Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T19:20:49.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Iranians Abroad: Intra-Asian Elite Migration and Early Modern State Formation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

Sanjay Subrahmanyam
Get access

Extract

The idea of trader communities spread across the shores of the Indian Ocean, or along the caravan routes of the Asian heartland, is a familiar one. Once designated as the ubiquitous “pedlars” of the “traditional trade of Asia,” these traders have more recently been described using the term “diaspora”—a term not restricted in its application, needless to add, to the Asian context. In the hands of Philip D. Curtin, the idea of traders in a diaspora has become a simple but powerful tool to analyze the phenomenon of what he terms “cross-cultural trade.” What, then, is a diaspora? To Curtin, a diaspora is “a nation of socially interdependent, but spatially dispersed communities,” that are, moreover, separated from their “host societies” in each locus in which they are situated (Curtin 1984:5). He continues: “The traders were specialists in a single kind of economic enterprise, whereas the host society was a whole society, with many occupations, class stratification and political divisions between the rulers and the ruled” (Curtin 1984:5).

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 51 , Issue 2 , May 1992 , pp. 340 - 363
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Aghassian, Michel, and Keram, Kevonian. 1988. “Le commerce arménien dans l’Océan Indien aux 17e et 18e siècles.” In Lombard and Aubin (1988).Google Scholar
Albuquerque, Luís de, and Inácio., Guerreiro 1985. “Khoja Shams-ud-din, comerciante de Cananor na primeira metade do século XVI.” In Actas do II Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa. Lisbon: Instituto de Investigaçāo Cientifica Tropical.Google Scholar
ARA, OB, VOC. Algemeen Rijksarchief {General State Archives}, The Hague, Overgekomen Brieven en Papieren, Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie.Google Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. 1981. “Religious Extremism (ghuluww), Sufism and Sunnism in Safavid Iran: 1501—1722.” Journal of Asian Ħistory 15.Google Scholar
Ashraf, Ahmad. 1970. “Historical obstacles to the Development of a Bourgeoisie n i Iran.” In Cook, M. A., ed., Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Athar, Ali M. 1966. The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.Google Scholar
Athar, Ali M. 1985. The Apparatus of Empire: Awards of Ranks, Offices, and Titles in Mughal Nobility (1574–1658). Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean. 1959. “Etudes Safavides I. Šāh Ismācīl et les notables de l’Iraq persan.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 2, no. 1.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean. 1973. “Le royaume d’Ormuz au début du XVIe siècle.” Mare Luso-lndicum 2.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean. 1980. “Les Persans au Siam sous le règne de Narai (1656–1688).” Mare Luso-lndicum 4.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean. 1984. “Révolution chiite et conservatisme: Les Soufis de Lahejân, 1500–1514 (Etudes Safavides II).” Moyen Orient et Océan Indien 1.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean. 1986. “Chiffres de population urbaine en Iran Occidental autour de 1500.” Moyen Orient et Océan Indien 3.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean. 1988. “Marchands de Mer Rouge et du Golfe Persique au tournant des 15e et 16e siècles.” In Lombard and Aubin (1988).Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean. 1988a. “L’avènement des Safavides reconsidéré (Etudes Safavides III).” Moyen Orient et Océan Indien 5.Google Scholar
Beveridge, H., trans., and Prashad, Baini, ed. 1952. The Maāthir-ul-Umarā. By Nawwab Samsam-ud-daula Shah Nawaz Khan and his son Abdul Hayy. Vol. 2. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica no. 202 (Asiatic Society of Bengal).Google Scholar
Blake, Stephen P. 1986. “Courtly Culture under Babur and the Early Mughals.” Journal of Asian History 20, no. 2.Google Scholar
Blussé, Leonard. 1986. Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and Dutch in V0C Batavia. Dordrecht: Foris Publications (Verhandelingen KITLV).Google Scholar
Bouchon, Geneviève, and Thomaz, Luís Filipe. 1988. Voyage dans les Deltas du Gange et de I’lrraouaddy: Relation portugaise anonyme (1521). Paris: Centre Culturel Portugais.Google Scholar
