Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T22:15:50.256Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

New Investigations in the Environment, History, and Archaeology of the Iraqi Hilly Flanks: Shahrizor Survey Project 2009–2011

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2014

Mark Altaweel ,
Anke Marsh ,
Simone Mühl ,
Olivier Nieuwenhuyse ,
Karen Radner ,
Kamal Rasheed  and
Saber Ahmed Saber
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Recent palaeoenvironmental, historical, and archaeological investigations, primarily consisting of site reconnaissance, in the Shahrizor region within the province of Sulaymaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan are bringing to light new information on the region's social and socio-ecological development. This paper summarises two seasons of work by researchers from German, British, Dutch, and Iraqi-Kurdish institutions working in the survey region. Palaeoenvironmental data have determined that during the Pleistocene many terraces developed which came to be occupied by a number of the larger tell sites in the Holocene. In the sedimentary record, climatic and anthropogenic patterns are noticeable, and alluviation has affected the recovery of archaeological remains through site burial in places. Historical data show the Shahrizor shifting between periods of independence, either occupied by one regional state or several smaller entities, and periods that saw the plain's incorporation within large empires, often in a border position. New archaeological investigations have provided insight into the importance of the region as a transit centre between Western Iran and northern and southern Mesopotamia, with clear material culture links recovered. Variations between periods' settlement patterns and occupations are also beginning to emerge.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 74 , 2012 , pp. 1 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R. Mc. 1981. Heartland of cities: Surveys of ancient settlement and land use on the central floodplain of the Euphrates. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Adams, R. Mc. 1983. The Jarmo stone and pottery vessel industries. In: Braidwood, L., Braidwood, R. J., Reed, C. A. and Watson, P. J. (eds.), Prehistoric Archaeology along the Zagros Flanks, Pp. 209–232. Oriental Institute Publications 105. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Ahmad, K. M. 1997. , Hazar Merd 1:115–122.Google Scholar
Akkermans, P. M. M. G. and Verhoeven, M. 1995. An image of complexity: The burnt village at Late Neolithic Sabi Abyad, Syria. American Journal of Archaeology 99(1):5–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akkermans, P. M. M. G. In press. Living space, temporality and community segmentation: Interpreting Late Neolithic settlement in Northern Syria. In: Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., Bernbeck, R.,Akkermans, P. M. M. G. and Rogash, J. (eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia. Papers on Archaeology from the Leiden Museum of Antiquities. Brepols: Turnhout.Google Scholar
Ali, S. S. 2007. Geology and Hydrogeology of Sharazoor – Piramagroon Basin in Sulaimani Area, Northeastern Iraq. PhD dissertation.University of Belgrade. Belgrade.Google Scholar
Anastasio, S. 2010. Atlas of the Assyrian Pottery of the Iron Age. Subartu 24. Brepols: Turnhout.Google Scholar
Ayoub, S. al- 1982. Die Keramik in Mesopotamien und in den Nachbargebieten. Von der Ur Iii-Zeit bis zum Ende der kassitischen Periode. Münchner Vorderasiatische Studien 2. München: Mäander.Google Scholar
Ball, W., Tucker, D. J. and Wilkinson, T. J. 1989. The Tell Al-Hawa Project. Archaeological Investigations in the North Jazira 1986–87. Iraq 51:1–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barthold, W. 1984. An Historical Geography of Iran. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berding, F. 2003. Agro-Ecological Zoning of the Three Northern Governorates of Iraq. FAO Agricultural Rehabilitation Programme, Plant production SS. Erbil, Iraq.Google Scholar
Bergamini, G., Gabutti, A. and Valtz, E. 2002–2003. La Ceramica di Tell Yelkhi. Mesopotamia 37/38.Google Scholar
Bernbeck, R. 1993. Steppe als Kulturlandschaft. Das ‘ğīğ-Gebiet Ostsyriens vom Neolithikum bis zur Islamischen Zeit. Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 1. Berlin: Reimer.Google Scholar
Bernbeck, R. 2008. An archaeology of multi-sited communities. In: Barnard, H. and Wendrich, W. (eds.), The Archaeology of Mobility. Old World and New World Nomadism, Pp. 43–77. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Bernbeck, R. In press. Multisited and modular sites in the Halaf tradition. In: Nieuwenhuyse, O.P., Bernbeck, R., Akkermans, P. M. M. G. and Rogash, J. (eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia. Papers on Archaeology from the Leiden Museum of Antiquities. Brepols: Turnhout.Google Scholar
