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Prisoner Number 600,001: Rethinking Japan, China, and the Korean War 1950–1953

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2015

Tessa Morris-Suzuki
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Abstract

Among more than 100,000 prisoners captured by United Nations forces in the Korean War, there was just one Japanese prisoner of war (POW). Matsushita Kazutoshi, Prisoner Number 600,001, had served in the Japanese army in China, both Nationalist and Communist armies in the Chinese Civil War, and in the Chinese People's Volunteers in North Korea, and was to end his military career in the ranks of the South Korean army. Using his forgotten story as a prism, this article explores neglected transborder dimensions of the Korean War. It argues the need to pay closer attention to the historical continuities linking the Asia-Pacific War and Chinese Civil War to the Korean War; it reconsiders the nature of Japan's connections to the conflict in Korea and reconceptualizes the UN POW camps as sites of ongoing Chinese and Korean civil wars.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 74 , Issue 2 , May 2015 , pp. 411 - 432
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2015 

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References

List of References

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Kyŏnghyang sinmun. 1954. Seoul.Google Scholar
Mainichi shinbun. 1952. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1954. Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Tonga ilbo. 1954. Seoul.Google Scholar
Cathcart, Adam. 2010. “Japanese Devils and American Wolves: Chinese Communist Songs from the War of Liberation and the Korean War.” Popular Music and Society 33(2):203–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui Weizhi and Tang Xuie, eds. 1999. Shandong jiefang zhanzheng jishi [History of the war of liberation in Shandong]. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe.Google Scholar
Cumings, Bruce. 2010. The Korean War: A History. New York: Modern Library.Google Scholar
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Fujitani, Takashi. 2011. Race for Empire: Koreans as Japanese and Japanese as Americans during World War II. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Furukawa Mantarō. 1994. Chūgoku zanryū Nihonhei no kiroku [Records of Japanese soldiers left behind in China]. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Gillin, Donald, and Etter, Charles. 1983. “Staying On: Japanese Soldiers and Civilians in China, 1945–1949.” Journal of Asian Studies 42(3):497–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomi Yōji. 2010. “Nihonjin mo sansen shita Chōsen Sensō” [The Korean War: Japanese also participated]. Hikari Sase - Kita Chōsen shuyōjo kokka no kaihō o mezsu rironshi 6(6):109–17.Google Scholar
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Hermes, Walter G. 1966. Truce Tent and Fighting Front. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Ikeya Kaoru. 2007. Ari no heitai: Nihonhei 2600-nin Sansei-Shō zanryū no shinsō [The ant soldiers: A true picture of the 2600 Japanese soldiers left behind in Shanxi]. Tokyo: Shinchōsha.Google Scholar
Ishimaru Yasuzō. 2008. “Chōsen Sensō to Nihon no kakawari: Wasuresarareta kaijō yūsō” [Japan's involvement in the Korean War: The forgotten maritime transports]. Senshi kenkyū nenpō 11:21–40.Google Scholar
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Kim, Nam G. 1997. From Enemies to Allies: The Impact of the Korean War on US-Japan Relations. San Francisco: International Scholars Publications.Google Scholar
Knight, Peter. 2006. “MacArthur's Eyes: Reassessing Military Intelligence Operations in the Forgotten War, June 1950–April 1951.” PhD diss., Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Kwon, Heonik. 2010. The Other Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Lee Jeanyoung. 2002. “Ethnic Korean Migration to Northeast Asia.” In Proceedings of the International Seminar Human Flows across National Borders in Northeast Asia, ed. Tsuneo, Akaha. 118–40. Monterey, Calif.: Center for East Asian Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies.Google Scholar
