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NONCONFORMITY IN AFRICA'S CULTURAL HISTORY*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2017

DEREK R. PETERSON*
Affiliation:
University of Michigan

Abstract

This article uses E. P. Thompson's last book – Witness against the Beast (1993) – as an occasion to claim oddity, peculiarity, and nonconformity as subjects of African history. Africa's historians have been engaged in an earnest effort to locate contemporary cultural life within the longue durée, but in fact there was much that was strange and eccentric. Here I focus on the reading habits and interpretive strategies that inspired nonconformity. Nonconformists read the Bible idiosyncratically, snipping bits of text out of the fabric of the book and using these slogans to launch heretical and odd ways of living. Over time, some of them sought to position themselves in narrative structures that could authenticate and legitimate their dissident religious activity. That entailed experimentation with voice, positionality, and addressivity.

Type
JAH Forum: E. P. Thompson in African History
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

*

This article was presented at the workshop on ‘History after E. P. Thompson’ at the University of Michigan (Nov. 2015), at the conference on ‘African Intellectual History’ at Yale University (Apr. 2016), and at the Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change at the University of Minnesota (Oct. 2016). I thank the participants at each of these occasions for their helpful comments. Author's email: [email protected]

References

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2 The phrase is most often offered without a reference to Thompson himself, who is only mentioned in 11 articles.

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22 J. Breckenridge, Forty Years in Kenya (Great Britain, n.d.), 223.

23 This paragraph is modeled after J. Lonsdale, ‘“Listen while I read”: Patriotic Christianity among the Kikuyu’, in T. Falola (ed.), Christianity and Social Change in Africa: Essays in Honour of J. D. Y. Peel (Durham, NC, 2005), 563–94.

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27 KNA PC/CP 8/7/3, Assistant Supervisor of Police, Nakuru, to Commissioner of Police, 21 May 1934.

28 KNA PC/CP 8/7/3, District Commissioner, Fort Hall to Provincial Commissioner, Nyeri, 29 Mar. 1934.

29 Presbyterian Church of East Africa archives, St Andrew's Church, Nairobi (hereafter PCEA) I/C/12 and 13, Teacher at Nyeri to R. G. M. Calderwood, 31 Oct. 1930.

30 KNA PC/CP 8/7/3, Commissioner of Police to District Commissioner, Meru, 9 Jan. 1936.

31 KNA PC/CO 8/7/3, Police Superintendent, Nakuru to Commissioner of Police, Nairobi, 21 May 1934.

32 PCEA I/C/12 and 13, Teacher at Nyeri to R. G. M. Calderwood, 31 Oct. 1930.

33 Anglican Church of Kenya Archives, ‘North Highlands Rural Deanery’ file: ‘Watu wa Mungu Description and Ideology’, n.d. (but 1934).

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36 KNA DX 21/9/1, Provincial Supervisor of Police to Director of Intelligence and Security, 1 Sept. 1956.

37 KNA DX 21/9/1, District Commissioner North Nyanza to Registrar General, 26 May 1961.

38 These events are described in KNA DC/North Nyanza/10/1/1, District Commissioner Kakamega to Provincial Commissioner Kisumu, 9 Feb. 1934; and ‘Enquiry under the collective punishment ordinance into the disturbances at Musanda, Wanga, North Kavirondo’, Feb. 1934. See Hoehler-Fatton, C., Women of Fire and Spirit: History, Faith, and Gender in Roho Religion in Western Kenya (New York, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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40 KNA DX 21/9/1, Special Branch to Supervisor of Police, 21 Aug. 1956.

41 Kenya National Archives, Kakamega depot (hereafter KNA Kakamega) DX/8/10, Kivuli to District Commissioner Kisumu, 14 June 1948.

42 KNA DX/21/9/1, Superintendent of Police, ‘The African Israel Church, Nineveh’, 6 Feb. 1957.

43 KNA DX 21/9/1, Special Branch, ‘Dini ya Israel in North Nyanza’, 4 July 1953.

44 KNA Kakamega DX/8/10, Father Guido Benedicto to D. C. Kakamega, 16 June 1950.

45 KNA DX/21/9/1, Superintendent of Police, ‘The African Israel Church, Nineveh’, 6 Feb. 1957.

46 Makerere University Library, Africana section archives (hereafter MUL) Ms. 276.762 Afr, ‘Annual Report of the African Israel Church, Nineveh’, 1 Mar. 1958.

