Economics, trade and finance — World Trade Organization — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade — Agreement on Agriculture — Tariffs — Bilateral free trade agreements — Whether parties to WTO and GATT may modify their obligations by bilateral agreement — Dispute settlement mechanism

Treaties — Interpretation — WTO agreements — Free Trade Agreements — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 31 — Whether declaratory of customary international law — Context — Common intention of Parties — Subsequent agreement under Article 31(3)(a) of Vienna Convention — Relevant rules of international law applicable in relations between Parties under Article 31(3)(c)

Treaties — Application — Good faith — Entry into force — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 18 — Object and purpose — Dispute Settlement Understanding, 1994, Articles 3.7 and 3.10 — Waiver of right to challenge measure before WTO dispute settlement proceedings — Whether waiver explicit — Institution of proceedings — Abuse of right

Treaties — Interpretation — WTO agreements — Free Trade Agreements — Dispute Settlement Understanding, 1994, Article 3.2 — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 31 — International Law Commission Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2001 — Article 20 — Consent — Article 45 — Invocation of responsibility — Whether interpretation or modification

Sources of international law — WTO agreements — Other international rules — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Free Trade Agreements — Modification of WTO rights and obligations — Applicable law — Vienna Convention, Article 41 — Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO, 1994, Article X — GATT 1994, Article XXIV — GATS, 1995, Article V — 1979 Enabling Clause — Lex specialis

Aliens — Refugees — Determination of refugee status — Exclusion from protection due to participation in international crimes — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Interpretation — Article 1F — Whether “serious reasons for considering” appellant was complicit in war crimes — Standard of proof — Whether change of approach by UK Supreme Court in Al-Sirri material to Asylum and Immigration Tribunal decision

Human rights — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 3 — Non-refoulement — Whether entitlement to additional protection under Convention relating to Status of Refugees, 1951 or EU Council Directive 2004/83/EC

International criminal law — War crimes — Elements of complicity in war crimes — Whether finding of English judge that appellant complicit in war crimes correct

War and armed conflict — Non-international armed conflict — Afghanistan — Whether appellant complicit in war crimes during non-international armed conflict — The law of England

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Ratification — Withdrawal — European Community Treaties — Accession to European Communities — European Communities Act 1972 — Interpretation — Effect — Status as constitutional statute — Constitutional principles — European Communities Act 1972 giving effect to Community law in each jurisdiction of United Kingdom — Binding obligations and rights under Community Treaties — Parliament’s intention in enacting European Communities Act 1972 — Section 2(1) — Rights arising under European Communities Act 1972 and EU law — Continued existence of rights — Whether within Crown’s prerogative power — Whether Crown having prerogative power to effect withdrawal from Community Treaties — Effect of withdrawal on domestic law — Whether as a matter of United Kingdom constitutional law the Crown, acting through executive government, entitled to use prerogative powers to give notice to withdraw from European Union and its treaties under Article 50(2) of Treaty on European Union

Treaties — Withdrawal — European Community Treaties — Treaty on European Union, Article 50 — Right of withdrawal from European Union — Effect on United Kingdom domestic law — Notification of Member State of its intention to withdraw — United Kingdom voting in referendum to leave European Union — Giving notice under Article 50 — Whether power to withdraw from treaty on international or domestic plane — Whether as a matter of United Kingdom constitutional law the Crown, acting through executive government, entitled to use prerogative powers to give notice to withdraw from European Union and its treaties under Article 50(2) of Treaty on European Union

International organizations — European Union — Membership — Withdrawal — United Kingdom voting in referendum to leave European Union — Article 50 of Treaty on European Union governing withdrawal of Member State — Notification of Member State of its intention to withdraw — Effect on United Kingdom domestic law — Whether as a matter of United Kingdom constitutional law the Crown, acting through executive government, entitled to use prerogative powers to give notice to withdraw from European Union and its treaties under Article 50(2) of Treaty on European Union — The law of the United Kingdom

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Head of State immunity — Foreign official immunity — Claims for immunity under common law — United States State Department Statement of Interest — Whether position of United States State Department determinative — Whether entitlement to foreign official immunity for jus cogens violations

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — Common law of foreign sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether entitlement to foreign official immunity for jus cogens violations — Whether immunity under Torture Victim Protection Act 1991 — The law of the United States of America

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Tort — Breach of contract — Commercial activity — Territorial connection — Agency — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Definition of “commercial activity” — Austrian State railway — United States national injured while passenger — Ticket sold by agency in the United States — Whether sufficient territorial connection with the United States — The law of the United States of America