Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T02:28:07.188Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nationalism, Imperialism, and the International Education Movement in Early Twentieth-Century Japan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Mark E. Lincicome
Get access

Extract

The literature on nationalism ascribes a pivotal role to schools in creating what Benedict Anderson calls an “imagined community,” through the formation and dissemination of a common national identity and a shared national consciousness where none existed before (e.g., Anderson 1983; Gellner 1983; Hobsbawm 1990; Smith 1991). It is not unusual to find Japan cited as a prime example of this process, not only among theorists of nationalism, but among Japan specialists, as well (e.g., Beauchamp 1988, 226–29; Cummings 1980, 17–25; Hunter 1989, 192–97; Ienaga 1978; Pyle 1996, 125–30; Rohlen 1983, 46–57; Schoppa 1991, 29–31; Thomas 1996, 254–62). In general, they portray the first two decades of the Meiji period, between 1868 and 1890, as the era when a modern national consciousness merged with a revivified nativist identity to form an “emperor-centered nationalism” that was institutionalized and propagated by the state, chiefly through a newly established compulsory, centralized school system. Frequently, this assertion is supported by citing the Imperial Rescript on Education (1890), which begins, “Our Imperial Ancestors have founded Our Empire on a basis broad and everlasting and have deeply and firmly implanted virtue; Our subjects, ever united in loyalty and filial piety, have from generation to generation illustrated the beauty thereof.” This distinctive brand of Japanese nationalism is also regarded as a factor contributing to the subsequent development of Japanese imperialism and the country's pursuit of a colonial empire abroad, which began with its victory in the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), and concluded fifty years later with its defeat in the Pacific War.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , May 1999 , pp. 338 - 360
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Anderson, Benedict. 1983, 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Kyōji, Asada. 1990. Nihon Shokuminchi kenkyū shiron. Tokyo: Miraisha.Google Scholar
Bamba, N., and Howes, J. F., eds. 1978. Pacifism in Japan: The Christian and Socialist Tradition. Kyoto: Mineruba shobo (Minerva Press).Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt. 1990. “Modernity and Ambivalence.” In Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, edited by Featherstone, Mike. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Beauchamp, Edward. 1988. “Education.” In Democracy in Japan, edited by Ishida, Takeshi and Krauss, Ellis S.. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Betts, Raymond F. 1985. Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Cummings, William K. 1980. Education and Equality in Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doak, Kevin M. 1995. “Colonialism and Ethnic Nationalism in the Political Thought of Yanaihara Tadao (1893–1961).” In East Asian History 10: 79–98.Google Scholar
Doak, Kevin M. 1998. “Culture, Ethnicity, and the State in Early 20th Century Japan.” In Japan's Competing Modernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy, 1900–1930, edited by Minichiello, Sharon A.. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Duke, Benjamin C. 1973. Japan's Militant Teachers: A History of the Left-Wing Teachers' Movement. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gluck, Carol. 1985. Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Andrew. 1991. Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. 1990. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, Janet E. 1989. The Emergence of Modern Japan: An Introductory History Since 1853. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Ienaga, Saburo. 1978. The Pacific War, 1931–1945. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Tetsujirō, Inoue. 1923. “Kokumin dotoku to kokusai kyōiku.” In Kokusai kyōiku no riron oyobi jissai. Tokyo: Kokusai Kyōiku Kyōkai.Google Scholar
Akira, Iriye. 1997. Cultural Internationalism and World Order. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Mlnoru, Ishizuki. 1972. “Kokuminshugi to jiyūshūgi.” In Meiji kyōiku yoron no kenkyū, edited by Motoyama, Yukihiko. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Fukumura Shuppan Kabushiki Gaisha.Google Scholar
Tetsu, Izumi. 1923. “Rikken kokumin to kokusai kyōiku.” In Kokusai kyōiku no riron oyobi jissai. Tokyo: Kokusai Kyōiku Kyōkai.Google Scholar
Akira, Kawai. 1960. “Taishō shin kyōiku no tenkai.” In Nihon kyōiku undōshi 1: Meiji, Taishō ki no kyōiku undo, edited by Inokawa, K. and Akira, Kawai. Kyoto: San Itchi Shobo.Google Scholar
Lincicome, Mark E. 1993. “Nationalism, Internationalization, and the Dilemma of Educational Reform in Japan.” In Comparative Education Review 37 (2): 123–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincicome, Mark E. 1995. Principle, Praxis, and the Politics of Educational Reform in Meiji Japan Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Lincicome, Mark E. 1997. “Local Citizens or Loyal Subjects? Enlightenment Discourse and Educational Reform.” In New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan, edited by Hardacre, Helen. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Marshall, Byron. 1994. Learning to be Modern: Japanese Political Discourse on Education. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Hiroshi, Mizuuchi. 1990. “Sawayanagi Masatarō.” In Ten Great Educators of Modern Japan: A Japanese Perspective, edited by Duke, Benjamin. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Yukihiko, Motoyama. 1972. Kindai Nihon no seiji to kyōiku. Kyoto: Mineruba shobō (Minerva Press).Google Scholar
Yukihiko, Motoyama. 1978. “Meiji kokka no kyōiku shisō: Taishō kyōiku to no kanren o chūshin ni.” In Taishō no kyōiku, edited by Susumu, Ikeda and Yukihiko, Motoyama. Tokyo: Dai Ippō Ki Shuppan Kabushiki Gaisha.Google Scholar
Yukihiko, Motoyama. 1997. Proliferating Talent: Essays on Politics, Thought, and Education in the Meiji Era, edited by Elisonas, J. S. A. and Rubinger, Richard. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Nairn, Tom. 1993. “Internationalism and the Second Coming.” Daedalus, 22 (3): 155–70.Google Scholar
