Article contents
The Puritan Errand Re-Viewed
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 January 2009
Extract
In the twenty years since Perry Miller's death there have been many new beginnings in the field he inspired. We have witnessed an impressive recovery of the Puritans' gift for metaphoric adventure, and a number of town and family studies have given us a fuller sense of Puritan life “from the bottom up.” More recently, there have appeared some sensitive explorations of “lay piety,” and of the expressive significance of artifacts, shaped space, dress, gravestones, and the like — “evidence as powerful as any sermon of the deeper values that existed in tension at the core of seventeenth-century New England culture.” Yet despite these advances and the many spirited revisions of Miller's own views on more traditional issues in intellectual history such as the precise nature of “non-separating congregationalism,” the validity of “declension” as a way of describing generational change, and the importance of Ramistic rationalism to Puritan thought, a suspicion is in the air that we may be stalled.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984
References
1 St George, Robert Blair, “‘Set Thine House in order’: The Domestication of the Yeomanry in Seventeenth-Century New England,” in New England Begins (Boston, 1982), 2, 159Google Scholar. (St. George's notes are a useful guide to related work in the field.) Hall, David D. has sketched some issues and methods for the study of “lay piety” in “Toward a History of Popular Religion in Early New England,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d series, 12 (1984), 49–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see Benes, Peter, ed., Puritan Gravestone Art 2 (Boston, 1978), 149–58Google Scholar for an extensive bibliography of its subject. Pioneering town studies include Powell, Sumner Chilton, Puritan Village (Middletown, Conn., 1963)Google Scholar; Lockridge, Kenneth A., a New England Town: The First Hundred Years (New York, 1970)Google Scholar; and Greven, Philip, Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, N.Y., 1970)Google Scholar.
2 Contributions to the debate over the origins of New England congregationalism include Ziff, Larzer, “The Salem Puritans in the ‘Free Aire of a New World,’” Huntington Library Quarterly, 20 (1956–1957), 373–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Morgan, Edmund, Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963)Google Scholar. Among the many critiques of Miller's “declension” thesis are Pope, Robert G., The Half-Way Covenant: Church Membership in Puritan New England (Princeton, 1969)Google Scholar; Elliott, Emory, Power and the Pulpit in Puritan New England (Princcton, 1975)Google Scholar; and, most important, Bercovitch, Sacvan, The American Jeremiad (Madison, Wisc., 1978)Google Scholar. Early challenges to Miller's stress on Puritan rationalism include Simpson, Alan, Puritanism in Old and New England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955)Google Scholar; Maclear, James F., “The Heart of New England Rent: The Mystical Element in Early Puritan History,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 42 (1956), 621–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Grabo, Norman, “The Veiled Vision: the role of aesthetics in early American intellectual history,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d series, 19 (1962), 493–510CrossRefGoogle Scholar. A valuable collection that reflects the “aesthetic” reaction to Miller is Bercovitch, Sacvan, ed., The American Puritan imagination: Essays in Revaluation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974)Google Scholar.
3 Emerson, , The American Scholar (1837)Google Scholar, in Whicher, Stephen E., ed., Emerson: An Organic Anthology (Boston, 1957), p. 67Google Scholar; Campbell, Douglas, The Puritan in Holland, England, and America (New York, 1892)Google Scholar; Morgan, , “The Historians of Early New England,” in The Reinterpretation of Early American History: Essays in Honor of John Edwin Pomfret, ed. Billington, Ray Allen (New York, 1968), p. 41Google Scholar; James, , Pragmatism (1907) (rpt. New York, 1955), P. 145Google Scholar.
4 Hansen, “Immigration and Puritanism,” (1936), rpt. in John M. Mulder and John F. Wilson, eds., Religion in American History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1978), p. 342; A Letter of Many Ministers in Old England, requesting The judgement of their Reverend Brethren in New England concerning Nine Positions (w. 1636), Sig A3r; Backus, History of the Baptists in New England (1777) presents Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson as martyred witnesses, and Thomas Hooker as a vengeful prosecutor; Adams, , The Writings of Samuel Adams (New York, 1907), 3, 101–02Google Scholar; Webster, , Works (Boston, 1903), 1, 186Google Scholar; Lanier, , Tiger-Lilies (1867) (rpt. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969), p. 3Google Scholar.
5 Hall, David, “Understanding the Puritans,” in Bass, H. J., ed., The State of American History (Chicago, 1970), p. 330Google Scholar.
6 The Puritans (1938) (rev. ed., New York, 1963), 1, 1Google Scholar.
7 The Atlantic Monthly, 03, 1951, p. 41Google Scholar.
8 Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), p. 11Google Scholar.