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Linyi Xingshu Chubanban Gongshi, ed. 1980. Menglianggu zhan yi zi liao xuan [Selected materials on the battle of Menglianggu]. Jinan: Shandong renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
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Military History Section, Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces and Eighth U.S. Army. 1955. Intelligence and Counterintelligence Problems during the Korean Conflict. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History.Google Scholar
Ōnuma Hisao. 2006. “Chōsen Sensō e no Nihon no kyōryoku” [Japan's cooperation in the Korean War]. In Chōsen Sensō to Nihon [The Korean War and Japan], ed. Hisao, Ōnuma, 75–119. Tokyo: Shinkansha.Google Scholar
Paik Sun Yup. 1999. From Pusan to Panmunjom: Wartime Memoirs of the Republic of Korea's First Four-Star General. Dulles, Va.: Brassey's.Google Scholar
Shen, Zhihua. 2012. Mao, Stalin and the Korean War: Trilateral Communist Relations in the 1950s. Translated by Silver, Neil. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sloan, Bill. 2009. The Darkest Summer: Pusan and Inchon 1950. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
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Burckhardt, Nicolas, and Hoffmann, Georg. 1953. “Note au CICR relative aux evasions en masse des PG Nordcoréens dits anticommunistes.” B AG 210 056-025 (06/01/1953–16/01/1956).Google Scholar
Headquarters, Prisoner of War Command (Provisional) APO 59. 1952. “Record of a meeting of Otto Lehner, Georg Hoffmann and Nicolas Burckhardt (ICRC) with Major General Boatner, Colonel Roerem, Lt. Colonel Spillner and Lt. Colonel Brothers, Pusan, 25 August.” B AG 210 056-16 (15/03/1952–22/01/1954).Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Georg. 1952a. “Rapport au CICR sur la visite de M. G. Hoffmann au UN POW Enclosure 11, Pusan, du 29 May 1952.” 1413, Corée 1952.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Georg. 1952b. “Rapport confidential concernant l'incident au compound no. 7 de UN POW Branch Camp 3A, Cheju-Do du 1er octobre 1952.” B AG 210 056-012 (08/02/1952–13/04/1953).Google Scholar
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Lower House Foreign Affairs Committee No. 2 [Shūgiin, Gaimu Iinka 2-gō]. 1952a. January 30.Google Scholar
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Ōhaba Hiroyuki. 2009. Oral history interview by Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK). NHK Sensō shōgen ākaibusu. http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/shogenarchives/shogen/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001150037_00000 (accessed January 18, 2015).Google Scholar
Asahi shinbun. 1952–53. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Hyūga nichinichi shinbun. 1952–54. Miyazaki.Google Scholar
Kyŏnghyang sinmun. 1954. Seoul.Google Scholar
Mainichi shinbun. 1952. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1954. Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Tonga ilbo. 1954. Seoul.Google Scholar
Bieri, Frédérique. 1950. “UN POW Camp no. 1 Pusan, visited on December 27 and 28, 1950 by ICRC delegate Mr. Fred Bieri.” B AG 210 056-021 (16/01/1951–12/05/1952).Google Scholar
Bieri, Frédérique. 1951a. “UN POW Camp no. 1, Koje-Do and Pusan, visited by ICRC delegates Mr. Bieri May 29 to June 9 and Dr. Bessero May 29 to 30 1951.” B AG 210 056-021 (16/01/1951–12/05/1952).Google Scholar
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Bieri, Frédérique. 1951c. “UN POW Camp no. 1, Koje-do and Pusan, visited by ICRC delegates Bieri, August 19 to 20 and August 28th to Sept. 19th, 1951 and de Reynier, August 28th to Sept. 2nd 1951.” 1411, Rapports de Mm. Lehner, Bieri, de Reynier, Corée.Google Scholar
