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THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM: REPRESENTING SUDAN'S SOUTHERN PROVINCES TO c. 1970*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2015

JUSTIN WILLIS
JUSTIN WILLIS*
Affiliation:
Durham University
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Abstract

Southern Sudanese politicians of the 1950s and 1960s have been criticized for a rivalrous, divisive politics, which left the south disunited and vulnerable. While acknowledging that these men were a tiny, squabbling group, remote from those they sought to represent, this article suggests that they faced an impossible task. The demand to represent ‘the south’ did not come solely, or even largely, from the people who lived in the southern provinces: southern politics was heavily extraverted, pulled by the interests and prejudices of northern Sudanese, Egyptians, Britons, and others. Like other African nationalists of the time, southern Sudanese politicians struggled to weave together different levels of moral community, from the very local to the imagined nation. Yet they did so in uniquely unfavourable circumstances: subject to constant harassment and occasionally lethal violence, unable to secure political compromise, and without patronage resources. Representing the south gave these men space to talk about the increasingly desperate circumstances of those who lived in Sudan's southern provinces; but it gave them almost no space at all to negotiate a civic culture of southern politics.

Keywords

South SudanSudandecolonizationnationalismpolitical culture
Type
Crafting Political Identities in the Era of Decolonization
Information
The Journal of African History , Volume 56 , Issue 2 , July 2015 , pp. 281 - 300
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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Footnotes

*

The author would like to acknowledge, with many thanks, the comments and suggestions of Cherry Leonardi and Nicki Kindersley, as well as the other participants in the panel organized by Douglas Johnson at the African Studies Meeting in Baltimore in 2013. Author's email: [email protected]

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128 The Vigilant, 14 Nov. 1967.

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131 ‘How justifiable is the word “brother” in northern Sudanese usage?’, The Vigilant, 27 Apr. 1967.

132 ‘For thought’, The Vigilant, 28 Apr. 1967; ‘Southern Front explains stand after walkout of constitutional committee’, The Vigilant, 14 July 1967; ‘No guarantee for religious minorities under a new constitution’, The Vigilant, 29 Dec. 1968.

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134 Interview with Toby Madut, 4 Feb. 2009.

135 Malual, People and Power, 42–3.

136 I. M. Akoc, ‘The southern parties', The Vigilant, 9 Feb. 1969; A. W. Akoc, ‘The upheavals of Southern politics', The Vigilant, 23 Feb. 1969.

137 NARA RG 59 A 1 5676, Box 1, Noel, US Embassy Khartoum to Looram, State Department, 19 Apr. 1969.

138 Daily Nation (Nairobi), 4 May 1969; copy in UKNA FCO 39/480.

139 UKNA FCO 39/686, White, British High Commission, Kampala to Walker, FCO, 20 Feb. 1970.

140 ‘Rivals plan secret talks in Sudan’, Uganda Argus (Kampala), 7 May 1969, copy in UKNA FCO 39/480; Albino, The Sudan, 118.

141 NARA RG 59 A 1 5676, Box 1, Beauveau Nalle, US Embassy Kampala to Edward Schaefer, 24 June 1968.

142 SAD 944/5/45, Circular letter, Aggrey Jaden, 23 May 1968.

143 ‘No Merc minister’, Sunday Nation (Nairobi), 28 Dec. 1969; ‘Tucked away in Africa ¼ race war threat of a new Biafra’, Daily Mail, 2 Mar. 1970; ‘BBC despatch from Nairobi by Peter Stewart’, 18 Apr. 1970; ‘Sudan–the death’, The Economist (London), 1 Aug. 1970: all cuttings in UKNA FCO 39/686; Voice of Southern Sudan, new series, 3:5 (1969).

144 ‘Nile “government” is dissolved’, Uganda Argus, 22 July 1970, copy in UKNA FCO 39/686.

145 E. N. Wakoson, ‘The Southern Sudan: the political leadership of the Anya-Nya movement’, in Post Independence Sudan, Proceedings of a seminar held in the Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1998’, 86–109, quote at 108. See also Johnson, The Root Causes, 33; Poggo, The First Sudanese Civil War, 56, 116, and 195; Howell, ‘Political leadership’, 272; and Ruay, The Politics of Two Sudans, 154.

146 Wai, The African-Arab Confict, 114–15.

147 E. N. Wakoson, ‘The politics of southern self-government, 1972–83’, Daly and Sikainga, Civil War in the Sudan, 27–50, 47.