Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T01:00:33.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Blinkered Visions: Islamic Identity, Hui Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856—1873

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

David G. Atwill
Get access

Extract

On 19 may 1856, qing officials in kunming, the capital of the southwestern Chinese province of Yunnan, systematically carried out a three-day massacre of the city's Hui (Muslim Yunnanese). Han townspeople, the local militia, and imperial officials methodically slaughtered between four and seven thousand Yunnan Hui—men, women, and children—burned the city's mosques to the ground, and posted orders to exterminate the Hui in every prefecture, department, and district in Yunnan (QPHF 1968, 6:20a, 8:4a; Gui 1953, 73). This massacre and the widespread attacks that followed signaled the beginning of the eighteen-year Hui-led Panthay Rebellion (1856–73).

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 62 , Issue 4 , November 2003 , pp. 1079 - 1108
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allès, Elisabeth. 2000. Musulmans de Chine: Une anthropologie des Hui du Henan (Muslim Chinese: An anthropology of the Henan Hui). Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.Google Scholar
Anderson, John. 1876. Mandalay to Momien: A Narrative of the Two Expeditions to Western China of 1868 and 1875 under Colonel Edward B. Sladen and Colonel Brown. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Antony, Robert. 1989. “Peasants, Heroes, and Brigands: The Problems of Social Banditry in Early Nineteenth-Century South China.” Modern China 15(2): 123–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armijo, Jacqueline. 2001. “Narratives Engendering Survival: How the Muslims of Southwest China Remember the Massacres of 1873.” In “Race” Panic and the Memory of Migration, Edited by Morris, Meaghan and, Bary, Brett de. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Armijo-Hussein, Jacqueline M. 1997. “Sayyid ‘Ajall Shams Al-Din: A Muslim from Central Asia, Serving the Mongols in China, and Bringing ‘Civilization’ to Yunnan.” Ph.D diss., Harvard University.Google Scholar
Atwill, David G. 1997. “Islam in the World of Yunnan: Muslim Yunnanese Identity in Nineteenth Century Yunnan.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 17(1):9–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atwill, David G. 2002. “Trading Places: Resistance, Ethnicity, and Governance in Nineteenth-Century Yunnan.” In Dragons, Tigers, and Dogs: Qing Crisis Management and the Boundaries of State Power in Late Imperial China, Edited by Antony, Robert J. and Leonard, Jane Kate. Cornell East Asia Series, no. 114. Ithaca: East Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Bai, Chongren 1994. Yisilan wenhua shi Huizu wenhua de neike (Islam is the internal nucleus of the Hui’s culture). Huizu yanjiu 4(16):4–8.Google Scholar
Bai, Shouyi 1992. Minzu zongjiao lunji (Collected essays on ethnicity and religion). Beijing: Beijing Shifan Daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Bai, Shouyi 1997. Huizu renwuzhi (Jindai) (A collection of Hui biographies {Modern era}). Yinchuan: Ningxia renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrik. 1969. “Introduction.” In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Bodde, Derk. 1991. Chinese Thought, Society, and Science: The Intellectual and Background of Science and Technology in Pre-Modern China. Honolulu: University Hawai'i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cen, Chunrong 1891. Cen Xiangqin Gong xunde jie futu (An illustrated biography of Cen Xiangqin/Yuying). China: n.p.Google Scholar
Chan, Wellington K. K. 1967. “The ‘Panthay Embassy’ to Britain, 1872.” Far Eastern Affairs 20(4): 100–117.Google Scholar
Cordier, Georges. 1927. Les Musulmans du Yunnan (The Muslims of Yunnan). Hanoi: Imprimerie Tonkinoise.Google Scholar
Crossley, Pamela. 1990. “Thinking about Ethnicity in Early Modern China.” Late Imperial China 11(1):1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossley, Pamela. 1999. A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dali xianzhigao (DX) (Gazetteer of Dali District). 1916. Compiled by Zhou Zonglin. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Daniels, Christian. 1994. “Environmental Degradation, Forest Protection, and Ethno-history in Yunnan: The Uprising of Swidden Agriculturalists in 1821.” Chinese Environmental History Newsletter 1(2):7—13.Google Scholar
de Carné, Louis. 1870. “Exploration du Mékong” (Exploration of the Mekong River). Revue des deux Mondes 86: 651–84.Google Scholar
