Sir William Johnson and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768

Peter Marshall

doi:10.1017/S0021875800007830

Sir William Johnson and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 January 2009

Peter Marshall

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McGill University

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The conduct of Sir William Johnson at the treaty of Fort Stanwix was regarded unfavourably by contemporaries and has been strongly criticized by historians. There is little to choose between the Board of Trade report of April 1769 and the view of Professor Billington, who holds that the Superintendent ‘mercilessly fleeced the Indians who trusted him as their protector’ while concluding ‘one of the worst treaties in the history of Anglo-Indian relationships’. There was ample cause for bewilderment and anger. Johnson had obtained a boundary line which deviated in three major particulars from that which he had been instructed to secure. This act of disobedience was a consequence of the need of land speculators to gain control of regions forbidden to them by royal instructions but vital to their financial hopes. Johnson, in his own right a great landlord and speculator, sacrificed his public duties to private gain, even though this involved the betrayal of innocent Indians.

Type: Research Article
Information: Journal of American Studies , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , October 1967 , pp. 149 - 179

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875800007830 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1967

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References

^{page 149 note 1} ‘Representation of the Board of Trade.…25 April 1769’, in O'Callaghan, E. B. (ed.), Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York (Albany, N.Y., 1853–1858), vol. viii, pp. 158–63Google Scholar. Hereafter cited as NYCD.

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^{page 149 note 3} Ibid. p. 194.

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^{page 150 note 4} Amherst wrote many letters to this effect. Typical examples are those to Johnson of 11 June 1761, 26 Dec. 1761, 12 Oct. 1762 and 29 May 1763, The Papers of Sir William Johnson (Albany, N.Y., 1921–1962), vol. x. pp. 284–6, 347–8, 508–9, 688–90Google Scholar. Hereafter cited as JP.

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^{page 151 note 3} Johnson to Earl of Halifax 19 Nov. 1793, Croghan to Johnson 24 Feb. 1764, 10 Mar. 1764, JP, vol. iv pp 248–50, 339–42, 362–3.

^{page 151 note 4} ‘Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs’, 10 07 1764, in Alvord, C. W. and Carter, C. E. (eds.), Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, vol. x, 273–81Google Scholar. Hereafter cited as IHC.

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^{page 154 note 1} Johnson to Gage, 24 02 1767, DHNY, vol. ii, pp. 842Google Scholar; Johnson to Shelburne, 1 04 1767, NYCD, vol. vii, pp. 913–15Google Scholar.

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^{page 154 note 7} Printed in IHC, vol. xi, pp. 234–43.

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^{page 156 note 2} ‘The Substance of what passed between Lord Shelburne and Mr Dyson about the Superintendents given afterwards to Lord Clare. November 1767’ (Shelburne MSS. 50: 219–26).

^{page 157 note 1} Downes, Randolph C., Council Fires on the Upper Ohio (Pittsburg, 1940), pp. 18–53CrossRef Google Scholar.

^{page 157 note 2} Speck, Frank G., ‘The Delaware Indians as women: were the original Pennsylvanians politically emasculated ?’ Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 70 (1946), 377–89Google Scholar; Wallace, Anthony F. C., King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung 1700–1763 (Philadelphia, 1949), pp. 195–6Google Scholar.

^{page 158 note 1} ‘Journal of Sir William Johnson's Proceedings with the Indians’, 12 07 1756, NYCD, vol. vii, p. 160Google Scholar.

^{page 158 note 2} Indian Proceedings, 29 April and 22 May 1765, ibid. pp. 718–41.

^{page 158 note 3} Johnson to Lords of Trade, 8 Oct. 1764, ibid. pp. 657–60.

^{page 158 note 4} Mowat, C. L., East Florida as a British Province 1763–1784 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1943), p. 59Google Scholar.

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^{page 159 note 1} Fox, Edith M., Land Speculation in the Mohawk Country (Ithaca, N.Y., 1949), pp. 6–9Google Scholar. Tryon to Dartmouth, 2 06 1773, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 373–5Google Scholar.

^{page 159 note 2} Harrington, Virginia D., The New York Merchant on the Eve of the Revolution (New York, 1935). pp 135–45Google Scholar.

