Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:46:11.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Forced Migration in Iran During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

John R. Perry
John R. Perry*
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

“Forced migration” is defined for the purposes of this study as the transportation of a considerable number of a population group (whether nomadic or sedentary), normally in family units and accompanied by livestock and chattels, to be permanently resettled in a region remote from their home; and undertaken as an act of policy by the ruler or his agents. It does not refer to attempts to sedentarize nomads on lands adjacent to their pastures, or to simple dispossession of lands without alternative provision.

Examples of forced migration have been noted in Iran and its imperial appendages from the earliest to the most recent times, chiefly as punishment of stubborn opponents or refractory subjects by a vigorous, centralizing monarch.

Type
Articles
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 8 , Issue 4 , Autumn 1975 , pp. 199 - 215
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

A preliminary version of this paper was presented at a panel on “Towns, villages and rural communities in Iranian history, 1500-1900” co-sponsored by the Society for Iranian Studies and the Middle East Studies Association, held at the eighth annual MESA meeting in Boston, Mass. in November 1974. The author would like to thank those bodies, the organizer Thomas M. Ricks, and the other participants for that opportunity.

References

Notes

1. Olmstead, A. T. History of the Persian Empire (Chicago, 1948), p. 149Google Scholar (citing Herodotus).

2. Black-Michaud, Jacob “An Ethnographic and Ecological Survey of Luristan, Western Persia: Modernization in a Nomadic Pastoral Society,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2 (May 1974), p. 218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3. Inalcik, Halil “Mehmet II: sürgün usûlü,” Islam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 7, pp. 519-20.Google Scholar

4. Tournebize, F. “Schah Abbas I, roi de Perse et l'émigration forcée des Arméniens de l'Ararat,” Huschardzan, Festschrift aus Anlass des 100 jahrigen Bestandes des Mechitaristen-Kongregation in Wien (1811-1911), Vienna, 1911, p. 250.Google Scholar

5. Lockhart, L. Nadir Shah (London, 1938), pp. 17-18Google Scholar; cf. Sykes, P. History of Persia (London, 1930), Vol. 2, p. 174.Google Scholar

6. ˓Ālam-ārā-yi ˓Abbāsī (Tehran, 1350), pp. 533, 1088.Google Scholar

7. Jahāngushā-yi Nādirī (Tehran, 1341), pp. 26-27, ed. ˓Abdullāh Anvār.Google Scholar

8. Rawzat al-Ṣafā-yi Nāṣirī (Tehran, 1339), Vol. 9, p. 5Google Scholar; Watson, A History of Persia (London, 1866), p. 58.Google Scholar

9. ˓Ālam-ārā-yi ˓Abbāsī, pp. 416, 657.

10. ˓Abbās Qulī Āqā Bākīkhānūf, Gulistān-i Iram (Baku, 1970), p. 173Google Scholar; cf. Ḥasan Fasā'ī, Mīrzā Fārsnāma-yi Nāṣirī (Tehran, 1313), Vol. 1, p. 252.Google Scholar

11. Cf. Lockhart, p. 195.

12. ˓Ālām-ārā, p. 643.

13. Ibid., pp. 667-8.

14. Ibid., pp. 668-70; Tournebize, pp. 249-252.

15. ˓Ālām-ārā, p. 669.

16. Ibid., p. 881.

17. Ibid., p. 913.

18. Savory, R. M. “˓Abbās I,” Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd ed.), Vol. 1, p. 8.Google Scholar

19. ˓Ālām-ārā, pp. 882-3, 1086; cf. Lambton, A. K. S. “Īlāt,” Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd ed.), Vol. 3, p. 1102Google Scholar; Savory, loc. cit.; Bākīkhānūf, p. 173; Rawzat al-Ṣafā, Vol. 8, p. 380.Google Scholar

20. Bākīkhānūf, loc. cit.

21. ˓Ālām-ārā, p. 814.

22. Jahāngushā-yi Nādirī, p. 95.

23. Lockhart, p. 54 (citing the Zubdat al-Tawārīkh).

24. Jahāngushā, p. 303; Lockhart, p. 120.

25. Jahāngushā, pp. 134-5; Lockhart, pp. 51-2.

26. Bākīkhānūf, loc. cit.

27. Gulistāna, Abu'l-Ḥasan Mujmal al-Tawārīkh (Tehran, 1344), p. 301Google Scholar; cf. Lambton, A. K. S. Landlord and Peasant In Persia (Oxford, 1953), p. 133.Google Scholar

28. Brosset, M. Histoire de la Géorgie, Vol. 2, Part 2 (St. Petersburg, 1857), p. 29Google Scholar; Manvelichvili, A. Histoire de Géorgie (Paris, 1951), p. 318.Google Scholar

29. Jahāngushā, pp. 189, 283; Lockhart, p. 110.

30. Jahāngushā, p. 189.

31. Jahāngushā, p. 27; Sykes, pp. 264-5.

32. See note 27.

33. Malcolm, J. History of Persia (London, 1815), Vol. 2, p. 213Google Scholar note; cf. Lang, D. M. The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy (New York, 1957), p. 157.Google Scholar

34. Ṣādiq Nāmī, Mīrzā Muḥammad Tārīkh-i Gītī-gushāy (Tehran, 1317), p. 105.Google Scholar

35. Fārsnāma-yi Nāṣirī, Vol. 1, p. 219.Google Scholar

36. Rabino, H. L. Kermanshah (Persia, Diplomatic and Consular Reports, no. 590, May 1903), p. 40.Google Scholar

37. Lambton, Landlord and Peasant, p. 142.

38. Fārsnāma-yi Nāṣirī, Vol. 1, p. 215.Google Scholar

39. See Mujmal al-Tawārīkh, pp. 322-3; Tārīkh-i Gītīgushāy pp. 89-90.

40. A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia (London, 1939), Vol. 1, pp. 662-3, 672.Google Scholar

41. Lambton, “Īlāt,” p. 1104.