Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:18:18.728Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Institutional Barriers, Marginality, and Adaptation Among the American-Japanese Mixed Bloods in Japan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

William R. Burkhardt
Get access

Extract

Guided by the perspective of marginality theory, the author examines the problems that have faced the mixed-blood progeny of Japanese women and American military servicemen who were reared in father-absent homes and institutions in Japan. The group has experienced discrimination according to racial, class, and family background characteristics and has encountered barriers in the areas of education, employment, marriage, and citizenship or legal status. Although culturally Japanese, mixed bloods are often stereotyped by Japanese as cultural oddities or aliens. Black Japanese have been especially victimized by discrimination and negative stereotypes. Although most American-Japanese have accepted their marginal situation with a fate-orientation common among Japanese, some have responded maladaptively with deviant patterns of aggressive or self-destructive behavior. Others have sought emigration, and a few may have "passed" into Japanese society. The author places these findings in the context of existing research on the Burakumin and Korean minorities in Japan, Korean Amerasians, and Eurasians in East and South Asia.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 42 , Issue 3 , May 1983 , pp. 519 - 544
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Ames, Walter. 1981. Police and Community in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Associated Press. 1982. Amerasians Will Remain Outcasts.” Athens Messenger, June 7.Google Scholar
Harumi, Befu. 1971. Japan: An Anthropological Introduction. San Francisco: Chandler.Google Scholar
Berrigan, Darrell. 1948. “Japan's Occupation Babies.” Saturday Evening Post, June 19, pp. 24–25, 117–18.Google Scholar
Berry, Brewton, and Tischler, Henry L.. 1978. Race and Ethnic Relations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Blake, Myrna L. 1973. Kampong Eurasians in Singapore. Singapore: University of Singapore, Department of Sociology.Google Scholar
Blood, Robert O. Jr. 1967. Love Match and Arranged Marriage: A Tokyo-Detroit Comparison. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, John C. 1982. Book review of Last Quadrant by Meira Chand. Asiaweek. March 19, p. 53.Google Scholar
Chand, Meira. 1982. Last Quadrant. New Haven, Conn.: Ticknor and Fields.Google Scholar
Christian Century. 1953. “Another Report on GI Babies.” Jan. 21, pp. 68–69.Google Scholar
Christian Century. 1972. “Biracial Children of Okinawa.” Nov. 15, pp. 1156–58.Google Scholar
Connor, John W. 1976. A Study of the Marital Stability of Japanese War Brides. San Francisco: R and E Research Associates.Google Scholar
Crabb, C. H. 1960. Malaya's Eurasians—An Opinion. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.Google Scholar
De Vos, George. 1980 “Delinquency and Minority Status: A Psychocultural Perspective.” In Crime and Deviance: A Comparative Perspective, ed. by Newman, Graeme R., pp. 130–80. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
De Vos, George, and Wagatsuma, Hiroshi. 1966. Japan's Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
De Voss, David. 1980. “The Warrior's Children.” Geo, November, pp. 60–80.Google Scholar
Dickie-Clark, H. F. 1966. The Marginal Situation. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Donoghue, John D. 1978. Pariah Persistence in Changing Japan: A Case Study. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Drozdiak, William. 1981. “Strangers in Their Own Lands.” Time, December 14, p. 21.Google Scholar