Bobek, H. 1940. Die gegenwärtige und eiszeitliche Vergletscherung im zentralkurdischen Hochgebirge. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde 27:50–87.Google Scholar
Borger, R. 1996. Beiträge zum Inschriftenwerk Assurbanipals. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Boyce, M. and Grenet, F. 1991. A History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 3: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Braidwood, R.Braidwood, L. and Smith, J. G. 1952. Matarrah. A southern variant of Hassunan assemblage, excavated in 1948. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11:1–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braidwood, R. J. and Howe, B. 1960. Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 31. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Braidwood, L., Braidwood, R. J., Howe, B., Reed, C. A. and Watson, P. J. (eds.). 1983. Prehistoric Archeology Along the Zagros Flanks. Oriental Institute Publications 105. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. 1971. Environment and Archaeology: An Ecological Approach to Prehistory. 2ND ed. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Caldwell, J. R. 1983. The pottery from the soundings at Gird Ali Agha and AI-Khan. In: Braidwood, L., Braidwood, R. J., Reed, C. A. and Watson, P. J. (eds.), Prehistoric Archaeology along the Zagros Flanks, Pp. 649–668. Oriental Institute Publications 105. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Canali, de Rossi F. 2004. Iscrizioni dello estremo oriente Greco. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 65. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Cavigneaux, A. and Krebernik, M. 2001. Nišba. Reallexikon der Assyriologie 9/7-8:584–585.Google Scholar
Çetinsaya, G. 2009. Challenges of a frontier region: The case of Ottoman Iraq in the Nineteenth Century. In: Peacock, A. C. S. (ed.), The Frontiers of the Ottoman World, Pp. 271–287. Proceedings of the British Academy 156. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chabot, J.-B. 1902. Synodicon Orientale, ou: Recueil de Synodes Nestoriens. Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale et autres bibliothèques 37. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.Google Scholar
Christensen, P. 1993. The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East 500 B.c. to A.D. 1500. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Curtis, J. 2005. The Achaemenid period in Northern Iraq. In: Briant, P. and Boucharlat, R. (eds.), L'archéologie de l'empire achéménide: nouvelles recherches, Pp. 175–195. Persika 6. Paris: De Boccard.Google Scholar
Davies, D. H. 1957. Observations on land use in Iraq. Economie Geography 33:122–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deller, K. H. 1990. Eine Erwägung zur Lokalisierung des aB ON Qabrā/Qabarā. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 1990/3: no. 84.Google Scholar
Delougaz, P. 1952. Pottery from the Diyala Region. Oriental Institute Publications 63. Chicago: The University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Directorate General of Antiquities. 1960. (Excavations of the Directorate General of Antiquities in Shahrizor). Sumer 16:147–149.Google Scholar
Directorate General of Antiquities. 1961. (Excavations of the Directorate General of Antiquities in Shahrizor). Sumer 17:221–222.Google Scholar
Directorate General of Antiquities. 1970. Archaeological Sites in Iraq. Baghdad.Google Scholar
Donbaz, V. and Parpola, S. 2001. Neo-Assyrian Legal Texts in Istanbul. Studien zu den Assur-Texten 2. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag.Google Scholar
Duistermaat, K. In press. Private matters: The emergence of sealing practices in Neolithic Syria. In: Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., Bernbeck, R., Akkermans, P. M. M. G. and Rogash, J. (eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia. Papers on Archaeology from the Leiden Museum of Antiquities. Brepols: Turnhout.Google Scholar
Edmonds, C. J. 1934. A tomb in Kurdistan. Iraq 1:183–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmonds, C. J. 1952. The place names of the Avroman parchments. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 14:478–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmonds, C. J. 1957a. Kurds, Turks and Arabs: Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Edmonds, C. J. 1957b. Shar Bazhêr and the basin of the Qala Chuwalan. The Geographical Journal 123:318–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eidem, J. 1985. News from the eastern front: the evidence from Tell Shemshāra. Iraq 47:83–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eidem, J. and Læssøe, J. 2001. The Shemshāra Archives 1: The Letters. Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter 23. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.Google Scholar
