Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T19:02:02.840Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

International Class Solidarity or Foreign Interventions?

Internationalists and Latvian Rifles in the Russian Revolution and the Civil War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2008

Marc Jansen
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

More or less by definition, civil war refers to an armed conflict between citizens of the same country. However, the two outstanding European examples of this century, the civil wars in Spain and Russia, were in fact complicated by foreign intervention. Indeed, in the case of Spain, intervention by foreign powers proved decisive.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Review of Social History , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , April 1986 , pp. 68 - 79
Copyright
Copyright © Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis 1986

References

1 Scholmer, J., Die Toten kehren zurück (Cologne, Berlin, 1954), p. 128.Google Scholar

2 Thomas, H., The Spanish Civil War, 3rd ed. (Harmondsworth, 1977), pp. 452f.Google Scholar

3 Ibid., pp. 455f., 459, 482, 590f.

4 Solzhenitsyn, A., Lenin v Tsiurikhe (Paris, 1975), p. 87.Google Scholar

5 Nefedov, N. A. in , Veche, No 4 (1982), pp. 129f.Google Scholar

6 Slovo, Novoe Russkoe, 06 12, 1966.Google Scholar

7 Stimmen aus Russland, No 4–5 (08 15, 1918), p. 3;Google Scholar Aux Partis Socialistes du monde entier. Appel à l'Internationale de la Délégation russe du Parti socialdémocrate et du Parti socialiste-révolutionnaire à l'étranger (Stockholm, , 1918), p. 5.Google Scholar

8 Resolution on the attitude towards the Red Army, adopted at the Ninth Party Council of the PSR, Moscow, June 18–20, 1919, PSR Archive, No 2010, lnternationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam.

9 See, e.g., the Left Socialist Revolutionary Mariia Spiridonova: P., Pravda, No 4 (07 16, 1919);Google Scholar the former Socialist Revolutionary Boris Savinkov: Débat, Le, No 31(1984), p. 184;Google Scholar an Ukrainian MilitaryRevolutionary Committee: Chamberlin, W. H., The Russian Revolution 1917–1921 (London, 1935), II, p. 225;Google Scholar the Anarchist Petr Arshinov reporting on the deployment of Latvians and Chinese against Makhno in 1920: Arshinov, P., Istoriia makhnovskogo dvizheniia (Berlin, 1923), P. 158.Google Scholar

10 Erickson, J., The Soviet High Command (London, 1962), p. 675;Google Scholar Frenkin, M. in Crossroads, No 3 (1979), p. 131;Google Scholar Footman, D., Civil War in Russia (London, 1961), p. 138;Google Scholar Bunyan, J., Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia (Baltimore, 1936), p. 96.Google Scholar

11 The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History, XIV (1979), p. 212; Bol'shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia, 3rd ed., X (1972), p. 332; Sovetskaia Istoricheskaia Entsiklopediia, VI (1965), p. 160; Grazhdanskaia Voina i Voennaia Interventsiia v SSSR. Entsiklopediia (Moscow, 1983), p. 235; Iu. Srechinskii in Novoe Russkoe Slovo, May29 and June 12, 1966.

12 I.e., since the military reforms of 1874; before that time the Russian army included so-called “inorodnye voiska” or “troops of different nationalities”, Curran, S. L. and Ponomareff, D., “Managing the Ethnic Factor in the Russian and Soviet Armed Forces: An Historical Overview”, in: Conflict, IV (1982), pp. 239–300, especially pp. 241−47.Google Scholar

13 an der Macht, Scheibert, op. cit., p. 60.Google Scholar

14 Trotskii, L. D., Lenine, O., 2nd ed. (Moscow, n.d.), p. 67.Google Scholar

15 Germany and the Revolution in Russia 1915–1918, ed. by Zeman, Z. A. B. (London, 1958), p. 121.Google Scholar

16 Vatsietis, I. I., quoted in Leggett, G., The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police (Oxford, 1981), p. 76;Google Scholar Kolman, A., Die verirrte Generation (Frankfort/M., 1979), p. 95.Google Scholar

17 an der Macht, Scheibert, pp. 72, 427.Google Scholar

18 Vatsietis, quoted in Bunyan, , Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia, op. cit., p. 292.Google Scholar