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50 Uganda National Archives (hereafter UNA) ‘C series’, box 13, C.1002, R.S.S. M. Sparta, 4th K.A. R., Bombo, to Harry Thuku, 20 June 1925.

51 UNA ‘C series’ box 13, C.1002, Commissioner of Police to Chief Secretary, 18 Jan. 1927.

52 BNA FCO 141/5908, File note on Reuben Spartas, n.d. (but 1945).

53 Church of Uganda Archives, Mukono, Uganda (hereafter CoU) 02/Bp 8/1, Bishop Alexander to Mukasa Sparta, 11 Sept. 1929.

54 MUL Ms. 276.761 Afr., Matalisi, 22 June 1932.

55 BNA FCO 141/5908, Nicholas, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa, to the Governor of Uganda, 6 Feb. 1939.

56 Rubaga Cathedral Archives, Kampala, Uganda (hereafter Rubaga) D.99 f.2, ‘Synopsis of comparative list of Catholic and Protestant chiefs in Buganda’, 1935. For scholarship on Anglicanism and Buganda's political identity, see Hansen, Holger Bernt, Mission, Church and State in a Colonial Setting: Uganda, 1890-c. 1925 (London, 1985)Google Scholar; Twaddle, M., Kakungulu and the Creation of Uganda, 1868–1928 (London, 1993)Google Scholar; Peterson, ‘Politics of transcendence’.

57 CoU 02 Bp 8/1, Reuben Spartas to Archbishop of Canterbury, 26 Sept. 1933.

58 MUL Ms. 276.761 Afr., Spartas Mukasa, ‘History’, 1946.

59 CoU 02 Bp 8/1, Mukasa Spartas to Bishop Willis, 16 Feb. 1931.

60 CoU 02 Bp 8/1, Spartas to Bishop Stuart, 21 Apr. 1935.

61 CoU 02 Bp 8/1, Spartas to Willis, 17 Nov. 1929.

62 My thanks to Dr Ben Fortson for help with Spartas's Latin.

63 British National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom (hereafter BNA) FCO 141/18239, British Embassy, Athens, to Foreign Office, London, 24 Feb. 1961.

64 See (http://orthodoxmission.org.gr/country/uganda/), accessed 28 Mar. 2016.

65 BNA FCO 141/5908, L. Sharp, Director of Security and Intelligence, notes on Leubeni Spartas, 4 July 1945.

66 Jonathon Earle discusses the ‘Sons of Kintu’ in Reading revolution in late colonial Buganda’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6:3 (2012), 507–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 UNA ‘C series’ box 23, file C.2462, Resident of Buganda to Chief Secretary, 29 May 1941.

68 Discussed in Kodesh, N., Beyond the Royal Gaze: Clanship and Public Healing in Buganda (Charlottesville, 2010)Google Scholar.

69 UNA ‘C series’ box 23, file C.2462, Spartas Mukasa, I. K. Musazi and others to Governor, 20 Oct. 1939.

70 UNA ‘C series’ box 23, file C.2462, Descendents of Kintu to Kabaka, 19 Sept. 1938.

71 UNA ‘C series’ box 23, file C.2462, Reubeni Spartas Mugimba and others to Governor, 29 Sept. 1939.

72 UNA ‘C series’ box 23, file C.2462, Spartas, Ignatius Musazi and 328 others to Governor, 13 Mar. 1939.

73 Summers, C., ‘Grandfathers, grandsons, morality, and radical politics in late colonial Buganda’, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 38:3 (2005), 427–47Google Scholar.

74 Peterson, Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival, 89–90.

75 RH MS Afr. s. 1825/106, J. Sibly, ‘Diary of the riots in Uganda, 26 Apr. to 1 May 1949’.

76 CoU 02 Bp 181/20, Cyril Stuart, circular letter, 17 May 1949.

77 Peterson, Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival, 102.

78 Thompson, Witness against the Beast, 5.