^{page 159 note 3} Johnson to Robert Leake, 1 04 1762, JP, vol. X, pp. 418–19Google Scholar.

^{page 159 note 4} Colden to Lords of Trade, 31 05 1765, The Colden Letter Books, Collections of the New-York Historical Society for 1866 and 1867, vol. ii, p. 9Google Scholar.

^{page 159 note 5} Watts to James Napier, 28 Oct. 1764, 28 Oct. 1764, The Letter Book of John Watts. Collections of the New-York Historical Society, vol. lxi (1928), p. 302Google Scholar.

^{page 159 note 6} John Hagerty to Johnson, 8 04 1765, JP, vol. XI, p. 682–3Google Scholar; Johnson to Peter Hasen-clever, 22 Mar. 1765, ibid., pp. 648–9. Johnson to the Society for the Promotion of the Arts, 27 02 1765, DHNY, vol. iv, pp. 348–50Google Scholar.

^{page 159 note 7} Flexner, J. T., Mohawk Baronet (New York, 1959), p. 112 and nGoogle Scholar.

^{page 160 note 1} Calendar of New York…Land Papers (Albany, 1864), p. 302Google Scholar; Johnson to Colden, 19 03 1761, Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, vol. vi (Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 1922), pp. 19–20Google Scholar, Johnson to Colden, 6 Apr. 1764, 11 Dec. 1764, ibid. pp. 298, 396.

^{page 160 note 2} ‘Indian Proceedings’ (09 1766), JP, vol. XII, pp. 183–5Google Scholar.

^{page 160 note 3} Johnson to Gage, 4 Oct. 1766, ibid. p. 204.

^{page 160 note 4} Moore to Philip Schuyler, 29 Dec. 1766, 2 Feb. 1767, 1 Feb. 1768, 22 Feb. 1768, 28 Feb. 1768, Schuyler Papers, New York Public Library; Gerlach, Don R., Philip Schuyler and the American Revolution in New York, 1733–1777 (Lincoln, Neb., 1964), pp. 79–83Google Scholar; Johnson to Colden, 8 10 1766, Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden, vol. vii, p. 111Google Scholar; Johnson to Moore, 29 03 1767, JP, vol. XII, pp. 290–1Google Scholar; Johnson to Goldsbrow Banyar, 24 Nov. 1768, ibid. pp. 56–8.

^{page 161 note 1} ‘Indian Proceedings’ (09 1766), JP vol. XII, pp. 183–5Google Scholar; Calendar of New York…Land Papers, pp. 414–15.

^{page 161 note 2} Calendar of New York…Land Papers, pp. 447, 459.

^{page 161 note 3} Printed IHC, vol. X, pp. 39–45.

^{page 161 note 4} Bailey, Kenneth P. (ed.), The Ohio Company Papers 1753–1817 (Arcata, Calif., 1947), pp. 227–8Google Scholar; Volwiler, A. T., George Croghan and the Western Movement, 1741–1782 (Cleveland, 1926), pp. 41–2Google Scholar; Lewis, op. cit. p. 42.

^{page 162 note 1} Lewis, op. cit. pp. 39–44; Croghan to Amherst, 26 09 1763, JP vol. X, pp. 823–5Google Scholar.

^{page 162 note 2} Johnson to Gage, 18 12 1764, JP, vol. iv, pp. 624–6Google Scholar.

^{page 162 note 3} Croghan to Johnson, 18 02 1765, JP, vol. XI, pp. 576–7Google Scholar.

^{page 162 note 4} Savelle, Max, George Morgan Colony Builder (New York, 1932), pp. 18–20Google Scholar.

^{page 162 note 5} Gage to Johnson, 15 04 1765, JP, vol. iv, pp. 717–19Google Scholar; Savelle, op. cit. pp. 20–2.

^{page 163 note 1} Johnson to Lords of Trade, 13 11 1763, NYCD, vol. vii, pp. 572–81Google Scholar.

^{page 163 note 2} ‘Proceedings with the Indians’, ibid. pp. 718–41.