Farber, W. 1998. Did Kulunnum ‘carry a campaign against’ Anzabazuna of Simurrum?Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 1998: no. 129.Google Scholar
Fiey, J. M. 1993. Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des Diocèses Syriaques Orientaux et Occidentaux. Beiruter Texte und Studien 49. Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
Fortescue, A. 1913. Lesser Eastern Churches. London: Catholic Truth Society.Google Scholar
Fouadi, A. H. A. 1978. Inscriptions and reliefs from Bitwata. Sumer 34:122–129.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. R. 1990. Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods 4. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frayne, D. R. 1992. The Early Dynastic List of Geographical Names. American Oriental Series 74. New Haven: American Oriental Society.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. R. 1993. Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods 2. Toronto: Toronto University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frayne, D. R. 1997a. On the location of Simurrum. In: Young, G. D., Chavalas, M. W. and Averbeck, R. E. (ed.), Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael C. Astour, Pp. 243–269. Bethesda: CDL Press.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. R. 1997b. Ur III Period (2112–2004 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods 3/2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frayne, D. R. 1999. The Zagros campaigns of Sulgi and Amar-Suena. In: Owen, D. I. and Wilhelm, G. (ed.), Nuziat Seventy-Five, Pp. 141–201. Studies on the Civilization and culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians 10. Bethesda: CDL Press.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. R. 2011. Simurrum. Reallexikon der Assyriologie 12/7–8:508–511.Google Scholar
Fuchs, A. 2011. Das Osttigrisgebiet von Agum II. bis zu Darius I. In: Miglus, P. A. and Mühl, S. (eds.), Between the Cultures. The Central Tigris Region from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC, Pp. 229–320. Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 14. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.Google Scholar
von Gall, H. 1988. Das Felsgrab von Qizqapan. Baghdader Mitteilungen 19:557–582.Google Scholar
George, A. R. 2003. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grayson, A. K. 1991. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114–859 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods 2. Toronto: Toronto University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grayson, A. K. 1996. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858–745 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods 3. Toronto: Toronto University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallo, W. W. 1978. Simurrum and the Hurrian frontier. Revue Hittite et Asianique 16:71–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamlin, C. 1971. The Habur Ware Ceramic Assemblage of Northern Mesopotamia. An Analysis of its Distribution. PhD dissertation. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hamlin, C. 1974. The early second millennium ceramic assemblage of Dinkha Tepe. Iran 12:125–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassanzadeh, Y. and Mollasalehi, H. 2011. New evidence for Mannean art: an assessment of three glazed tiles from Qalaichi (Izirtu). In: Alvarez-Mon, J. and Garrison, M. B. (eds.), Elam and Persia1, Pp. 407–17. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausleiter, A. 2010. Neuassyrische Keramik im Kerngebiet Assyriens. Chronologie und Formen. Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 27. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Heinrich, E. 1982. Tempel und Heiligtümer im alten Mesopotamien. Typologie, Morphologie und Geschichte. Denkmäler antiker Architektur 14. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Helwing, B. 201l. Proto-Elamite pottery from Areas A, C, D and E. In: Vatandoust, A., Parzinger, H. and Helwing, B. (eds.), Early Mining and Metallurgy on the Western Central Iranian Plateau. The First Five Years of Work, Pp. 196–254. Mainz: Zabern.Google Scholar
Hijara, I. 1975. ( (Excavation in the Shahrizor: Yasin Tepe [the first campaign]). Sumer 31:275–282.Google Scholar
Hijara, I. 1976. (Excavations in the Shahrizor Plain, Tell Kurdrth). Sumer 32:59–80.Google Scholar
Hijara, I. 1997. The Halaf Period in Northern Mesopotamia. London: Nabu Publications.Google Scholar