Bieri, Frédérique. 1951d. “UN POW Enclosure no. 1 and 14th Field Hospital, Pusan, Visited by Mr. F. Bieri, 23/24, 11, 1951 and 11, 12, 1951.” 1411, Rapports de Mm. Lehner, Bieri, de Reynier, Corée.Google Scholar
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Headquarters, Prisoner of War Command (Provisional) APO 59. 1952. “Record of a meeting of Otto Lehner, Georg Hoffmann and Nicolas Burckhardt (ICRC) with Major General Boatner, Colonel Roerem, Lt. Colonel Spillner and Lt. Colonel Brothers, Pusan, 25 August.” B AG 210 056-16 (15/03/1952–22/01/1954).Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Georg. 1952a. “Rapport au CICR sur la visite de M. G. Hoffmann au UN POW Enclosure 11, Pusan, du 29 May 1952.” 1413, Corée 1952.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Georg. 1952b. “Rapport confidential concernant l'incident au compound no. 7 de UN POW Branch Camp 3A, Cheju-Do du 1er octobre 1952.” B AG 210 056-012 (08/02/1952–13/04/1953).Google Scholar
International Committee of the Red Cross. 1949. Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva. http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/375?OpenDocument (accessed January 18, 2015).Google Scholar
Rubli, Jean-Maurice. 1953. “Rapport Médical conc. les camps I-Kojedo, IC-Pongyamdo [sic], IB-Yonchedo et IA-Choguri, du 5-5-53 au 19-5-53.” B AG 210 056-008 (25/05/1953–03/07/1953).Google Scholar
Office of the Provost Marshal, GHQ Far East Command. 1951. “Transmittal of record (DA AGO Form 19-2) on Matsushita Kazuyoshi [sic].” RG 554, GHQ Far East Command, Office of Provost Marshal, Correspondence of the Prisoner of War Division Relating to Enemy Prisoner of War, 1950–1954, Box 2: May 1 to Dec. 30.Google Scholar
Office of the Provost Marshal, GHQ Far East Command. 1953. “Korean Recap,” 1 April 1954. RG 554, stack area 290. Records of GHQ, FEC, SCAP and UNC, Office of Provost Marshal, Statistical Reports Relating to Enemy Prisoners of War, 1950–1953, Box 1.Google Scholar
Lower House Foreign Affairs Committee No. 2 [Shūgiin, Gaimu Iinka 2-gō]. 1952a. January 30.Google Scholar
Lower House Foreign Affairs Committee No. 2 [Shūgiin, Gaimu Iinka 2-gō]. 1952b. February 20.Google Scholar
Lower House Committee on the Repatriation of Overseas Compatriots and Support of Their Families No. 15 [Shūgiin, Kaigai Dōhō Hikiage oyobi Ikazoku Shien ni kansuru Chōsa Tokubetsu Iinkai 15-gō]. 1952. May 27.Google Scholar
Australian Embassy, Moscow. 1950. “Moscow Press Reports on MacArthur's Utilisation of Japanese Assistance in the Korean War.” Memorandum to Secretary, Department of External Affairs, Canberra, 1 December. Canberra: National Archives of Australia. A1838, 3123/7/27. “Korean War - Japan - Policy.”Google Scholar
Ōhaba Hiroyuki. 2009. Oral history interview by Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK). NHK Sensō shōgen ākaibusu. http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/shogenarchives/shogen/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001150037_00000 (accessed January 18, 2015).Google Scholar
Asahi shinbun. 1952–53. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Hyūga nichinichi shinbun. 1952–54. Miyazaki.Google Scholar
Kyŏnghyang sinmun. 1954. Seoul.Google Scholar
Mainichi shinbun. 1952. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1954. Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Tonga ilbo. 1954. Seoul.Google Scholar
Cathcart, Adam. 2010. “Japanese Devils and American Wolves: Chinese Communist Songs from the War of Liberation and the Korean War.” Popular Music and Society 33(2):203–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui Weizhi and Tang Xuie, eds. 1999. Shandong jiefang zhanzheng jishi [History of the war of liberation in Shandong]. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe.Google Scholar
Cumings, Bruce. 2010. The Korean War: A History. New York: Modern Library.Google Scholar
