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Ponape: the Tradition of Retaliation1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

William R. Bascom
William R. Bascom
Affiliation:
Northwestern University
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Extract

During the first century of contact with the outside world, the history of Ponape has been marked by a series of violent outbreaks against Americans, Spaniards, and Germans. The causes and implications of these surprisingly effective uprisings, in which two governors of the island were killed, have become the direct concern of the American people. Ponape has been governed by the U. S. Navy since 1945, and was assigned to the United States by the United Nations in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 10 , Issue 1 , November 1950 , pp. 56 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1950

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References

3 For further details see Bascom, William R., Ponape: a Pacific economy in transition, U.S. Commercial Company, Economic survey of Micronesia 1946, vol. 8 (mimeographed, Honolulu: Pacific Science Board, 1947), 287Google Scholar. Also available on microfilm at the Library of Congress: Ponape, E. Caroline Islands, U.S. Commercial Company, Economic survey of Micronesia, economic and human resources, vol. 7.Google Scholar

4 Hambruch, Paul, Ponape. Ergebnisse der Südsee-Expedition 1908–1910, II. Ethnographie, B. Mikronesien, band 7, 1–3 teilbands, ed. by , G. Thilenius (Hamburg: Frederichsen, de Gruy-ter, 1932–36), 1:1–2Google Scholar. Hambruch quotes in full, in German translation, from original historical sources; Sir Markham, Clements (trans, and ed.), The voyages of Pedro Fernandez de Quiros 1595–1606 (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1914)Google Scholar, 2nd ser., 14:113–14;Navarrete, D. M. F. de, Colleccion de los viajës y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los Espańoles desde fines del siglo XV, vol. 5. Expediciones al Maluco (Madrid, 1837).Google Scholar

5 It is not clear whether O'Connell was shipwrecked “at eight months out” from Sydney, which he left “in or about the year 1826,” or from New Zealand, where he called four months after leaving Australia. O'Connell, James F., A residence of eleven years in New Holland and the Caroline Islands. Being the adventures of James F. O'Connell, edited from his verbal narration (Boston: B. B. Mussey, 1836), 101–02;Google Scholar also available in a German edition: O'Connell, James F., Elf jahre in Australien und auf der insel Ponape. Erlebnisse eines irischen matro-sen in den jahren 1822 bis 1833, tr. by Hambruch, Paul (Berlin: August Scherl, 1929).Google Scholar

6 Ibid, 202.

7 Hambruch, 1:78; based on Lutke, Frederic, Voyage autour de monde 1826–29 (Paris, 1835);Google ScholarKittlitz, F. H. von, Denkwürdigkeiten einer reise nach dem russischen Ameriha, nach Mihro-nesien und durch Kamtschatka (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1858), 2:69–77.Google Scholar

8 Hambruch, 1:97; based on James, Horton, Nautical magazine and naval chronicle, 1835.Google Scholar

9 O'Connell expressed his indignation at this unnecessary “butchery” by a nervous captain and at being called upon to fire on his Ponapean friends. He also predicted that “the crew of the next American or English vessel which touches at the islands of Ascension will probably be sacrificed in revenge, should they fall, by any inadvertence, into the power of the islanders.” O'Connell, 235–38.

10 Hambruch, 1:103–08, 125; based on Nautical magazine and naval chronicle (1847), 127–31; Rojas, F. Michelena, Viajes en todo el mundo desde 1822 hasta 1842 (Madrid, 1843)Google Scholar. According to a Ponapean tradition recorded by Hambruch in 1910, the captain refused to obey the chief's order to surrender his possessions.

11 “Hambruch, 1:108–68; based on Das ausland, no. 27, 1870; Skogman, , Erdumscglung der königlischen schwedischen fregatte “Eugenie“ (Berlin, 1856)Google Scholar; Fisquet, “Bericht des Oftiziers der 'Danaïde,'” Annales maritimes el coloniales, 1845; Michelena y Rojas, Viajes; Cheyne, Andrew, A description of islands in the western Pacific ocean (London, 1852);Google ScholarScherzer, (ed.), Reise der österr. fregatte ‘Novara’ um die erde (1864–66).Google Scholar

12 Christian, F. W., The Caroline Islands. Travel in the sea of the little lands (London: Methuen, 1899), 24; Hambruch, 1:188.Google Scholar

13 Yanaihara, Tadao, Pacific islands under Japanese mandate (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1940), 43; Hambruch, 1:150, 172–73.Google Scholar

14 Hambruch, 1:99; based on Horatio Hale, U.S. exploring expedition, vol. 6. Ethnography and philology (4th ed., Philadelphia: Sherman, 1846).Google Scholar

15 Yanaihara, 43.

16 Ibid, 43.

17 Bascom, Ponape, 9; based on U.S. Military Government census of 1946.

18 Bliss, Theodora Crosby, Micronesia. Fifty years in the island world, a history of the mission of the American Board (Boston: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1906), 15.Google Scholar

19 Hambruch, 1:110; based on Skogman, Erdumseglung.

20 Bliss, 36–38; Hambruch, 1:173–74.

21 Christian, 24; Bliss, 114–15; Yanaihara, 20; Hambruch, 1:199–200.

22 Yanaihara, 20; Bliss, 116.

23 Hambruch, 1:198–200.

24 Civil Affairs Handbook, East Caroline Islands, OPNAV 50E–5 (U.S. Navy Department, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 1944), 19.

25 Ibid, 19; Hambruch, 1:208–23; Christian, 25–26.

26 Hambruch, 1:228–30.

27 Ibid, 301–08; Civil Affairs Handbook, East Caroline Islands, 20.

28 Yanaihara, 132; Civil Affairs Handbook, East Caroline Islands, 20; Hambruch, 1:298–302.