^{page 164 note 1} ‘Articles of Agreement of the Illinois Company’, 29 03 1766, IHC, vol. xi, pp. 203–4Google Scholar; Croghan to Johnson, 30 Mar. 1766, ibid. pp. 205–7.

^{page 164 note 2} Johnson to Lords of Trade, 31 Jan. 1766, Johnson to Conway, 10 July. 1766, ibid. pp 149–53, 334–5.

^{page 164 note 3} Benjamin to William Franklin, 28 Aug. 1767, in Smyth, A. H. (ed.) The Writings of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 1906), vol. V, pp. 45–6Google Scholar.

^{page 164 note 4} Wharton, Baynton and Morgan to Johnson, 16 03 1767, IHC, vol. xi, pp. 519–20Google Scholar; Galloway to William Franklin, 6 09 1767, IHC, vol. xvi, pp. 8–9Google Scholar; Thomas Wharton to Benjamin Franklin, 21 sept. 1767, ibid. pp. 23–4; Savelle, op. cit. pp. 40–1.

^{page 165 note 1} Volwiler, op. cit. p. 249; Calendar of New York…Land Papers, p. 447.

^{page 165 note 2} Croghan to Johnson, 1 03 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 127–30Google Scholar.

^{page 165 note 3} Samuel Wharton to Benjamin Franklin, 30 09 1767, IHC, vol. xvi, pp. 71–4Google Scholar.

^{page 165 note 4} Croghan to Benjamin Franklin 2 10 1767, IHC vol. xvi, pp. 74–6Google Scholar; Johnson to Shelburne ‘10 1767’, NYCD, vol. vii, pp. 985–6Google Scholar; Johnson to Lords of Trade, 20 Oct. 1767, ibid. pp. 987–8; Baynton, and Wharton, to Macleane, 9 10 1767, IHC, vol. xvi, pp. 84–7Google Scholar.

^{page 165 note 5} Benjamin to William Franklin, 25 11 1767, IHC, vol. xvi, pp. 118–21Google Scholar. Why the documents should have proved so difficult to locate is not clear; the Board of Trade had forwarded copies to Shelburne on 3 09 1766, P.R.O., C.O.5, 66 ff. 371 ff.

^{page 166 note 1} JTP, 1764–1767, 23 Dec. 1767, p. 441; Lords of Trade to Shelburne, 23 12 1767, NYCD, vol. vii, pp. 1004–5Google Scholar.

^{page 166 note 2} Basye, A. H., The Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations…(New Haven, 1925), pp 142–3Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 3} Benjamin Franklin to Galloway, 9 01 1768, Smyth, , Writings, vol. v, p. 91Google Scholar.

^{page 166 note 4} W. S. Johnson to Governor Pitkin, 26 12 1767, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 5th series, vol. ix, 252Google Scholar.

^{page 167 note 1} Gage to Johnson, 22 02 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 119–20Google Scholar; Johnson to Gage, 5 03 1768 JP, vol. XII, pp. 459–60Google Scholar; Gage to Johnson, 13 03 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 146–8Google Scholar; Johnson to Gage, 8 Apr. 1768, ibid. pp. 184–7.

^{page 167 note 2} ‘Proceedings of a General Congress…in March 1768’, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 38–53Google Scholar.

^{page 167 note 3} Guy Johnson to Hillsborough, 20 06 1768, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 76–7Google Scholar; Johnson to Gage, 23 04 1768, IHC, vol. xvi, pp. 262–5Google Scholar.

^{page 167 note 4} Gage to Johnson 16 05 1768, JP, vol. XII, pp. 501–2Google Scholar; Guy Johnson to Gage, 20 May. 1768, ibid. p. 510; Guy Johnson to Hillsborough, 20 06 1768, NYCD, vol. vii, p. 76Google Scholar.

^{page 167 note 5} ‘Representation of Lords of Trade…’, 7 03 1768, IHC, vol. xvi, pp. 183–204Google Scholar.

^{page 167 note 6} Johnson to Hillsborough, 20 07 1768, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 82–7Google Scholar.

^{page 168 note 1} Gage to Johnson, 18 04 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 200–1Google Scholar.