Deng, Baohua and Wang, Huaide 1992. Yisilanjiao Shi (A history of Islam). Yinchuan: Ningxia renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Dengchuan zhouzhi (DZ) (Gazetteer of Dengchuan Department). {1855} 1968. Compiled by Hou Yunqin. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Dianxi bianluan xiaoshi (DBX) (A brief narrative of western Yunnan disturbances). 1953. In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), edited by Bai Shouyi. Shanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
D’Ollone, Henri M. G. 1911. Recherches sur les Musulmans Chinois (Research on the Muslim Chinese). Paris: E. Leroux.Google Scholar
Du, Wenxiu. 1953a. “Fu Yang zhenpeng shu” (A reply to Yang Zhenpeng). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, Bai. Shanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Du, Wenxiu. 1953b. “Guanli junzhen tiaoli” (Rules of civil and military administrations). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Du, Wenxiu. 1953c. “Shishi wen” (Declaration of War). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Du, Wenxiu. 1953d. “Shuaifu bugao” (A proclamation from the headquarters of the generalissimo). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Du, Wenxiu. 1953e. “Xingshi xiwen” (Summons to arms). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Du Wenxiu tongshu zhiguanti minglu (DWTZM) (List of officials under Du Wenxiu’s command). 1953. In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), edited by Bai Shouyi. Shanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Eickelman, Dale, and James, Piscatori 1990. “Introduction.” In Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Elliott, Mark C. 2001. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, Brian L. 1985. “The Panthay Mission of 1872 and its Legacies.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16(1):117–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, Andrew D. W. 1987. “The ‘Cin-ho’ (Yunnanese Chinese) Muslims of North Thailand.” Journal of Asian History 21(2):1–47.Google Scholar
Garnier, Francis. 1873. Voyaged’exploration en Indo-Chine: Effectué pendant les 1866, 1867, et 1868 (Voyages of exploration in Indochina: Carried out during the years of 1866, 1867, and 1868). Vol. 1. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Giersch, C. Pat. 2001. ‘”A Motley Throng’: Social Change on Southwest China’s Early Modern Fontier, 1100–1880.” Journal of Asian Studies 60(1):67–94.Google Scholar
Gillette, Maris B. 2000. Between Mecca and Beijing: Modernization and Consumption Among Urban Chinese Muslims. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gladney, Dru C. 1991. Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People’s Republic Cambridge: Council on East Asia Studies, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gui, Liang 1953. “Chiti Ma Wenzhao zou Mengmianting wenwu guanyuan mosha Hui min’an bei gaoren dengli” (Mandate regarding Ma Wenzhao’s petition of grievance regarding the case of the Mian{ning} military and civil officials’ plot to kill the Hui). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Harrell, Stevan. 1995. “Introduction.” In Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
He, Huiqlng. 1937. “Yunnan Du Wenxiu jianguo shibanian shimo” (The narrative in eighteen years of Du Wenxiu’s Yunnan regime). Parts 1—5. I Jing wenshi banyue kan 12:9–16; 13:34–36; 14:36–39; 15:32–36; 16: 29–33.Google Scholar
He, Yunsheng. 1998. “Lun Qingdai faluzhong de Huihui wenti” (A discussion on the question of Hui in Qing-era law codes). Shoujie Huizu lishi yu wenhua guoji xueshu taolunhui (Proceedings of the International Academic Symposium on Hui Culture and History). Yinchuan: Ningxia renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Israeli, Raphael. 1977. “Muslims in China: The Incompatibility Between Islam and the Chinese Order.” ToungPao 63(4–5):296–323.Google Scholar
Israeli, Raphael. 1982. “Islam in the Chinese Context.” Contributions to Asian Studies (Leiden) 17: 79–94.Google Scholar
Jenks, Robert D. 1994. Insurgency and Social Disorder in Guizhou: The “Miao” Rebellion, 1854–1873. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Jest, Corneille. 1995. “Kha-che and Gya-Kha-che, Muslim Communities in Lhasa.” TibetJournal 20(3):8–11.Google Scholar