9 Errand, p. 11; Cotton, , The Powring out of the Seven Vials (1642) (2nd. ed., London, 1645), p. 155Google Scholar; Cromwell, quoted in Andrews, Charles M., The Colonial Period of American History (1934) (rpt. New Haven, Conn., 1967), 1, 498–99Google Scholar; Mather, , Magnalia Christi Americana (1702), ed. Murdock, Kenneth B. and Miller, Elizabeth W., (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), p. 93Google Scholar; Colman, et al. , The Gospel Order Revived (Boston, 1700), n.pGoogle Scholar.
10 Miller, Errand, p. 11; “the scene… New Jerusalem” is quoted by Bercovitch in The American Jeremiad, p. 9, from Rosenmeier, Jesper, “Veritas: The Sealing of the Promise,” Harvard Library Bulletin, 16 (1968), 33Google Scholar; Bercovitch, , “The Image of America: From Hermeneutics to Symbolism,” in Gilmore, Michael T., ed., Early American Literature: A Collection of Critical Essays (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1980), p. 163Google Scholar; The American Jeremiad, p. 40.
11 Bercovitch, , “Horologicals to Chronometricals The Rhetoric of the Jeremiad,” Literary Monographs, 3, ed. Rothstein, Eric (Madison, Wisc., 1970), 1–124, 187–215Google Scholar.
12 McGiffert, , “God's Controvery with Jacobean England,” American Historical Review, 88 (1983), 1168, 1152, 1166, 1174CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
13 Hooke, , New England's Teares for Old Englands Feares (1640)Google Scholar, in Emery, Samuel Hopkins, The Minisry of Taunton (Boston, 1853), 1, 86, 96Google Scholar; Bercovitch, “The Image of America,” p. 162.
14 Davenport, , A Just Complaint Against an unjust Doer, wherein Is declared the miserable slaverie & bondage that the English Church of Amsterdam is now in (London, 1634), p. 2Google Scholar; A Sermon Preached at the Election of the Governor at Boston… May 19th 1669 (Boston, 1670), p. 15Google Scholar.
15 Cotton, , God's Promise to his Plantations, Old South Leaflets, No. 3, p. 7Google Scholar; Ziff, , John Cotton on the Churches of New England (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), p. 11Google Scholar; Hooker, , The Danger of Desertion (1631), in Williams, George H. et al. , ed., Thomas Hooker: Writings in England and Holland, 1626–1633 (Cambridge, Mass., 1975), p. 246Google Scholar; Harris, , Davids Comfort at Ziklag (London, 1628), p. 16Google Scholar.
16 Cotton, Foreword to Norton, John, The Answer to the Whole set of Questions of the Celebrated Mr William Apollonius (1648), trans., Horton, Douglas (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), p. 10Google Scholar; Winthrop, , Journal (The History of New England from 1630–1649), ed Savage, James (Boston, 1825), 2, 31Google Scholar (italics added); Samuel Symonds to Winthrop, John Jr, Massachusetts Historical Society, The Winthrop Papers, 5, 1645–49 (Boston, 1947), 126Google Scholar.
17 Mather, Increase, Ichabod: Or, A Discourse, Shewing what Cause there is to Fear that the Glory of the Lord is Departing from New-England (Boston, 1702), p. 65Google Scholar; A Dissertation Concerning the Future Conversion of the Jewish Nation (Boston, 1709)Google Scholar, Sig E2v.
18 Brumm, , “Edward Taylor and the Poetic Use of Religious Imagery,” in Bercovitch, , ed., Typology and Early American Literature (Amherst, Mass., 1972), pp. 191, 205Google Scholar; Bercovitch, , “The Rites of Assent: Rhetoric, Ritual, and the Ideologyof American Consensus,” in Girgus, Sam B., ed, The American Self: Myth, Ideology, and Popular Culture (Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1981), p. 8Google Scholar; James, , What Maisie Knew (1897) (rpt. New York, 1954), p. 79Google Scholar.
19 Spengemann, William, “The Literature of British America,” Early American Literature, 18 (1983), 3–16Google Scholar; Sewall, , Phaenomena quaedam Apocalyptica (Boston, 1727), p. 1Google Scholar; Davenport, , A Sermon Preached, p. 15Google Scholar; a 1634 letter does survive from Cotton to an English correspondent (possibly Davenport) discussing his reasons for emigration (Young, Alexander, ed. Chronicles of the First Planters of Massachusetts Bay (Boston, 1846), pp. 438–44)Google Scholar –it is not notably millenarian in tone; Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 4th series, 8 (Boston, 1865), 469; Bercovitch, , The Puritan Origins of the American Self (New Haven, Conn., 1975), p. 94Google Scholar; Cotton, , A Brief Exposition with Practical Observations upon the Whole Book of Canticles Never Before Printed (London, 1655), p. 47Google Scholar; Stout, Harry, “University Men in New England, 1620–1660; A Demographic Analysis,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 4 (1974), 375–400CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
20 Bercovitch, “Cotton Mather,” in Emerson, Everett, ed., Major Writers of Early American Literature (Madison, Wisc., 1972), p. 115Google Scholar; “The Examination of Mrs Anne Hutchinson at the Court at Newtown (1637),” in Hall, David D., ed., The Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638: A Documentary History (Middletown, Conn., 1968), p. 338Google Scholar; Bradstreet, , “To My Dear Children,” in Hensley, Jeannine, ed., The Works of Anne Bradstreet (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), p. 241Google Scholar; Dudley, , Letter to the Countess of Lincoln (1631), in Morgan, Edmund S., ed., The Founding of Massachusetts (Indianapolis, Ind., 1964), p. 165Google Scholar; Cutter, Barbary, in Thomas Shepard's Confessions, ed. Selement, George and Woolley, Bruce C., Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 58 (1981), 90Google Scholar; Cahan, , Yekl: A Tale of the New York Ghetto (1896) (rpt. New York, 1970), p. 66Google Scholar.