^{page 168 note 2} Moore to Johnson, 31 08 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 350–2Google Scholar; Johnson to Moore, 20 Spet. 1768, ibid. pp. 398–404.

^{page 168 note 3} Gage to Johnson, 3 05 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 211–13Google Scholar.

^{page 168 note 4} Johnson to William Franklin, 28 07 1768, IHC, vol. xvi, pp. 367–9Google Scholar; William Franklin to Hillsborough, 27 Aug. 1769, Ricord, Frederick W. and Nelson, William (eds.), Documents Relating to the Colonial History…of New Jersey (Newark and Trenton, N. J., 1880–1916), vol. X, pp. 55–6Google Scholar.

^{page 168 note 5} Johnson to John Penn, 24 08 1768, JP vol. vi, pp. 334–5Google Scholar.

^{page 168 note 6} Gage to Johnson, 3 09 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 353–4Google Scholar.

^{page 169 note 1} Galloway to William Franklin, 6 09 1767, IHC, vol. xvi, pp. 8–9Google Scholar.

^{page 169 note 2} Samuel Wharton to William Franklin [c. 1767], IHC, vol. xi, p. 468Google Scholar.

^{page 169 note 3} William Franklin to Johnson, 23 05 1768, JP, vol. XII, pp. 511–13Google Scholar; Croghan to Wharton 22 June 1768, Croghan to Richard Peters, 22 June 1768, Croghan Papers (Cadwallader Collection), Pennsylvania Historical Society.

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^{page 170 note 6} Calendar of New York…Land Papers, pp. 459–64.

^{page 171 note 1} ‘Report of the Board of Trade’, 11 Dec. 1755; ‘Proprietors of Pennsylvania's Observations’, 11 Dec. 1756; Johnson to Lords of Trade, 10 09 1756; Report on Petition of Franklin, Benjamin, 1 06 1759, DHNY, vol. ii, pp. 704–7, 738–41, 733–7, 772–80Google Scholar.

^{page 171 note 2} Thomas Penn to Richard Peters, 9 May. 1761, Thomas Penn to James Hamilton, 9 Oct. 1761, in Boyd, Julian P. (ed.), The Susquehannah Company Papers (Wilkes–Barre, Pa., 1930–1933), vol. ii pp. 88, 117–18Google Scholar. Hereafter cited as SCP.

^{page 171 note 3} Johnson to James Hamilton, 21 09 1762, SCP, vol. ii, pp. 164–5Google Scholar.

^{page 171 note 4} Penn to Hamilton, 10 12 1762, SCP, vol. ii, pp. 164–5Google Scholar.

^{page 171 note 5} Croghan to Johnson, 14 04 1764, JP, vol. iv, pp. 396–9Google Scholar.

^{page 171 note 6} Penn to Johnson, 12 12 1767, SCP, vol. ii, p. 324Google Scholar.

^{page 171 note 7} Volwiler, A. T., George Croghan and the Western Movement, 1741–1782 (Cleveland, 1926), pp. 41–2Google Scholar.

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^{page 172 note 3} Trent to Baynton, 30 09 1768, Bailey, , The Ohio Company Papers, pp. 185–6Google Scholar.

^{page 172 note 4} Lords of Trade to Shelburne, 23 12 1767, NYCD, vol. vii, pp. 1004–5Google Scholar.

^{page 172 note 5} Hillsborough to Johnson, 15 04 1768, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 57–8Google Scholar.

^{page 172 note 6} Guy Johnson to Hillsborough, 20 06 1768, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 76–7Google Scholar; Hillsborough to Johnson, 12 Oct. 1768, ibid. pp. 101–3.

^{page 172 note 7} Johnson to Hillsborough, 17 08 1768, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 93–6Google Scholar.

^{page 173 note 1} Johnson to John Blair, 25 09 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 406–7Google Scholar.

^{page 173 note 2} Alden, op. cit. pp. 273–4.

^{page 173 note 3} John Penn to Thomas Penn, 6 11 1768, SCP, vol. iii, pp. 31–2Google Scholar.