Jing, Dexin, ed. 1986. Yunnan Huimin qiyi shiliao (Historical records on the Muslim uprising). Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jing, Dexin, ed. 1991. Du Wenxiu qiyi (The uprising of Du Wenxiu). Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Le May, Reginald S. 1926. An Asian Arcady: The Land and Peoples ofNorthern Siam. Cambridge: W. Heffer.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund. 1954. Political System of Highland Burma: A Study ofKachin Social Structure. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, James Z. 1982. “Food Supply and Population Growth in Southwest China, 1250–1850.” Journal of Asian Studies 41(4):711–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leong, Sow-Theng. 1997. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Shoukong. 1985–86. “Wanqing Yunnan Huibian shimo” (The rise and fall of the late Qing Yunnan Muslim rebellion). In Zhongguo jindai xiandai shi lunji (Collect ed essays on modern and contemporary Chinese history). Taibei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Li, Xingyuan. {1865} 1974. Li Wengong Gong zouyi (The memorials of Li Wengong/Xingyuan). Compiled by Li Gai. Taibei: Wenhai chubanshe.Google Scholar
Li, Yuanbing. 1953. “Yongchangfu Baoshanxian Han-Hui hudou ji Du Wenxiu shixing geming zhi yuanqi” (The Han-Hui conflict in Baoshan District of Yongchang Prefecture and the reasons for Du Wenxiu’s revolution). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Li, Yuzhen. 1902. “Dianshi shu wen” (A description of the Yunnan affair). In Yunnan Huimin qiyi shiliao (Historical records on the Muslim uprising), Edited by Dexin, JingKunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lin, Chang-Kuan. 1991. “Chinese Muslims of Yunnan, Southwest China, with Special Reference to Their Revolt, 1855–1873.” Ph.D. diss., University of Aberdeen.Google Scholar
Lin, Zexu 1935. Lin Wenzhong Gong zhengshu (The memorials of Lin Wenzhong/Zexu). 2 vols. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshukuan.Google Scholar
Ling, Ti’an. 1932. Xian-Tong Guizbou junshi shi (A military history of Guizhou in the Xianfeng-Tongzhi period). Shanghai: Cihui tushuguan.Google Scholar
Lipman, Jonathan N. 1990. “Ethnic Violence in Modern China: Hans and Huis in Gansu, 1781–1929.” In Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture, Edited by N, Jonathan. Lipman and Stevan Harrell. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Lipman, Jonathan N. 1997. Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Longling xianzhi (LX) (Gazetteer of Longling District). {1917} 1968. Compiled by Zhang Jian’an. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Luo, Wenbin {1938} 1988. Ping Qianjilue (A record of the pacification of Guizhou). Guiyang: Guizhou renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Chaolin. 1953. Rut jishugao zhaiyao dishisan ben (Vol. 13 in the summary of Rui’s testimony). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, Bai. Shanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Guanzheng. 1953. “Dianyuan shisinian dahuo ji” (A record of the fourteen years of tragedy in Yunnan). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, Bai. Shanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Rulong. 1953a. “Fu dasiheng Yang Rong deng shu” (A letter to Yang Rong). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Rulong. 1953b. “Zhi Du Wenxiu shu” (A letter to Du Wenxiu). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Weiliang. 1991. “Qingdai chuzhongqi Yunnan Huizu de kuangyeye” (The mining and metallurgical industry of the Muslim Yunnanese during the early and middle periods of the Qing dynasty). Huizu yanjiu 13(1):31—39.Google Scholar
Ma, Weiliang. 1999. Yunnan Huizu lishi yu wenhua yanjiu (Research on the history and culture of the Yunnan Hui). Kunming: Yunnan Daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Zhu. {1680} 1989. Qingzhen zhinan (A guide to Islam). Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Miao, Guangxu 1986. “Sanchao jilue” (A record of three reigns). In Yunnan Huimin qiyi shiliao (Historical records on the Muslim uprising), Edited by Dexin, JingKunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Millward, James. 1998. Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Xinjiang, 1759–1894. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moerman, Michael. 1965. “Ethnic Identification in a Complex Civilization: Who Are the Lue?” American Anthropologist 67(5):1215–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Notar, Beth E. 2001. “Du Wenxiu and the Politics of the Muslim Past.” Twentieth-Century China 26(2):63–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortner, Sherry. 1995. “Resistance and Ethnographic Refusal.” Comparative Study of Society and History 37(1):173–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ownby, David. 1993. “Chinese Hui and the Early Modern Social Order: Evidence from Eighteenth-Century Southeast China.” In “Secret Societies” Reconsidered: Perspectives on the Social History of Early Modern South China and Southeast Asia, Edited by Ownby, David, and Heidhues, Mary Somers. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Pillsbury, Barbara. 1976. “Pig and Policy: Maintenance of Boundaries between Han and Muslim Chinese.” Ethnic Groups 1: 151–62.Google Scholar