19 See, e.g., Kolman, , Die verirrte Generation, op. cit., p. 96.Google Scholar

20 Maksudov, , “Internatsionalisty i russkaia revoliutsiia”, in: Vestnik Russkogo Khristianskogo Dvizheniia, No 131 (1980), pp. 233f.Google Scholar

21 Istoriia latyshskikh strelkov (Riga, 1972), p. 230;Google Scholar Ezergailis, A., The Latvian Impact on the Bolshevik Revolution (Boulder, 1983), p. 365.Google Scholar

22 Scheibert, , Lenin an der Macht, p. 73.Google Scholar

23 Balabanoff, F. I., Lenin an der Macht, p. 370.Google Scholar

24 Kun, Tökes and the Hungarian Soviet Republic (New York, 1967).Google Scholar

25 Tito, . A Biography (London, 1970), pp. 35–38.Google Scholar

26 Kolman, , Die verirrte Generation, p. 108;Google Scholar Thunig-Nittner, G., Die tschechoslowakische Legion in Russland (Wiesbaden 1970), p. 228.Google Scholar

27 Che-Ka, A., I-Il (Paris, 1973), p. 197;Google Scholar Ezergailis, , The Latvian Impact, op. cit., p. 15.Google Scholar

28 Che-Ka, , pp. 179, 192f.Google Scholar

29 Iz-pod glyb. Sbornik statei (Paris, 1974), p. 135; English translation: From Under the Rubble (Boston, 1974), p. 125.Google Scholar

30 Iz-pod glyb, p. 141; From Under the Rubble, p. 132.Google Scholar

31 Iz-pod glyb, p. 247; From Under the Rubble, p. 264.Google Scholar

32 Bernshtam, M., “Storony v grazhdanskoi voine 1917–1922 gg.”, in: Vestnik Russkogo Khnstianskogo Dvizheniia, No 128 (1979), pp. 252–357.Google Scholar

33 Ibid., p. 331.

34 Bernshtam reckons the Latvian Rifles among the internationalists.

35 Bernshtam, “Storony v grazhdanskoi voine”, loc. cit., p. 332.

36 Ibid., p. 333.

37 Bernshtam takes “Socialist” and “Communist” to be synonymous.

38 Ibid.

39 Bernshtam claims to have left out several other categories of internationalists.

40 Ibid., p. 332.

41 Maksudov, “Internatsionalisty i russkaia revoliutsiia”, loc. cit., pp. 221−62.

42 Ibid., pp. 233f.

43 Ibid., pp. 230f.

44 Ibid., p. 238.

45 Ibid., pp. 229, 242–46.

46 Id., “La composition nationale de l'Armée rouge d'après le recensement de 1920”, in: Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, XXIV (1983), PP. 483−92. Bernshtam's reply to Maksudov's article of 1980: “Mikrob kommunizma ili tifoznaia vosh'?”, in: Vestnik Russkogo Khristianskogo Dvizheniia, No 131, PP. 263−324; Maksudov's reaction: “O nekorrektnom ispol'zovanii istochnikov”, Ibid.

47 For instance, 30,000 to 40,000 Chinese: Eckson, J. Erickson, “The Origins of the Red Army”, in: Revolutionary Russia, ed. by Pipes, R.: (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), pp. 224–56, quote on p. 253; on p. 229, however, Erickson considers the internationalist units “small in number but potent in influence”.Google Scholar

49 Kennan, G. F., The Decision to Intervene (London, 1958), pp. 73f.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

50 Péter Sipos (Budapest) in a discussion during the symposium on Internationalism the Labour Movement before 1940, Amsterdam, September 1985.

51 See, e.g., Istoriia Iatyshskikh strelkov, op. cit., pp. 13, 722.

52 See note 8.

53 Nefedov, in Veche, No 4, p. 109; No 6 (1982), p. 89.Google Scholar

54 Tökes, Cf., Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic, p. 70.Google Scholar

55 Thunig-Nittner, , Die tschechoslowakische Legion, op. cit., p. 51.Google Scholar

56 For background information see Gogoa;ērmanis, U., Oberst Vācietis und die lettischen Schützen im Weltkrieg und in der Oktoberrevolution (Stockholm, 1974); Ezergailis, The Latvian Impact.Google Scholar