Esselstrom, Erik. 2009. Crossing Empire's Edge: Foreign Ministry Police and Japanese Expansionism in Northeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Fujitani, Takashi. 2011. Race for Empire: Koreans as Japanese and Japanese as Americans during World War II. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Furukawa Mantarō. 1994. Chūgoku zanryū Nihonhei no kiroku [Records of Japanese soldiers left behind in China]. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Gillin, Donald, and Etter, Charles. 1983. “Staying On: Japanese Soldiers and Civilians in China, 1945–1949.” Journal of Asian Studies 42(3):497–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomi Yōji. 2010. “Nihonjin mo sansen shita Chōsen Sensō” [The Korean War: Japanese also participated]. Hikari Sase - Kita Chōsen shuyōjo kokka no kaihō o mezsu rironshi 6(6):109–17.Google Scholar
Hastings, Sally Ann. 1996. “Women Legislators in the Japanese Diet.” In Re-Imaging Japanese Women, ed. Imamura, Anne E., 217–300. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hermes, Walter G. 1966. Truce Tent and Fighting Front. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Ikeya Kaoru. 2007. Ari no heitai: Nihonhei 2600-nin Sansei-Shō zanryū no shinsō [The ant soldiers: A true picture of the 2600 Japanese soldiers left behind in Shanxi]. Tokyo: Shinchōsha.Google Scholar
Ishimaru Yasuzō. 2008. “Chōsen Sensō to Nihon no kakawari: Wasuresarareta kaijō yūsō” [Japan's involvement in the Korean War: The forgotten maritime transports]. Senshi kenkyū nenpō 11:21–40.Google Scholar
Kaji Wataru. 1982. Nihon heishi no hansen undō [The Japanese soldiers’ anti-war movement]. Tokyo: Dōseisha.Google Scholar
Kim, Nam G. 1997. From Enemies to Allies: The Impact of the Korean War on US-Japan Relations. San Francisco: International Scholars Publications.Google Scholar
Knight, Peter. 2006. “MacArthur's Eyes: Reassessing Military Intelligence Operations in the Forgotten War, June 1950–April 1951.” PhD diss., Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Kwon, Heonik. 2010. The Other Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lary, Diana. 2010. The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, 1937–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee Jeanyoung. 2002. “Ethnic Korean Migration to Northeast Asia.” In Proceedings of the International Seminar Human Flows across National Borders in Northeast Asia, ed. Tsuneo, Akaha. 118–40. Monterey, Calif.: Center for East Asian Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies.Google Scholar
Lew, Christopher R. 2009. The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linyi Xingshu Chubanban Gongshi, ed. 1980. Menglianggu zhan yi zi liao xuan [Selected materials on the battle of Menglianggu]. Jinan: Shandong renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Meyers, Samuel M., and Bradbury, William C.. 1968. “The Political Behaviour of Korean and Chinese Prisoners of War in the Korean Conflict: A Historical Analysis.” In Mass Behaviour in Battle and Captivity: The Communist Soldier in the Korean War, eds. Meyers, Samuel M. and Biderman, Albert D.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Military History Section, Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces and Eighth U.S. Army. 1955. Intelligence and Counterintelligence Problems during the Korean Conflict. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History.Google Scholar
Ōnuma Hisao. 2006. “Chōsen Sensō e no Nihon no kyōryoku” [Japan's cooperation in the Korean War]. In Chōsen Sensō to Nihon [The Korean War and Japan], ed. Hisao, Ōnuma, 75–119. Tokyo: Shinkansha.Google Scholar
Paik Sun Yup. 1999. From Pusan to Panmunjom: Wartime Memoirs of the Republic of Korea's First Four-Star General. Dulles, Va.: Brassey's.Google Scholar
Shen, Zhihua. 2012. Mao, Stalin and the Korean War: Trilateral Communist Relations in the 1950s. Translated by Silver, Neil. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sloan, Bill. 2009. The Darkest Summer: Pusan and Inchon 1950. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar