Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T00:18:07.719Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Traders, Teachers, and Tyrants: Democracy, Globalization, and Public Investment in Education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 April 2008

Ben W. Ansell
Ben W. Ansell
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This article develops a model of the redistributive political economy of education spending, focusing on the role of democracy and economic openness in determining the provision of education. I argue that democratization should be associated with higher levels of public education spending, lower private education spending, and a shift from tertiary education spending toward primary education spending. Furthermore, I argue that integration with the international economy should lead to higher public education spending, conditioned on regime type and income, and should push the balance between tertiary and primary education toward states' particular comparative advantages. These propositions are tested on a data set of more than one hundred states from 1960 to 2000, using a variety of panel data techniques, including instruments for democracy. The logic of the causal mechanism developed in the formal model is also tested on a number of case histories, including the Philippines, which shows great variation in democracy and openness, and India and Malaysia, which constitute unusual cases that lie “off the diagonal” of open democracies and autarkic autocracies.The author would like to thank Beth Simmons, Torben Iversen, Michael Hiscox, Jeffry Frieden, Jim Alt, Teri Caraway, John Freeman, Jane Gingrich, David Samuels, W. Phillips Shively, Mark Kayser, John Ahlquist, and Michael Kellerman for highly useful comments and criticisms. In addition, I thank the current and past editors, Lou Pauly, Emanuel Adler, David Stasavage, and Lisa Martin, and three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 62 , Issue 2 , April 2008 , pp. 289 - 322
Copyright
© 2008 The IO Foundation and Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acemoglu, Daron. 2003. Patterns of Skill Premia. Review of Economic Studies 70 (2):199–230.Google Scholar
Ansell, Ben. 2006. From the Ballot to the Blackboard: The Redistributive Political Economy of Education. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Barro, Robert. 1997. Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Baum, Matthew A., and David A. Lake. 2003. The Political Economy of Growth: Democracy and Human Capital. American Journal of Political Science 47 (2):333–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel, and Jonathan N. Katz. 1995. What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data. American Political Science Review 89 (3):634–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, David, and Wendy Hunter. 2004. Democracy and Human Capital Formation: Education Spending in Latin America, 1980 to 1997. Comparative Political Studies 37 (7):842–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callanta, Ruth S. 1988. Poverty: The Philippine Scenario. Manila, Philippines: Bookmark.
De Dios, Emmanuel S., and Paul D. Hutchcroft. 2003. Political Economy. In The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges, edited by Arsenio Balisacan and Hal Hill, 45–76. New York: Oxford University Press.
Garrett, Geoffrey. 1998. Partisan Politics in the Global Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence F. Katz. 1998. The Origins of Technology-Skill Complementarity. Quarterly Journal of Economics 113 (3):693–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggard, Stephan. 1986. The Newly Industrializing Countries in the International System. World Politics 38 (2):343–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, Gordon H., and Matthew J. Slaughter. 2002. Labor-Market Adjustment in Open Economies: Evidence from U.S. States. Journal of International Economics 57 (1):3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawes, Gary. 1987. The Philippine State and the Marcos Regime: the Politics of Export. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Hiscox, Michael, and Scott Kastner. 2006. A General Measure of Trade Policy Orientations: Gravity-Model-Based Estimates for 82 Nations, 1960–1992. Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Iversen, Torben. 2005. Capitalism, Democracy, and Welfare. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kang, David C. 2002. Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Khalafalla, Khalid Yousif, and Alan J. Webb. 2001. Export-Led Growth and Structural Change: Evidence from Malaysia. Applied Economics 33 (13):1703–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kok, Wim. 2004. Facing the Challenge: The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Krueger, Anne O. 1974. The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society. American Economic Review 64 (3):291–303.Google Scholar
Lake, David A., and Matthew A. Baum. 2001. The Invisible Hand of Democracy: Political Control and the Provision of Public Services. Comparative Political Studies 34 (6):587–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 2004. Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review 53 (1):69–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, Monty G., and Keith Jaggers. 2002. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics, 1800–2002. Available at 〈http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/polity〉. Accessed 24 January 2008.
McKay, Steven C. 2006. Satanic Mills or Silicon Islands? The Politics of High-Tech Production in the Philippines. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press.
Meltzer, Allan H., and Scott F. Richard. 1981. A Rational Theory of the Size of Government. Journal of Political Economy 89 (5):914–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, Hena, and Jasbir Singh. 1995. Malaysia. In Education and Development in East Asia, edited by Paul Morris and Anthony Sweeting, 149–84. New York: Garland.
Olson, Mancur. 1993. Dictatorship, Democracy and Development. American Political Science Review 87 (3):567–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rodrik, Dani. 1998. Why Do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments? Journal of Political Economy 106 (5):997–1032.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael. 2006. Is Democracy Good for the Poor? American Journal of Political Science 50 (4):860–74.Google Scholar
Rudra, Nita, and Stephan Haggard. 2005. Globalization, Democracy, and Effective Welfare Spending in the Developing World. Comparative Political Studies 38 (9):1015–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rybczynski, T.M. 1955. Factor Endowment and Relative Commodity Prices. Economica 22 (88):336–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul. 1948. International Trade and the Equalization of Factor Prices. Economic Journal 58 (230):163–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul, and Wolfgang F. Stolper. 1941. Protection and Real Wages. Review of Economic Studies 9 (1):58–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sianesi, Barbara, and John Van Reenen. 2003. The Returns to Education: Macroeconomics. Journal of Economic Surveys 17 (2):157–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snodgrass, Donald R. 1998. Education in Korea and Malaysia. In Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity, edited by Henry S. Rowen, 165–84. London: Routledge.
Stasavage, David. 2005. Democracy and Education Spending in Africa. American Journal of Political Science 49 (2):343–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinerton, E. Nelson. 1991. Philippine Higher Education: Toward the Twenty-First Century. New York: Praeger.
Synott, John P. 2002. Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines. London: Ashgate.
Tilak, Jandhyala. 2003. Public Expenditure on Education in India. New Delhi, India: Ravi.
Weiner, Myron. 1991. The Child and the State in India: Child Labor and Education Policy in Comparative Perspective. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Wood, Adrian, and Michele Calandrino. 2000. When the Other Giant Awakens: Trade and Human Resources in India. Economic and Political Weekly 35 (52):30–60.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2003. World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank. 2004. EdStats. Available at 〈http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats〉. Accessed 24 January 2008.