21 Vane, , The Retired Mans Meditations (London, 1655), 2, 415Google Scholar; Caldwell, Patricia, The Puritan Conversan Narrative: The Beginnings of American Expression (New York, 1983), p. 125Google Scholar.
22 Holmes, Jane, in Thomas Shepard's Confessions, p. 78Google Scholar; Samuel Rogers, quoted in Shipps, Kenneth W., “The Puritan Emigration to New England: A New Source on Motivation,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 135 (1981), 89Google Scholar; Winthrop, , General Considerations (1629) in Vaughan, Alden T., ed., The Puritan Tradition in America, 1620–1730 (New York, 1972), p. 26Google Scholar; Stoddard, , The Danger of Speedy Degeneracy (Boston, 1705), pp. 23–24Google Scholar.
23 Cotton, , God's Promise, p. 8Google Scholar;Hunt, William, The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), p. 25Google Scholar; Fuller, , The Holy State and the Profane State (London, 1642), 2, 357Google Scholar.
24 Blackwood, Christopher, A Treatise Concerning Repentance (London, 1653), p. 19Google Scholar; (Blackwood was among those New Englanders who returned to England in the 1640s); Winthrop, , A Short Story of the rise, reign, and ruine of the Antinomians, Familists, and Libertines (1644), in Hall, , ed., Antinomian Controversy, p. 246Google Scholar.
25 Hall, , The Faithful Shepherd: A History of the New England Ministry in the Seventeenth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1972), p. 90Google Scholar; Cotton, quoted in Ibid., p. 250; Dudley, , Letter to Countess of Lincoln, p. 161Google Scholar; Shepard, , Works, ed. Albro, John (Boston, 1853), 2, 170, 26Google Scholar; Cotton, , God's Promise, p. 14Google Scholar; Cotton, , Seven Vials, p. 150Google Scholar.
26 Blackwood, Christopher, Four Treatises (London, 1653), p. 75Google Scholar; Coddington, William, A Demonstration of True Love unto you the Rulers of the Colony of the Massachusetts in New England (1674), p. 12Google Scholar; Milton, , Areopagitica (1644)Google Scholar; Johnson, , Wonder-working Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England (1654), ed. Jameson, J. Franklin (New York, 1910), p. 34Google Scholar. Erikson, Kai, Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance (New York, 1966)Google Scholar, is a psychologically Sensitive account of the Puritans' growing need to define and expel “deviants” from their midst.
27 Emerson, Nature, in Whicher, , Emerson: An Organic Anthology, p. 33Google Scholar.
28 The Open Cage: An Anzia Yeierska Collection, ed. Kessler-Harris, Alice (New York, 1979), pp. 90, 147Google Scholar; Shepard, Jr, Eye-Salve, or a Watch-Word From our Lord Jesus Christ Unto His Churches in New England (Cambridge, Mass., 1673), p. 44Google Scholar.
29 Folger, , “A Looking Glass for the Times” (1976), Rhode Island Historical Tracts 16 (1883), 17Google Scholar; Roth, , The Great American Novel (New York, 1974), p. 101Google Scholar.
30 Cotton, , God's Promise, p. 6Google Scholar; Allen, David Grayson, In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and the Transferral of English Local Law and Custom to Massachusetts Boy in the Seventeenth Century (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981)Google Scholar; Hill, Don G., ed., Church Records in the Town of Dedham, Massachusetts, 1638–1845 (Dedham, 1888)Google Scholar, quoted in Caldwell, , The Puritan Conversion Narrative, pp. 111–112Google Scholar.
31 Cotton, quoted in Norton, John, Abel being dead yet speaketh; or the lifeand death of that deservedly famous man of God, Mr John Cotton (London, 1658), pp. 29–30Google Scholar; Cotton, , The Churches Resurrection (London, 1642), p. 20Google Scholar.
32 Mangione, , An Ethnic at large (New York, 1978), p. 182Google Scholar.
33 Tocqueville, , Democracy in America (1835), trans. Bradley, Phillips (New York, 1954), 2, 236Google Scholar.
- 11
- Cited by