Hole, F. 1983. The Jarmo chipped stone. In: Braidwood, L., Braidwood, R. J., Reed, C. A. and Watson, P. J. (eds.), Prehistoric Archaeology along the Zagros Flanks, Pp. 233–288. Oriental Institute Publications 105. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Husaini, M. B. A. 1962. (The excavations at Tel Bakr Awa). Sumer 18:141–164.Google Scholar
Hussain, M. S, Amadi, T. H. and Sulaiman, M. S. 1984. Characteristics of soils of a toposequence in Northeastern Iraq. Geoderma 33:63–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Issar, A. S. 2010. Climate change as a draw bridge between Africa and the Middle East. Global and Planetary Change 72:451–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janabi, K. A. 1961. (The excavations at Tell Shamlu in Shahrizur). Sumer 17:174–193.Google Scholar
Jarjis, M. A. 1987. The pipes and assorted types: Field study of models in some archaeological sites. In: Republic of Iraq – Ministry of Culture & Information – State Organization of Antiquities & Heritage (eds.), Researchs on the Antiquities of Saddam Dam Basin Salvage and Other Researches, Pp. 281–313. Baghdad: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Culture & Information, State Organization of Antiquities & Heritage.Google Scholar
Jasim, S. 1985. The Ubaid Period in Iraq.Recent Excavations in the Hamrin Region. British Archaeological Reports International Series 26. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Jones, J. F. 1857. Memoirs of Baghdad, Kurdistan and Turkish Arabia. Records of the Bombay Government 43. Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press.Google Scholar
Kaptein, N. J. G. 1993. Muhammad's birthday festival: early history in the central Muslim lands and development in the Muslim West until the lOth/l6th century. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khoury, D. R. 1997. State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540–1834. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Klengel, H. 1966. Lullubum: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der altvorderasiatischen Gebirgsvölker. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 11:349–371.Google Scholar
van Koppen, F. 2004. The geography of the slave trade and northern Mesopotamia in the Late Old Babylonian period. In: Hunger, H. and Pruzsinszky, R. (eds.), Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited, Pp. 9–33. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. 2007. The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lackenbacher, S. 1988. Les lettres de Buqaqum. In: Charpin, D., Joannes, F., Lackenbacker, S. and Lafont, B., Archives épistolaires de Mari 112, Pp. 401–439. Archives royales de Mari 26. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Laessøe, J. 1959. The Bazmusian tablets. Sumer 15:15–18.Google Scholar
Landmann, G., Reimer, A., Lemcke, G. and Kempe, S. 1996. Dating late glacial abrupt climate changes in the 14,570 yr. long continuous varve record of Lake Van, Turkey. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 122:107–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanfranchi, G. B. and Parpola, S. 1990. The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part II: Letters from the Northern and Northeastern Provinces. State Archives of Assyria 5. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.Google Scholar
Le Strange, G. 1905. The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Levine, L. D. 1973. Geographical studies in the Neo-Assyrian Zagros, I. Iran 11:1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, L. D. 1989. K. 4675 + : The Zamua itinerary. State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 3:75–92.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 1992. Studies on the Annals of Ashurnasirpal II, 2: Topographical Analysis. Quaderni di Geografica Storica 4. Roma: Università di Roma “La Sapienza.”Google Scholar
Lloyd, S. and Safar, F. 1945. Tell Hassuna: Excavations by the Iraq Government General of Antiquities in 1943 and 1944. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4:255–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longrigg, S. H. 1925. Four Centuries of Modern Iraq. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Madhloom, T. 1965. (The excavations at Tell Bakr Awa). Sumer 21:75–88.Google Scholar
Madhloom, T. and Yasin, W. 1970. (Archaeological Explorations at Sulaimaniya Area). Sumer 26:347–360.Google Scholar
Maidman, M. P. 1987. JEN VII 812: An unusual personnel text from Nuzi. In: Owen, D. I. and Morrison, M. A. (ed.), General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 9/1, Pp. 157–166. Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi 2. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Matouš, L. 1961. L'almanach de Bakr-Awa. Sumer 17:17–66.Google Scholar