Boxer, Charles R. 1967. Francisco Vieira de Figueiredo: A Portuguese Merchant Adventurer in South East Asia. 1624–67. The Hague; Martinus Nijhoff (Verhandelingen KITLV).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calmard, Jean. 1988. “Les marchands iraniens: Formation et montée d’un groupe de pression, 16e–19e siècles.” In Lombard and Aubin (1988).Google Scholar
Caron, François, and Joost., Schouten 1986. A True Description of the Mighty Kingdoms ofJapan and Siam. Introduction and notes by John Villiers. Bangkok: The Siam Society.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, K. N. 1985. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, J. R. I. 1989. Roots of North Indian Shicism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722–1859. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip D. 1984. Cross-cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Datta, Kalikinkar. 1939. Alivardi and his Times. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.Google Scholar
Eaton, Richard M. 1978. Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ferrier, Ronald. 1986. “Trade from the Mid-14th Century to the End of the Safavid Period.” In Jackson and Lockhart (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawan, Mahmud. 1948. Riyād al-Inshā, ed. Chand, Shaikh, and Yazdani, G.. Hyderabad: n.p.Google Scholar
Gervaise, Nicolas. 1989. The Natural and Political History of the Kingdom of Siam, trans, and ed., Villiers, John. Bangkok: Whit e Lotus Co.Google Scholar
Ghauri, I. A. 1967. “Muslims in the Deccan: A Historical Survey.” Islamic Literature 13.Google Scholar
Ghauri, I. A. 1970. “Central Structure of the Kingdom of Bijapur.” Islamic Culture 44.Google Scholar
Habib, Irfan. 1969. “The Family of Nur Jahan during Jahangir’s Reign: A Political Study.” In Medieval India —A Miscellany. Vol. I. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.Google Scholar
Haig, Wolseley, trans. 1973. Muntakhābu-t-Tawārīkh. By Abdu’l Qadir Ibn-i Muluk Shah, known as Al-Badaoni, ed. Ambashthya, B. P.. Vol. III. Reprint Patna: Janaki Prakashan.Google Scholar
Haneda, Masashi. 1987. Le Châh et les Qizilbāš: Le système militaire safavide. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag.Google Scholar
Haneda, Masashi. 1989. “La famille Huzānī d’Isfahan (15e-17e siècles).” Studia Iranica 18.Google Scholar
Husain, Afzal. 1975. “Growth of the Irani Element in Akbar’s Nobility.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 36th Session.Google Scholar
Islam, Riazul, ed. 1982. A Calendar of Documents on Indo-Persian Relations (1500–1700). Vol. II. Karachi/Teheran: Institute of Central and West Asian Studies/Iranian Cultural Foundation.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter, and Laurence, Lockhart, eds. 1986. The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kolff, D. H. A., and Van Santen, H. W., eds. 1979. De Geschriften van Francisco Pelsaert over Mughal Indie. 1627: Kroniek en Remonstrantie. The Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Kroell, Anne. 1982. “Douze lettres de Jean Chardin.” Journal Asiatique 270, nos. 3–4.Google Scholar
Kumar, Anil. 1986. Asaf Khan and his Times. Patna: Janaki Prakashan.Google Scholar
Kumar, Sunil. n.d. “The Creation and Representation of Order: Ghiyāth al-Dīn’s Tughlaqabad.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
La Loubère, Simon de. 1986. The Kingdom of Siam. Introduction by David K. Wyatt. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lombard, Denys, and Jean, Aubin, eds. 1988. Marchands et hommes d’affaires asiatiques dans I’Océan Indien et la Mer de Chine, 13e–20e siècles. Paris: EHES.Google Scholar
Matthee, Rudolph P. 1991. “Politics and Trade in late Safavid Iran: Commercial Crisis and Government Reaction under Shah Solayman (1666—1694).” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Minorsky, V., ed. 1943. Tadhkirat al-Mulūk, A Manual of Safavid Administration. London: E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Publications, New Series, v. 16.Google Scholar
Mirzoyef, Abdu L Ghani, ed. 1977. Khātirāt-i Mutribī Samarqandī. Karachi: University of Karachi.Google Scholar
Moreland, W. H., ed. 1931. Relations of Golconda in the Early Seventeenth century. London: The Hakluyt Society.Google Scholar
Mudabbir, Fakhr-I. 1976. Ādāb al-Mulūk wa Kifāyat al-mamlūk, ed. Sarwar Maulavi, Muhammad. Teheran: Farhang-i Iran.Google Scholar
Nagashima, Hiromu. 1989. “Muslim Merchants’ Visits to Japan in the 17th Century.” Journal of East-West Maritime Relations 1.Google Scholar
Nagtegaal, Luc. 1986. “The Dutch East India Company and the Relations between Kartasura and the Javanese North Coast, c. 1690—c. 1740.” In Trading Companies in Asia, 1600–1830, ed. Goor, J. van. Utrecht: Hes Uitgevers.Google Scholar