Fernando, Tissa. 1972. “The Burghers of Ceylon.” In The Blending of Races: Marginality and Identity in World Perspective, ed. by Gist, and Dworkin, , pp. 61–78.Google Scholar
Gist, Noel P., and Wright, Roy D.. 1973. Marginality and Identity. Leiden: E. J. Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, Milton M. 1941. “A Qualification of the Marginal Man Theory.” American Sociological Review 6 (Feb.):52–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, Lloyd B. 1954. “Those Gls in Japan.” Christian Century, March 17, pp. 330–32.Google Scholar
Green, Arnold W. 1947. “A Reexamination of the Marginal Man Concept.” Social Forces 26 (Oct.): 167–71.Google Scholar
Chong-do, Hah and Lapp, Christopher C.. 1978. “Japanese Politics in Transition: The Case of the Burakumin.” Asian Survey 18, no. 5:487–504.Google Scholar
Hartley, Shirley Foster. 1970. “The Decline of Illegitimacy in Japan.” Social Problems 18 (Summer):78–91.Google Scholar
Hayashida, Cullen Tadao. 1976. “Identity, Race and the Blood Ideology of Japan.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.Google Scholar
Horiguchi, Bob. 1978. “TV Show to Trace Former Elizabeth Sanders Home Wards.” The Japan Times, July 3, p. 6.Google Scholar
Hunter, Guy. 1966. South-East Asia—Race, Culture, and Nation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moo, Hurh Won. 1972. “Marginal Children of War: An Exploratory Study of American-Korean Children.” International Journal of Sociology of the Family 2 (March): 10–20.Google Scholar
International Social Service of Japan, Inc. 1974. Research on Children of U.S. Nationality in Japan for the Purpose of Protecting Them from the Loss of Nationality. Tokyo. (Cited as ISS.)Google Scholar
International Social Service of Japan, Inc. 1975. Guidance and Help to Children of U.S. Nationality in Japan for the Purpose of Protecting Them from the Loss of Nationality. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Japan Institute of International Affairs. 1977. “Education.” In White Papers of Japan, 1975–76 (Annual Abstract of Official Reports and Statistics of the Japanese Government), chap. 3. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Japan Quarterly. 1981. “Revision of the Nationality Act.” 28, no. 3 (July-Sept.):331–34.Google Scholar
Japan Teachers Union Council. 1977. “How to Reform Japan's Education.” In White Papers of Japan, 1975–76 (Annual Abstract of Official Reports and Statistics of the Japanese Government), pp. 251–67. Tokyo: Japan Institute of International Affairs.Google Scholar
Kalischer, Peter. 1952 “Madam Butterfly's Children.” Colliers, Sept. 20, pp. 15–18.Google Scholar
Kerckhoff, Alan C., and McCormick, Thomas C.. 1955. “Marginal Status and Marginal Personality.” Social Forces 34 (Oct.):48–55.Google Scholar
Kim, Bok-lim C. 1977. “Asian Wives of U.S. Servicemen: Women in Shadows.” Amerasia 4:91–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitano, Harry H. L. 1980. Race Relations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Lemert, Edwin M. 1972. Human Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Lifton, Betty J. 1975. “The Cruel Legacy: The Children our Gl's Left Behind in Asia.” Saturday Review, Nov. 29, pp. 10–11,.59.Google Scholar
McGrory, Mary. 1981. “Our Shameful Legacy in Southeast Asia.” Hartford Courant (Connecticut), Nov. 23.Google Scholar
McKinstry, John A., and Lutrin, Carl E.. 1979. “The Koreans of Japan: An Issue of Human Rights.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 9:514–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michener, James A. 1953. Sayonara. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Michener, James A. 1954. “The Facts About Gl Babies.” Readers Digest 64 (March): 5–10.Google Scholar
Moen, Sveinung J. 1974. The Amerasians: A Study and Research on Interracial Children in Korea. Seoul: Taewon Publishing.Google Scholar