Medvedskaya, I. 2000. Zamua, Inner Zamua and Mazamua. In: Dittmann, R.et al. (ed.), Variatio delectat: Iran und der Westen. Gedenkschrift für Peter Calmeyer, Pp. 426–443. Altes Orient und Altes Testament 272. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Meijer, D. J. W. 2010. Nieuwe nederlandse opgraveningen in Irak. Phoenix 56:83–91.Google Scholar
Miglus, P. A. 1999. Städtische Wohnarchitektur in Babylonien und Assyrien. Baghdader Forschungen 22. Mainz: Zabern.Google Scholar
Miglus, P. A., Bürger, U., Heil, M. and Stepniowski, F. M. 2011. Ausgrabung in Bakr Awa 2010. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie 4:136–174.Google Scholar
Miliard, A. 1994. Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire 910-612 BC. State Archives of Assyria Studies 2. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Google Scholar
Minns, E. H. 1915. Parchments of the Parthian period from Avroman in Kurdistan. Journal of Hellenic Studies 35:22–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morray, D. W. 1994. An Ayyubid notable and his world: Ibn al-Adīm and Aleppo as portrayed in his biographical dictionary of people associated with the city. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortensen, P. 1970. Tell Shimshara. The Hassuna Period. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Mühl, S. 2011. Siedlungsgeschichte im mittleren Osttigrisgebiet – Vom Neolithikum bis in die neuassyrische Zeit. PhD dissertation. University of Heidelberg. Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Mühl, S. 2012. Human landscape: Site (trans-)formation in the trans Tigris area. In: Hoffman, R., Moetz, K. F. and Müller, J. (eds.), Teils: Social and Environmental Space. Proceedings of the International Workshop “Socio-Environmental Dynamics over the last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes II (14th-18th March 2011)” in Kiel, Vol. 3, Pp. 79–92. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 207. Kiel: Habelt.Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuis, T. 1982. Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamluk Pashas, Tribal Shayks and Local Rule between 1802 and 1831. Amsterdam: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. 2007. Plain and Painted Pottery. The Rise of Neolithic Ceramics Styles on the Syrian and Northern Syrian Plains. Papers on Archaeology from the Leiden Museum of Antiquities 3. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. and Wilkinson, T. J. 2008. Late Neolithic settlement in the area of Tell Beydar, (NE Syria). In: Lebeau, M. and Suleiman, A. (eds.), Beydar Studies I, Pp. 268–303. Subartu 21. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. 2009. The Late Neolithic ceramics from Shir: a first assessment. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäeologie 2:310–356.Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., Berghuijs, K., Mühl, S. In Press. A Late Neolithic ‘fishing net’ from northern Iraq? Paléorient.Google Scholar
Oates, J. 1968. Prehistoric investigations near Mandali, Iraq. Iraq 30:1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberling, P. 1988. Bani Ardalan. Encyclopaedia Iranica III/7:693–694.Google Scholar
Owen, D. I. 2000. The royal gift seal of Ṣilluš-Dagan, Governor of Simurrum. In: Graziani, S. (ed.), Studi sul Vicino Oriente antico dedicati alla memoria di Luigi Cagni, Pp. 814–846. Series minor, Istituto universitario orientale, Dipartimento di studi asiatici 61. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale.Google Scholar
Parpola, S. and Watanabe, K. 1988. Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths.State Archives of Assyria 2. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.Google Scholar
Pollock, S. 1999. Ancient Mesopotamia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Radner, K. 2003. An Assyrian view on the Medes. In: Lanfranchi, G. B., Roaf, M. and Rollinger, R. (eds.), Continuity of Empire (?): Assyria, Media, Persia, Pp. 37–64. History of the Ancient Near East Monographs 5. Padova: s.a.r.g.o.H. srl.Google Scholar
Radner, K. 2006. Assyrian, Provinz. C.. Reallexikon der Assyriologie 11/1–2:42–68.Google Scholar
Raymond, A. 1996. The Ottoman legacy in Arab political boundaries. In: Brown, L.C. (ed.), Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East, Pp. 115–132. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rich, C. J. 1836. Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan. London: James Duncan.Google Scholar
