Economics, trade and finance — European Financial Stability Facility — European Monetary Union — Fiscal sovereignty — Conditionally — Public debt — Bailout — Fiscal transfers — Guarantees — Debt restructuring — European Union — International Monetary Fund

State — Self-determination — Sovereignty — Irreducible minimum of sovereignty — Control over budget — Constitutional limitations on the transfer of budgetary power

Treaties — Constitutional limitations on treaty-making power — Transfer of powers by States to intergovernmental and other transnational authorities — Whether compatible with constitutional prerogatives of national parliament — The law of Germany

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Absolute and restrictive doctrines of immunity — Customary international law — Law applicable in Hong Kong — Effect of the resumption of sovereignty by China — United Kingdom legislation on State immunity ceasing to have effect in Hong Kong — Common law applicable prior to resumption of sovereignty — Adherence by China to the absolute doctrine of immunity — United Nations Convention on the Jurisdictional Immunities of States, 2004 — China signing but not ratifying Convention — Whether act of signing Convention altering China’s position regarding absolute doctrine — Whether restrictive doctrine of immunity part of the law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

State — Autonomous regions — Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (“HKSAR”) — Resumption of sovereignty by China — International status of HKSAR — HKSAR not a separate sovereign — Application of international law in HKSAR — Whether possible for HKSAR to apply doctrine of State immunity different from that adhered to by China — Responsibility of China for acts of HKSAR — Hong Kong Basic Law — Responsibility of central government for foreign affairs — State immunity falling within scope of foreign affairs

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — State immunity — Relationship between customary international law and common law — China adhering to absolute immunity doctrine — Whether HKSAR entitled to apply restrictive doctrine — Role of courts and executive — Independence of the judiciary — The law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China

State immunity — Jurisdiction — Limitations on immunity — International crimes — Violations of jus cogens — Whether international law confers immunity on State sued before foreign court for international crimes and other serious violations of international human rights law

Sources of international law — Custom — Jus cogens — Hierarchy of norms — Relationship between violations of jus cogens norms and law of State immunity — Dominance of jus cogens — Recognition in State practice

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Judgments of International Court of Justice — Proceedings between Germany and Italy in International Court of Justice — Claim by Germany that Italy had violated Germany’s entitlement to State immunity — Effect of pending proceedings in International Court of Justice on proceedings in Italian courts — The law of Italy

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Customary international law — Commonly recognized principles and norms of international law — Definition and content — Norms recognized as mandatory by international community as whole — Principle of universal respect for human rights — Principle of fair implementation of international obligations — International treaties of Russian Federation — Application by courts — Treaties having direct effect in Russian Federation — Treaties to which Russian Federation consenting to be bound having precedence over laws of Russian Federation — Treaties requiring implementation in Russian Federation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 and Protocols — Commonly recognized principles and norms of international law and treaties being component part of legal system of Russian Federation — Article 15(4) of Constitution of Russian Federation — Federal Law No 101-FZ of 15 July 1995 on International Treaties of the Russian Federation — Commitment to principle of fair implementation of international obligations — Application of international law in Russian Federation — Clarifications to ensure correct and uniform application

Treaties — Function — Definition — Interpretation — Application — Effect — Treaties having direct effect — Official publication of treaties — Consent to be bound by treaty — Entry into force — Treaties to which Russian Federation consenting to be bound having precedence over laws of Russian Federation — Treaties requiring implementation — Treaties obliging States to make certain offences punishable under national law — Criminal Code of Russian Federation — Federal Law No 101-FZ of 15 July 1995 on International Treaties of the Russian Federation — Constitution of Russian Federation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969

State succession — Treaties — Russian Federation and USSR — Treaties signed by USSR constituent part of legal system of Russian Federation

Human rights — Rights and liberties of man — Rights in conformity with commonly recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation having direct effect in jurisdiction of Russian Federation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 and Protocols — Entry into force in Russian Federation — Federal Law on Ratification of 30 March 1998 — Interpretation and application — European Court of Human Rights — Articles 17(1) and 18 of Constitution of Russian Federation — The law of the Russian Federation