Moser, Don. 1969. “Japan's Gl Babies: A Hard Coming of Age.” Life, Sept. 5, pp. 40–47.Google Scholar
Hiroshi, Nishigami. 1973. “A Mixed-Blood (White Japanese) Juvenile Case of an Attempted Murder-Rape.” In Hiko Shonen nojirei Kenkyu: Rinsho Shindan no Riren to jissai [Case Studies of Delinquent Juveniles: Theory and Practice in Clinical Diagnosis], ed. by Wagatsuma, Hiroshi et al. , pp. 221–50. Tokyo: Seishin Shobo.Google Scholar
Keiko, Ozeki. 1967. Nipponjin Keiko: Aru Konketsu Shop no Shuki [Keiko, a Japanese: The Notes of a Mixed-Blood Girl]. Tokyo: Bunka Hoso Shuppanbu.Google Scholar
Park, Robert E. 1928. “Human Migration and the Marginal Man.” American Journal of Sociology 33 (May):881–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, Linda L. 1975. “Being Socially Anomalous: Wives and Mothers Without Husbands.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 10 (Jan., April): 1–2.Google Scholar
Shade, John A. Jr. 1982. “Amerasian Kids: Problem for Congress.” Insight/Asia (Pearl Buck Foundation) 13, no. 1 (March): 13–16.Google Scholar
Simpson, George E., and Yinger, J. M.. 1965. Racial and Cultural Minorities. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Starr, Paul D., and Roberts, Alden E.. 1979. “The Marginal Man Theory: An Empirical Test from Malaysia.” Sociology and Social Research 64, no. 4 (Oct.): 514–27.Google Scholar
Stonequist, Everett V. 1937. The Marginal Man. New York: Scribners.Google Scholar
Strong, Nathan O. 1977. “Field Report: Patterns of Social Interaction and Psychological Accommodation Among Japan's Konketsuji Population.” Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Strong, Nathan O. 1978. “Patterns of Social Interaction and Psychological Accommodation Among Japan's Konketsuji Population.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Dai, Takeuchi. 1970. Kashiasu Naito: Hito to Kokoro—Kokujin Konketsu no Hiro [Cassius Naito: His Personality and Spirit—A Black Japanese Mixed-Blood Hero]. Tokyo: Shudan Kei Sei.Google Scholar
Thompson, Era Bell. 1967. “Japan's Rejected.” Ebony 22 (Sept.):42–54.Google Scholar
Thompson, Era Bell. 1968. “Happy Ending.” Ebony 23 (July):63–68.Google Scholar
Trumbull, Robert. 1967. “Amerasians: An Entirely New Group of Human Beings.” New York Times Magazine 116 (April 30): 112–14.Google Scholar
Unger, Jonathan. 1973. “Foreign Minorities in Japan.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 3, no. 3:306–312.Google Scholar
Van der Veur, Paul W. 1960. “Eurasian Dilemma in Indonesia.” Journal of Asian Studies 20, no. 1 (Nov.):45–60.Google Scholar
Hiroshi, Wagatsuma. 1967. “The Social Perception of Skin Color in Japan.” Daedalus 96 (Spring):407–443.Google Scholar
Hiroshi, Wagatsuma. 1973. “Some Problems of Interracial Marriage for the Japanese.” In Interracial Marriage: Expectations and Realities, ed. by Stewart, Irving R. and Abt, Lawrence E., pp. 248–64. New York: Grossman Publishers.Google Scholar
Hiroshi, Wagatsuma. 1976. “Mixed-Blood Children in Japan: An Exploratory Study.” Journal of Asian Affairs 2 (Fall):9–17.Google Scholar
Hiroshi, Wagatsuma. 1978. “Identity Problems of Black Japanese Youth.” In The Mixing of Peoples: Problems of Identity and Ethnicity, ed. by Rotberg, Robert I., pp. 117–29. Stamford, Conn.: Greylock Publishers.Google Scholar
Wittermans, Elizabeth P. 1972. “The Eurasians of Indonesia.” In The Blending of Races: Marginality and Identity in World Perspective, ed. by Gist, and Dworkin, , pp. 79–102.Google Scholar
Yoder, Robert S. 1980. “An Exploratory Study of the Assimilation Pattern of the American-Koreans.”Paper presented to the International Human Assistance Program in Seoul,Korea.Google Scholar
Yoder, Robert S. 1981. “A Format Describing a Comparison of Assimilation Between Interracial Koreans and Interracial Japanese.” Dissertation proposal submitted to University of Hawaii, Department of Sociology.Google Scholar