Akira, Nakano. 1968. Taishō jiyū kyōiku no kenkyu. Nagoya: Reimei Shobo.Google Scholar
Akira, Nakano. 1990a. Taishō demokurashitī kyōiku. Tokyo: Shin Hyōron.Google Scholar
Akira, Nakano. 1990b. “Shimonaka Yasaburō.” In Ten Great Educators of Modern Japan: A Japanese Perspective, edited by Duke, Benjamin. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Nish, Ian. 1993. Japan's Struggle with Internationalism: Japan, China and the League of Nations, 1931–33. London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar
Entaro, Noguchi. 1923a. “Jo.” In Kokusai kyōiku no riron oyobi jissai. Tokyo: Kokusai Kyōiku Kyōkai.Google Scholar
Entaro, Noguchi. 1923b. “Kokusai kyōiku kaigi oyobi sono mokuteki.” In Kokusai kyōiku no riron oyobi jissai. Tokyo: Kokusai Kyōiku Kyōkai.Google Scholar
Masako, Nozawa. 1972. “Sekaishugi.” In Meiji kyōiku yoron no kenkyū, edited by Yukihiko, Motoyama. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Fukumura Shuppan Kabushiki Gaisha.Google Scholar
Sadaku, Ogata. 1973. “The Role of Liberal Nongovernmental Organizations in Japan.” In Pearl Harbor as History: Japanese-American Relations, 1931–1941, edited by Borg, Dorothy and Okamoto, Shumpei. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Yoshio, Ōi. 1984. Nihon no “shin kyōiku” shisō: Noguchi Entarō ō chūshin ni. Tokyo: Keisō Shobo.Google Scholar
Yoshitake, Ōka. 1986. Five Political Leaders of Modern Japan, translated by Fraser, A. and Murray, P.. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
tahashi, Ōta and Toshio, Nakauchi, eds. 1975. Minkan kyōikushi kenkyū jiten. Tokyo: Hyōronsha.Google Scholar
Yoshitake, Ozawa. 1979. “Sawayanagi Masatarō no shokuminchi kyōiku kan.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō zenshū bekkan. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Passin, Herbert. 1965. Society and Education in Japan. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Peattie, Mark R. 1984. “Japanese Attitudes Toward Colonialism, 1895–1945.” In The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945, edited by Myers, Ramon H. and Peattie, Mark R.. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, John D. 1980. Tokutomi Sohō, 1863–1957: A Journalist for Modern Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyle, Kenneth B. 1996. The Making of Modern Japan, 2nd ed.Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company.Google Scholar
Rohlen, Thomas P. 1983. Japan's High Schools. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shigeki, Sato. 1995. “Neshon, nashonarizumu, esunishitei.” Shisō, 854.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1923a. “Sekai no taisei to kokusai kyōiku.” In Kokusai kyōiku no riron oyobi jissai. Tokyo: Kokusai Kyōiku Kyōkai.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1925. “A Japanese View of Pacific Relations.” In Institute of Pacific Relations: Honolulu Session. Honolulu: Institute of Pacific Relations.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1927. In Proceedings of the Second Biennial Conference. Augusta: The World Federation of Education Associations.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1976a. “Kongo ni okeru kokumin no kakugo o ronjite kyōiku ni oyobu.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō Zenshū. Vol. 8. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1976b. “Sengo no shakai jotai to kyōiku.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō Zenshū. Vol. 8. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1976c. “Zairai no sengo kyōikusaku o hihyō shite shin shugi o teishō su.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō Zenshū. Vol. 8. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1976d. “Waga kuni no kyōiku.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō Zenshū. Vol. 8. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1976e. “Kankoku heigō shokan.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō Zenshū. Vol. 8. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1976f. “Chōsen kyōiku wa Nihongo fukyu ni zenryoku o keichu subeshi.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō Zenshū. Vol. 8. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1977a. “Toashugi.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō Zenshū. Vol. 9. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1977b. “Ajiashugi.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō Zenshū. Vol. 9. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Masatarō, Sawayanagi. 1977c. “Kokka kyōiku yori kokusai kyōiku e no katei.” In Sawayanagi Masatarō Zenshū. Vol. 9. Tokyo: Kokudosha.Google Scholar
Schoppa, Leonard J. 1991. Education Reform in Japan: A Case of Immobilist Politics. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yasaburō, Shimonaka. 1923. “Zenjinrui ai ni tettei seyo: hirakaruru kokusai kyōiku kaigi no sho mondai.” In Kokusai kyōiku no riron oyobi jissai. Tokyo: Kokusai Kyōiku Kyōkai.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony. 1991. National Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Matsuo, Takamitsu. 1977. “Yoshino Sakuzō to Chōsen: san itchi undōki o chūshin ni.” In Ronshū Nihon rekishi 12:Taishō demokurashī, edited by Yui, M.Tokyo: Yūseidō Shuppan Kabushiki Gaisha.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. E. 1996. Modern Japan: A Social History Since 1868. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Thurston, Donald R. 1973. Teachers and Politics in Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Verdery, Katherine. 1993. “Whither ‘Nation’ and ‘Nationalism’?” Daedalus, 22 (3): 37–6.Google Scholar
Weiner, Michael. 1994. Race and Migration in Imperial Japan. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wilson, Sandra. 1992. “The Manchurian Crisis and Moderate Japanese Intellectuals: The Japan Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations.” Modern Asian Studies 26 (3): 507–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuji, Yamazaki. 1986. “Dai ichiji taisengo ni okeru ‘kōkusai kyōiku undo’ no seiritsu to tenkai: Taishōki kyōiku kaizō undō no kokusaishugiteki sokumen.” Kyōiku kenkyū, 30. Tokyo: Aoyama Gakuin Daigaku Kyōiku Gakkai.Google Scholar