Roberts, N., Stevenson, A.C., Davis, B., Cheddadi, R., Brewer, S., and Rosen, A. 2004. Holocene climate, environment and cultural change in the circum-Mediterranean region. In: Battarbee, R.W., Gasse, F., F. and Stickley, C. (eds.), Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa, Pp. 343–362. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, N., Eastwood, W., Kuzucuoğlu, C, Fiorentino, G., and Caracuta, V. 2011. Climatic, vegetation and cultural change in the eastern Mediterranean during the mid-Holocene environmental transition. The Holocene 21(1):147–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, C. F. 2000. Empire and Elites after the Muslim Conquest: The Transformation of Northern Mesopotamia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, A. 2007. Civilizing Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East. Lanham: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Rougemont, G. 2012. Inscriptions grecques d'Iran et d'Asie centrale. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum 2/1. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar
Sachs, A. J. and Hunger, H. 1988. Astronomical diaries and related texts from Babylonia 1: Diaries from 652 BC to 262 BC. Denkschriften der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch¬historische Klasse 195. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Safar, F. 1974. Pird-i Kinachan. Iraq 36:193–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sallaberger, W. 1999. Ur HI-Zeit. In: Sallaberger, W. and Westenholz, A. (eds.), Mesopotamien: Akkade und Ur HI-Zeit, Pp. 121–390. Orbus Biblicus et Oriemtalis 160/3. Fribourg: Universitätsverlag / Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Salman, I. 1973. Foreword. Sumer 29:a-n.Google Scholar
Saporetti, C. 2003. Il monte della pace. In: Saporetti, C. (ed.), Saggi su il Ghilgameš: per approfondire la conoscenza del più famoso poema della letteratura sumero-babilonese, Pp. 104–133. Milano: Simonelli Editore.Google Scholar
Schmidt, E. F. 1957. Persepolis 2. Contents of the Treasury and other Discoveries. Oriental Institute Press 69. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Sehgal, J. L. 1976. The Soils of the Shahrazur Area (NE Iraq) and Their Suitability for Land-Use Planning. Baghdad: State Organization of Soil and Land Reclamation.Google Scholar
Shaffer, A., Wasserman, N. and Seidl, U. 2003. Iddi(n)-Sîn, King of Simurrum. A new rock-relief inscription and a reverential seal. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 93: 1–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharlach, T. M. 2005. Diplomacy and the rituals of politics at the Ur III court. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 57:17–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shayegan, M. R. 2011. Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skjærvø, P. 1983. The Sassanian Inscription of Paikuli, Part 3.1: Restored Text and Translation. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Snyder, J. A., Wasylik, K., Fritz, S. C. and Wright, H. E. 2001. Diatom-based conductivity reconstruction and palaeoclimatic interpretation of a 40-ka record from Lake Zeribar, Iran. The Holocene 11(6):737–745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Soldt, W. H. 2008. The location of Idu. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 2008/3 no. 55.Google Scholar
Solecki, R. S. 1954. Shanidar cave: a Paleolithic site in northern Iraq. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution:389–425.Google Scholar
Solecki, R. S., Solecki, R. L., and Agelarakis, A. P. 2004. The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Soof, B. A. 1964. Uruk pottery from the Dokan and Shahrazur districts and the distribution of Ninevite V pottery as revealed by field survey work in Iraq. Sumer 20: 37–45.Google Scholar
Soof, B. A. 1970a. Mounds on the Ranya Plain and excavations at Tall Basmusian (1956). Sumer 26: 3–31.Google Scholar
Soof, B. A. 1970b. Mounds on the Rania Plain and excavations at Tall Basmusian (1956). Sumer 26: 65–104.Google Scholar
Soof, B. A. 1985. Uruk Pottery: Origins and Distribution. Baghdad: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Culture & Information, State Organization of Antiquities & Heritage.Google Scholar
Speiser, E. A. 1926/1927. Southern Kurdistan in the annals of Ashurnasirpal and today. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 8:1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starr, R. F. S. 1937/1939. Nuzi. Report on the Excavations at Yorgan Tepa near Kirkuk, Iraq. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Stevens, L. R., Wright, H. E., and Ito, E. 2001. Proposed changes in seasonality of climate during the Lateglacial and Holocene at Lake Zeribar, Iran. The Holocene 11(6):747–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strommenger, E. 1963. Das Relief von Darband-i Gawr. Baghdader Mitteilungen 2: 83–88.Google Scholar
Stronach, D. 1978. Pasargade. A Report on the Excavations Conducted by the British Institute of Persian Studies from 1961-1963. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Tadmor, H. and Yamada, S. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria. The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Thrane, H. (ed.) 2001. Excavations at Tepe Guran in Luristan. The Bronze Age and Iron Age Periods. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Thureau-Dangin, F. 1912. Une relation de la huitième campagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C). Textes cunéiformes du Musée du Louvre. Paris: Geuthner.Google Scholar