Nagtegaal, Luc. 1988. “Rijden op een hollandse tijger: De noordkust van Java en de VOC, 1680–1743.” Ph.D. diss., University of Utrecht.Google Scholar
Nayeem, M. A. 1974. External Relations of the Bijapur Kingdom (1489–1686 A.D.). Hyderabad: Bright Publishers.Google Scholar
O’Kane, John, ed. and trans. 1972. The Ship ofSulaiman. London: Persian Heritage Series No. 11.Google Scholar
Pearson, M. N. 1976. Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pearson, M. N. 1987. “India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century.” In Ashin Das Gupta and Pearson, M. N., eds., India and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800. Calcutta: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pombejra, Dhiravat Na. 1990. “Crown Trade and Court Politics in Ayutthaya during the Reign of King Narai (1656—88).” In The Southeast Asian Port and Polity: Rise and Demise, ed. Kathirithamby-Wells, J. and Villiers, J.. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar
Prakash, Om. 1967. “The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1650–1717.” Ph.D. diss., University of Delhi.Google Scholar
Prakash, Om. 1985. The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630–1720. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qureshi, I. H. 1970. “Muslim India before the Mughals.” In The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. II, ed. Holt, P. M., Lambton, Ann K. S., and Lewis, Bernard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. 1990. “An ‘Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asian History.” Modern Asian Studies 24, no. 1.Google Scholar
Richards, J. F. 1975. Mughal Administration in Golconda. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roemer, H. R. 1986. “The Safavid Period.” In Jackson and Lockhart (1986).Google Scholar
Salmon, Claudine. 1988. “Les marchands chinois en Asie du Sud-Est.” In Lombard and Aubin (1988).Google Scholar
Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan. 1979. The Life of Mir Jumla, the General of Aurangzeb. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.Google Scholar
Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. 1966. A History of South India. 3rd ed. Madras: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Savory, Roger M. 1980. Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Savory, Roger M. 1986. “The Safavid Administrative System.” In Jackson and Lockhart (1986).Google Scholar
Sharma, Sri Ram. 1967. Dakani zabān kā āghāz aua irtiqā. Hyderabad: n.p.Google Scholar
Sherwani, H. K. 1942. Mahmud Gawan, The Great Bahmani Wazir. Allahabad: Kitabistan.Google Scholar
Sherwani, H. K. 1974. History of the Qutb Shahi Dynasty. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, A. M. 1956. History of Golcunda. Hyderabad: University of Hyderabad.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain. 1977. “The Composition of the Nobility under the Lodi Sultans.” In Medieval India—A Miscellany. Vol. IV. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.Google Scholar
Silveira, Luís, ed. 1946. Itinerário de Sebastiáo Manrique. 2 Vols. Lisbon: Agênda Geral das Colónias.Google Scholar
Smith, George V. 1977. The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Thailand. Detroit: Northern Illinois University Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Special Report no. 16.Google Scholar
Stols, E. A., and Verberckmoes, J., eds. 1988. Aziatische omzwervingen: Het levensverhaalvanJaquesdeCoutre, een Brugs diamanthandelaar, 1591—1627. Berchem: Uitgeverij EPO.Google Scholar
Streusand, Douglas E. 1989. The Formation of the Mughal Empire. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. 1988. “Persians, Pilgrims and Portuguese: The Travails of Masulipatnam Shipping in the Western Indian Ocean, 1590—1665.” Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 3.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. 1990. The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India, 1500–1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Szuppe, Maria. 1986. “Un marchand du roi de Pologne en Perse, 1601–1602.” Moyen Orient et Océan Indien 3.Google Scholar
Terpstra, H. 1911. De vestiging van de Nederlanders aan de Kust van Koromandel. Groningen: M. De Waal.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, L. C. D. 1858. Zes jaren uit het leven van Wemmer van Berchem. Amsterdam: Scheltema.Google Scholar
Van Santen, H. W. 1982. “De Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie in Gujarat en Hindustan, 1620—1660.” Ph.D. diss., Leiden University.Google Scholar
Wink, André. 1988. “Al-Hind: India and Indonesia in the Islamic World-economy, c. 700—1800 A.D.” Itinerario 12, no. 1.Google Scholar