Proschan, Frank. 2001. “Peoples of the Gourd: Imagined Ethnicities in Highland Southeast Asia.” Journal of Asian Studies 60(4):999–1032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qinding pingding Huifei fanglue (QPHF) (Imperially commissioned record of the campaign to pacify the Hui rebels). {1896} 1968. Compiled by Yixin. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Qingshi liezhuan (Biographies in the Qing dynastic history). 1928. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Rawski, Evelyn. 1998. The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rhoads, Edward. 2000. Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861—1928. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Rocher, Emile. 1879. La Province Chinoise du Yün-nan (The Chinese province of Yunnan). Vol. 2. Paris: Libraire de la Société Asiatique.Google Scholar
Schwarz, Henry G. 1987. “Some Notes on the Mongols of Yunnan.” Central Asiatic Journal 28(l–2):101–18.Google Scholar
Shimada, Kenji. 1990. Pioneer of the Chinese Revolution: Zhang Binglin and Confucianism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Société Des Missions-Etrangères de Paris (SMEP). Archives of the Société des Missions-Etrangeres de Paris. Paris.Google Scholar
”Talang Nan’an zhengkuang ji” (A record of the Talang, Nan’an mining incident). 1953. In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, Bai. Shanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Tengyue tingzhi (TT) (Gazetteer of Tengyue Subprefecture). {1887} 1976. Compiled by Zhao Duanli and Chen Zonghai. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Thongchai, Winichakul 1994. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Tian, Rukang 1963. “Youguan Du Wenxiu duiwai guanxi de jige wenti” (Regarding some questions of Du Wenxiu’s foreign relations). Lishi yanjiu 4:133—46.Google Scholar
Tian, Rukang 1981. Moslem Rebellion in China: A Yunnan Controversy. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Waley-Cohen, JOanna. 1991. Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758–1820. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Dingchen 1953. “Qing Xian-Tongjian Yunnan Huibian jiwen” (Chronicle of the Xianfeng—Tongzhi era Hui uprising in Yunnan). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Jianping. 1996. Concord and Conflict: The Hui Communities of Yunnan Society Lund Studies in African and Asian Religions, no. 11. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Wang, Shuhuai 1974. Xian-Tong Yunnan Huimin shibian (The Yunnan Hui uprising of the Xianfeng-Tongzhi era). Nankang, Taipei: Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Wei, Alice Bihyun. 1974. “The Moslem Rebellion in Yunnan, 1855–1873.” Ph.D diss., University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Wright, Mary. 1957. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T’ung-Chih Restoration, 1862—1874. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Xu Yunnan tongzhigao (XYT) (Revised comprehensive gazetteer of Yunnan). {1901} 1966. Compiled by Wang Wenshao. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Xuanwei zhouzhi (XZ) (Gazetteer of Xuanwei Department). {1844} 1967. Compiled by Liu Peilin. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yegar, Moshe. 1966. “The Panthay (Chinese Muslims) of Burma and Yunnan.” Journal of Southeast Asian History 7(1):l73—85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yongchang fuzhi (YF) (Gazetteer of Yongchang Prefecture). {1886} 1967. Compiled by Liu Yuke. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yuanmou jiwen (YJ) (Yuanmou chronicles). 1953. In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, Bai. Shanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yunnan xianzhi (YX) (Gazetteer of Yunnan District). {1890} 1967. Compiled by Huang Bingkun. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yunnan Huizu shehui lishi diaocha (YHSLD) (Investigations of Yunnanese Hui society and history). 1985. Vol. 1. Edited by bianjizu, Yunnansheng. Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhang, Chaohui, ed. 1986. Yunnan sheng Kunming shi dirning zhi (Gazetteer of Kunming and Yunnan place names). Kunming: Kunming shi renmin zhengfu.Google Scholar
Zhang, Tao 1953. “Dianluan jiliie” (A record of the Yunnan rebellion). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhao, Qing 1953. “Bianyuan jieyuan lu” (A record of justifying the wrongs). In Huimin qiyi (Hui rebellions), Edited by Shouyi, BaiShanghai: Zhongguo shenzhou guoguang chubanshe.Google Scholar