^{page 173 note 4} Jacob Johnson to Wheelock, 21 05 1768, 5 Spet, 1768; David Avery to Wheelock, 1 Oct. 1768, Johnson, Frederick Charles, ‘Reminiscences of Rev. Jacob Johnson, M.A.’, Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, II (1910), 121–6Google Scholar.

^{page 174 note 1} Johnson to Wheelock, 5 Oct. 1768, ibid. pp. 126–7.

^{page 174 note 2} Johnson to Wheelock, 10 Oct. 1768, ibid. pp. 127–9: Johnson and Avery to William Johnson, 17 10 1768, DHNY, vol. iv, pp. 390–1Google Scholar.

^{page 174 note 3} Jacob Johnson to William Johnson, 20 10 1768, DHNY, vol. iv, pp. 392–3Google Scholar.

^{page 174 note 4} Johnson to Gage, 24 11 1768, DHNY, vol. iv, pp. 397–8Google Scholar.

^{page 174 note 5} Johnson, F. C., Reminiscences, p. 138Google Scholar.

^{page 174 note 6} Jacob Johnson to William Johnson, 22 10 1768, DHNY, vol. iv, p. 393Google Scholar.

^{page 174 note 7} Wheelock to Johnson, 19 09 1768, JP, vol. XII, pp. 598–9Google Scholar.

^{page 175 note 1} William Allen to Johnson, 10 09 1768, JP, vol. XII, pp. 594–5Google Scholar; Johnson to Allen. 20 11 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 477–8Google Scholar; ‘Congress at Fort Stanwix’, JP, vol. XII, pp. 619–20Google Scholar; Trent to ‘Robert Callender’ 1 Dec. 1768, in Bailey, , Ohio Company Papers, pp. 197–9Google Scholar (recipient wrongly given as Baynton); Sosin, op. cit. pp. 181–2.

^{page 176 note 1} Johnson to Banyar, 24 11 1768, JP, vol. XII, pp. 656–9Google Scholar.

^{page 176 note 2} Traders' grant printed in Lewis, op. cit. pp. 297–305.

^{page 176 note 3} ‘Proceedings of Sir William Johnson with the Indians at Fort Stanwix…’, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 111–37Google Scholar; ‘Congress at Fort Stanwix’, JP, vol. XII, pp. 617–29Google Scholar.

^{page 177 note 1} Johnson to Hillsborough, 18 11 1768, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 110–11Google Scholar.

^{page 177 note 2} Hillsborough to Johnson, 4 01 1769, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 144–5Google Scholar.

^{page 177 note 3} ‘Representation of the Board of Trade’, 25 04 1769, NYCD, vol. viii, pp. 158–63Google Scholar.

^{page 178 note 1} Richard Peters to Johnson, 6 12 1768, JP, vol. vi, pp. 517–18Google Scholar.

^{page 178 note 2} ‘Warrant for the Royal Grant’, 22 05 1769, JP, vol. vi, pp. 769–73Google Scholar; Johnson to Thomas Penn, 15 09 1769, JP, vol. vii, pp. 176–8Google Scholar.

^{page 178 note 3} Johnson to Hillsborough, 26 06 1769, NYCD, vol. VIII, pp. 172–4Google Scholar.

^{page 178 note 4} Johnson to Gage, 14 04 1769, JP, vol. vi, pp. 691–2Google Scholar.

^{page 179 note 1} Johnson to William Franklin, 12 10 1769, JP, vol. vii, pp. 215–16Google Scholar.

^{page 179 note 2} Alvord, C. W., The Mississippi Valley in British Politics, vol. ii (Cleveland, 1917), pp. 61–80Google Scholar; Billington, loc. cit. pp. 188–9; Bodley, Temple, Our First Great West (Louisville, 1938), pp. 36–53Google Scholar; Lewis, op. cit. p. 47; Sosin, op. cit. p. 175; Wainwright, Nicholas B., George Croghan… (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1959), p. 256Google Scholar.

^{page 179 note 3} for his later activities, see my article, ‘Lord Hillsborough, Samuel Wharton and the Ohio Grant, 1769–1775’, English History Review, 80 (1965), 717–39Google Scholar.

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Sir William Johnson and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768

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