Trentin, M. G. 2010. The Ubaid in the Balikh Valley, Northern Syria: Balikh periods IV-V. In: Carter, R. A. and Philip, G. (eds.), Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East, Pp. 329–338. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 63. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Vanderhooft, D. S. 1999. The Neo-Babylonian Empire and Babylon in the Later Prophets. Atlanta: Scholars Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voigt, M. 1983. Hajji Firuz Tepe, Iran: The Neolithic Settlement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Westenholz, J. G. 1997. Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts. Mesopotamian Civilizations 7. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Whiting, R. M. 1987. Old Babylonian Letters from Tell Asmar. Assyriological Studies 22. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Wicke, L., Lemcke, G. and Sturm, M. 2003. Evidence of late glacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: High-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey. The Holocene 13(5):665–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcke, C. 2006. Kára-kín-naki. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 2006/1 no. 20.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. 1982. The definition of ancient manured zones by means of extensive sherd-sampling techniques. Journal of Field Archaeology 9: 323–333.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. 1989. Extensive sherd scatters and land-use intensity: Some recent results. Journal of Field Archaeology 16: 31–46.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. and Tucker, D. J. 1995. Settlement Development in the North Jazira, Iraq: A Study of the Archaeological Landscape. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. 2003. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wirth, E. 1962. Agrargeographie des Irak. Hamburger geographische Studien 13. Hamburg: Selbstverlag des Insituts für Geographie und Wirtschaftsgeographie der Universität Hamburg.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. and Mallowan, M. E. L. 1976. Ur Excavations VII. The Old Babylonian Period. London: British Museum PressGoogle Scholar
Wright, H. E. J. 1961a. Late Pleistocene soil development, glaciation, and cultural change in the Eastern Mediterranean region. New York Academy of Sciences Annals 95:718–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, H. E. J. 1961b. Pleistocene glaciation in Kurdistan. Eiszeitaller und Gegenwart 12:131–64.Google Scholar
Wright, H. E. J. 1980. Climatic change and plant domestication in the Zagros mountains. Iran 18:145–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, H. E. J. 1983. Climate change in the Zagros Mountains revisited. In: Braidwood, L., Braidwood, R. J., Reed, C. A. and Watson, P. J. (eds.), Prehistoric Archeology Along the Zagros Flanks, Pp. 505–510. Oriental Institute Publications 105. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Young, T. C. 1965. A comparative ceramic chronology for Western Iran, 1500–500 B.C. Iran 3:53–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zadok, R. 2002. The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Jaffa: Archaeological Center Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamu, D. A. and Amedi, A. M. 2011. The rock reliefs of Merculi and Rabana in the Paramagroun: An analysis and comparison (in Arabic). Subartu 4–5:230–239.Google Scholar
van Zeist, W. and Wright, H. E. J. 1963. Preliminary pollen studies at Lake Zeribar, Zagros Mountains, South-western Iran. Science 140(3562):65–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Zeist, W. 1966. Late Quaternary vegetation history of Western Iran. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2:301–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Zeist, W. and Woldring, H. 1978. A postglacial pollen diagram from Lake Van in East Anatolia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 26:249–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Zeist, W. and Bottema, S. 1991. Late Quaternary Vegetation of the Near East. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Ziegler, N. 2011. Die Osttigrisregion im Spiegel der Archive aus Mari. In: Miglus, P. A. and Mühl, S. (eds.), Between the Cultures. The Central Tigris Region from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC, Pp. 143–155. Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 14. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.Google Scholar