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Interpleader — Interest in property — Funds in escrow — State claiming title to proceeds of bank account — Whether State able to invoke State immunity to prevent proceedings going ahead — Control and possession of property through an agent or trustee — Stay of proceedings — Waiver of immunity — Whether a foreign State entitled to immunity after submitting to the jurisdiction of the courts of the forum State — Whether actions of third party capable of amounting to waiver — Whether third party acting as agent of the State — The law of Singapore

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic protection — Applicant requesting diplomatic protection from Government of South Africa against Government of Zimbabwe — Whether applicant entitled to diplomatic protection — Whether State having obligation to provide diplomatic protection — Position under international law — South African Constitution — Responsibility of executive for conducting foreign relations — Discretion of executive with respect to diplomatic relations — Zimbabwean expropriation of farmland — Response of South Africa

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Whether justiciable in municipal court — Nature of diplomatic protection — Whether court entitled to question efficacy of steps taken by South African Government — The law of South Africa

Human rights — Discrimination and unequal treatment — Applicant charged with offences arising from alleged activities during rebellion in northern Uganda — Amnesty Act — Applicant renouncing rebellion and seeking amnesty — Applicant denied amnesty under Amnesty Act — Amnesty Commission and Director of Public Prosecutions granting amnesty to others renouncing rebellion — Whether reasonable and objective criteria for denying applicant amnesty — Whether applicant victim of discrimination and unequal treatment under Amnesty Act — Article 21 of Constitution of Uganda

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Customary international law — Crimes against international law — Amnesty — Legality and constitutionality of Amnesty Act — Constitution of Uganda — Uganda’s international law obligations — Whether Uganda violating Uganda’s obligations under international treaties ratified and implemented in domestic law — Geneva Conventions Act — Whether Amnesty Act inconsistent with Article 287 of Constitution of Uganda — Whether uniform international standards or practices prohibiting States from granting amnesty — Guarantees of constitutional independence of Director of Public Prosecutions and judiciary — Whether Amnesty Act infringing Articles 120, 126 and 128 of Constitution of Uganda — Whether Amnesty Act null and void under Article 2(2) of Constitution of Uganda

War and armed conflict — Non-international armed conflict — Rebellion in northern Uganda — Applicant charged with offences under Geneva Conventions Act — Amnesty Act — Legality and constitutionality of Amnesty Act — Applicant renouncing rebellion and seeking amnesty — Whether right to amnesty — Whether provisions of Amnesty Act inconsistent with Articles 120, 126, 128 and 287 of Constitution of Uganda — Whether Amnesty Act null and void under Article 2(2) of Constitution — The law of Uganda

War and armed conflict — Detainees — Protected persons — Civilians — Prisoners of war — Transfer by Detaining Power to another State — Conditions of transfer — Geneva Conventions III and IV — Memoranda of Understanding — Whether Detaining Power entitled to require return of detainee — Applicant captured in Iraq in 2004 by United Kingdom — Transfer to United States custody — Applicant taken to Afghanistan — Whether sufficiently in control of United Kingdom authorities — Habeas corpus

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Justiciability — Person detained by United States following transfer by United Kingdom — Whether writ of habeas corpus could issue in United Kingdom

Treaties — Memorandum of Understanding — Whether binding — Relationship with binding provisions in treaty — The law of England

War and armed conflict — Detainees — Protected persons — Civilians — Prisoners of war — Transfer by Detaining Power to another State — Conditions of transfer — Geneva Conventions III and IV — Memoranda of Understanding — Whether Detaining Power entitled to require return of detainee — Applicant captured in Iraq in 2004 by United Kingdom — Transfer to United States custody — Applicant taken to Afghanistan — Whether sufficiently in control of United Kingdom authorities — Habeas corpus — United States authorities refusing to return applicant to United Kingdom

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Justiciability — Person detained by United States following transfer by United Kingdom — Whether writ of habeas corpus could issue in United Kingdom — Whether refusal of United States to return applicant making further proceedings futile — The law of England

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Immunity from enforcement — Contempt of court — Whether national court entitled to make order finding foreign State in contempt of court — Whether such order capable of being enforced — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act — The law of the United States