Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 February 2015
Throughout the Irish cultural revival of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Wales was held up as an example by some Irish nationalists of how a nation could revive its traditional culture and language. These writers told their audience of the heroic deeds of the Welsh in restoring their language to show Irish language revivalists that their task was not impossible. The Welsh example was studied by enthusiasts to see what steps were needed to improve the position of Irish. Organisations such as the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language (S.P.I.L.) and the Gaelic League noted with envy the levels of literacy among Welsh speakers. Revivalists believed that literacy had prevented Welsh from disappearing, and they hoped to boost literacy rates in Irish to save that language. They noted how successful the eisteddfodau were in instilling pride among the Welsh people in their culture. Accordingly, members of the Gaelic League established the Oireachtas to encourage the people of Ireland to celebrate their own distinctive characteristics. Yet while the example of the Welsh language was regularly discussed, this did not reflect a deep understanding of linguistic developments in Wales.
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5 The Nation, 12, 19 Oct. 1844; 16 Jan., 23 Oct. 1875; 20, 27 Mar., 15 May 1897.
6 The Nation, 27 Aug. 1864; 15 Sept. 1866; 23 Aug. 1873; 8 Sept. 1888.
7 Anglo-Celt, 29 Dec. 1900, 27 Feb. 1901, 25 Feb. 1905, 11 Aug. 1906, 28 Mar. 1908, I Oct. 1910, 3 Nov. 1917; Connaught Telegraph, 6 Apr. 1901; Irish Independent, 25 Apr., 7 Dec. 1905; Southern Star, 5 Jan. 1895, 7 Mar. 1908, 28 Aug. 1909; Freeman’s Journal, II Mar. 1872, 17 Sept. 1884, 30 Aug. 1893, 28 Mar. 1894, 4 Apr. 1896; Tuam Herald, 23 Oct. 1897.
8 The Nation, 21, 28 Sept. 1878, 2 Sept. 1880, 27 Sept. 1884, 6 July 1889, 13 Sept. 1890; Freeman’s Journal, 15 May, 16 Aug. 1877, 18 June 1883, 22 Mar. 1892, 14 Apr. 1900, 28 Dec. 1908; 5, 21, 22 Jan. 1909; Irish Independent, 3 May 1910.
9 An Claidheamh Soluis, 17 June, 15, 22 July, 30 Dec. 1899; 20 Jan., 17 Mar., 7 Apr., 22 Sept., 27 Oct. 1900; 5, 19 Nov. 1904.
10 Anglo-Celt, 1 Dec. 1900, 26 Oct. 1907; Southern Star, 20 Mar. 1897, 27 Oct. 1900; Connaught Telegraph, 27 Apr. 1907; Report of the Gaelic League for two years, p. 22.
11 Anglo-Celt, 31 Dec. 1898; The Nation, 10 Mar. 1877; Connaught Telegraph, 11 Mar.1905.
12 Freeman’s Journal, 1 Nov. 1899.
13 Irish Independent, 3 Sept. 1908.
14 Hogan to MacNeill, 3 Oct. 1894 (N.L.I., MacNeill papers, MS 10,881).
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23 The Nation, 27 Sept. 1884.
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50 Irish Daily Independent, 30 June 1897.
51 Full report of the proceedings of the Oireachtas, or Irish Literary Festival, held in the Round Room, Rotunda, Dublin, on May 17th, 1897 (Dublin, 1897), p. 7.
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53 The Nation, 15 May 1897.
54 Proceedings of the third Oireachtas, 1899, pp 43–51. Peadar Mac Fhionnlaoich, or Peter Toner McGinley (1856–1942) (‘Cú Uladh’), established the Belfast branch of the Gaelic League in 1893, and served as president of the League from 1922 to 1925, and from 1933 to 1940: Vincent Morley, ‘Mac Fhionnlaoich, Peadar Toner (McGinley, Peter Toner; “Cú Uladh”)’ in DIB.
55 The Nation, 15 May 1897.
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57 Minutes of the executive committee of the Gaelic League, 11 Jan. 1899 (N.L.I., Gaelic League minute books, 1899–1900, MS 9800).
58 Minutes of the executive committee of the Gaelic League, 1 Aug. 1899 (N.L.I., Gaelic League minute books, 1899–1900, MS 9800).
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64 Fournier to Castletown, 17 June 1898, 16 Apr. 1900 (N.L.I., Castletown papers, MSS 35,305 (1), 35,307(7): Fournier told Castletown that his career might have been better served if he had never become involved with the Pan-Celtic movement, but claimed that ‘the glamour of the Celtic Renaissance was too much for me’.
65 Fournier to Castletown, 1 July 1899 (N.L.I., Castletown papers, MS 35,305 (3)): Fournier reported that Gruffudd Ap Cynan, the king of Gwynedd in North Wales, supposedly born in Dublin, had convened a gathering of Irish and Welsh bards in Wales in 1100, having desired that Irish musicians and poets teach their craft to his countrymen.
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70 Minutes of the executive council, 9 Nov. 1898, 18 Jan. 1899 (N.L.I., Gaelic League minute books, MS 9779).
71 An Claidheamh Soluis, 27 May, 12 Aug. 1899.
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73 Official programme of the Pan-Celtic Congress: Dublin, August 20th, 21st, 22nd & 23rd, 1901 (n.p., 1901).
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76 Fournier to Castletown, 13 July 1898 (N.L.I., Castletown papers, MS 35,305 (1)).
77 An Claidheamh Soluis, 12 Aug. 1899.
78 Memo of Eoin MacNeill, undated, circa 1898 (N.L.I., MacNeill papers, MS 10,883).
79 Letter from Hogan to MacNeill, 3 Aug. 1899 (N.L.I., MacNeill papers, MS 10,881).
80 Ibid.
81 An Claidheamh Soluis, 27 May 1899.
82 An Claidheamh Soluis, 12 Aug. 1899.
83 An Claidheamh Soluis, 12 Aug. 1899.
84 Letter from Hogan to MacNeill, 3 Aug. 1899 (N.L.I., MacNeill papers, MS 10,881).
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88 Ryan, ‘Modern language movements’, p. 31.
89 Feis Ceoil Programme, 1899, (N.L.I., Programmes for Feis Ceoil, 1897–1901, MS 40,226).
90 Irish Independent, 4 Aug. 1906.
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92 Letter of Patrick Pearse, Freeman's Journal, 14 Apr. 1900.
93 Freeman’s Journal, 5 Jan. 1909; Aoidhmín Mac Gréagóir, or Hugh MacMillan (1884–1950) was a member of the Gaelic League in Belfast, who was fluent in both Irish and Scots Gaelic. He published three books of folktales in Irish between 1906 and 1910: Ciarán Ó Duibhín, ‘Aoidhmín Mac Gréagóir - A little known Gaelic scholar’ in Scottish Language, xiv/xv (1995–6), pp 31–1–1.
94 Irish Independent, 3 May 1910. Agnes O’Farrelly (1874–1951) was an active member of the League, and close friend of both Douglas Hyde and Eoin MacNeill. She was appointed lecturer in Irish at U.C.D. in 1909, despite claims that her own spoken Irish was of a poor standard: Marie Coleman, ‘O’ Farrelly, Agnes Winifred (Ní Fhaircheallaigh, Una; “Uan Uladh”)’ in D.I.B.
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101 Irish Press, 10 July 1934.