Marquis de Moustier, January 13, 1867, p. 304.
47 F.O. 69/43, Aubaret to Phra Klang, January 11, 1867; also Siam III, Aubaret to Phra Klang, p. 308.
48 Landon, op. cit., p. 373.
49 Siam III, Grandière to Kralahome, January 28, 1867, pp. 319–20.
50 Ibid. Consul Grehan to M. de Geoffroy, February 21, 1867, p. 348.
51 Ibid. Montigny to Moustier, March 26, 1867, pp. 363–365.
52 Ministère des affaires éirangères, Siam IV (1867, April-December) 1868, 1869, (hereafter cited as Siam IV) petition of Siamese ambassadors, p. 1.
53 Ibid. Moustier to Aubaret, April 15, 1867, pp. 9–12.
54 Ministère des affaires étrangfrès, Asie XXIX, bis: Indo-Chine, 3 bis, 1867–1868, 1869 (January-June), (hereafter cited as Asie XXIX bis) note of M. Troepfel for Admiral Genouilly, May 15, 1867, p. 53.
54a Ibid.
55 Siam IV, note concerning the treaty, May 22, 1867, p. 37. Text of the treaty may be found in G. M. de Martens, Nouvem recueil général de traiétés, Göttingen, 1875, XX, p. 239.
56 Siam IV, Genouilly to Moustier, July 1, 1867, p. 61.
57 Ibid. Consul Grapinet to Marquis de La Valette, April 10, 1869, pp. 222, 223.
58 Asie XXIX, bis, Kralahome to Ohier, February 15, 1869, p. 333.
59 Ibid. Ohier to Kralahome, March 16, 1869, p. 327.
60 Ministère des affaires étrangères, Asie XXX, Cochinchine, Cambodge, Annam 1869, (July-December) 1870, (hereafter cited as Asie XXX), Marquis de La Valette to Genouilly, July 12, 1869, p. 12.
61 Siam IV, Prince de La Tour d'Auvergne to Grapinet, August 28, 1869, p. 246.
62 Asie XXX, Prince de la Tour d'Auvergne to Ohier, August 31, 1869, p. 53.
62a In the Additional Article distinction is made between “constructions” which touch and “constructions” which do not touch the littoral. Fisheries 700 meters out from high water were not to pay any tax. G. M. de Martens, Nouveau receuil général de traités, Deauxieme Série, XII, Gotiingen, 1887, pp. 630–32.
63 Asie XXX, Ohier to Prince de la Tour d'Auvergne, November 11, 1869, p. 63.
64 Ibid. Cornulier-Lucinière to due de Gramont, July 15, 1870, p. 203.
65 Ibid. Fourichon to Jules Favre, October 8, 1870, p. 253.
66 Ibid. Cornulier-Lucinière to Gramont, pp. 223–24.
67 Ibid. Jules Favre to Cornulier-Lucinière, November 19, 1870, p. 263. But in the published text of the Additional Article the second of the contradictory sentences in paragraph 4 is omitted as evidently unnecessary as well as contradictory. De Martens, op. cit., Deuxieme Serie, XII, pp. 630–32.
67a F.O. 69/39, Cowley to Lord Russell, March 21, 1864.
68 Asie XXIX, note from English Embassy in Paris, October 19, 1865, p. 307.
69 Ibid. Drouyn de Lhuys to Chasseloup-Laubat, October 23, 1865, pp. 310–13.
70 Ibid. Chasseloup-Laubat to Drouyn de Lhuys, November 20, 1865, p. 315.
71 Ibid. Drouyn de Lhuys to Chasseloup-Laubat, December 14, 1865, pp. 317, 318.
72 Siam IV. Consul Dillon to Prince de la Tour d'Auvergne. November 30, 1869, pp. 264–65; also Siam IV, pp. 308, 309.
73 F.O. 69/39, Schomburgk to Lord Russell, December 11, 1861.
74 Ibid. Knox to Lord Russell, October 8, 1864.
75 Ibid. Knox to Lord Russell, April 26, 1865.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid.
79 Ibid. Merivale to Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, September 29, 1865.
80 F.O. 69/37, Knox to Lord Russell, February 26, 1865.