State responsibility — Acts and omissions of State organs — Members of the armed forces — Members of national armed forces serving with United Nations force — Negligent act of member of Austrian contingent causing loss to another member of Austrian contingent — Whether the responsibility of Austria — Whether negligent serviceman acting as an organ of Austria or of the United Nations

International organizations — United Nations — United Nations forces — Status of national contingents — Whether members of national contingents act as organs of the sending State or of the United Nations — United Nations Force in the Golan Heights — Agreement between the United Nations and the Republic of Austria concerning Service with the United Nations Forces in Cyprus, 1966 — Regulations issued by Secretary-General of the United Nations for the United Nations Forces in Cyprus, 1964 — The law of Austria

Human rights — Freedom of movement — Right to a passport — Austrian Habsburg Law restricting movement of members of the House of Habsburg — Whether applicable to Habsburgs born after enactment of the Law — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Protocol No. IV — Reservation by Austria concerning Habsburg Law

Nationality — Individuals — Expatriation — Exile of the House of Habsburg — Scope and application of Habsburg Law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Human rights principles — National legislation derogating from human rights principles to be construed restrictively

States — Austria — Austrian State Treaty — Requirement that Austria uphold Habsburg Law — Scope and extent — The law of Austria

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Criminal jurisdiction — Drugs imported by air — Point in time at which offence committed — Entry into territorial air space — Transit zone of international airport — Whether subject to jurisdiction of local courts

Territory — Air space — Whether bringing drugs into State’s air space constitutes importation into State — Extraterritoriality — Transit zone in international airport — Whether possessing extraterritorial status — The law of Austria

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Contract of employment — Embassy employee — Resident of receiving State employed as interpreter — Action for wrongful dismissal — Whether State entitled to immunity

States — Representation before foreign courts — Identification of State party — Action brought against embassy of State — Whether embassy possessing separate legal personality — Whether a sufficient identification of sending State as defendant

Diplomatic relations — Representation of sending State before courts of receiving State — Whether action naming embassy as defendant an action against sending State — The law of Austria

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Embassy bank account — Judgment creditor seeking to levy execution against foreign State by attachment of bank account — Principles of international law governing immunity of embassy funds from enforcement jurisdiction of receiving State — Whether execution permissible only if account used exclusively for non-sovereign purposes.

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Executive statements — Certificate of foreign embassy that funds in use for sovereign functions — Note issued by Ministry of Foreign Affairs that such funds not subject to attachment

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Embassy bank account — Account in use for meeting running expenses of embassy — Whether subject to execution in receiving State

Sources of international law — Judicial decisions — Decision of Federal German Constitutional Court as evidence of customary international law — The law of Austria

International organizations — Immunity — Representatives accredited to international organizations — UNESCO — Permanent representative — Jurisdictional immunity — Lease — Action for eviction — Whether representative entitled to immunity — Whether immunity extends to wife — France-UNESCO Headquarters Agreement, 1954, Article 18

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 31 — Service of documents on foreign diplomatic envoys — Non-compliance with requisite procedure — Sanction of nullity — The law of France

International organizations — officials — Dismissal of employee — Claim for damages for wrongful dismissal — Staff Regulations — Provisions concerning settlement of employment disputes — Recourse to municipal law — Jurisdiction of municipal courts — Immunity — France-International Institute of Refrigeration Headquarters Agreement, 1966 — Whether Institute entitled to immunity from jurisdiction

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation — Powers of municipal courts — Circumstances in which ministerial statement must be sought — The law of France

International organizations — Immunity — officials — UNESCO — Senior official — Jurisdictional immunity — Divorce proceedings — Whether official entitled to immunity — Whether immunity limited to acts performed in official capacity — France-UNESCO Headquarters Agreement, 1954, Article 19

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 31 and 32 — Procedural nature of claim to diplomatic immunity — The law of France

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Property of foreign State corporation — Employees of State-owned airline — Dismissal — Claim for damages — Conservatory attachment of civilian aircraft — Non-entitlement of airline to immunity from jurisdiction and execution — Whether operation of airline a purely commercial activity — The law of France

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Debt owed to foreign State — France-Iran agreements for construction and financing of enriched uranium plant and nuclear reactors — Loans made to French Atomic Energy Commission and other undertakings by Iran — Repudiation of agreements by Iran — Claim for compensation by companies involved — Whether companies entitled to attach funds representing loan repayments due to Iran — Whether such funds to be regarded as allocated for a specific purpose

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Commercial activities — Whether construction and financing of uranium plant and nuclear reactors a commercial activity

State immunity — Waiver — Agreement containing provision for International Chamber of Commerce arbitration — Whether amounting to waiver of immunity — The law of France

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Debt owed to foreign State corporation — Employee of corporation wrongfully dismissed — Award of damages — Whether debt owed to corporation may be attached to enforce award of damages — Debt incurred for supplies of natural gas — Whether necessary that funds be allocated for commercial activity on which claim is based — Burden of proof regarding allocation of funds — State corporation — Separate legal personality — Whether entitled to immunity — The law of France

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Public and commercial acts — Decision of Libyan court — Whether giving rise to action against Libya — Whether judicial decision given in commercial dispute an act of public power — State corporation — The law of France

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — State corporation — Contract for public works — State bank acting as guarantor — Action on bills of exchange — Whether bank entitled to jurisdictional immunity — The law of France

Human rights — Freedom of movement — Right to leave State of which one is a citizen — Right to passport — Refusal to renew passport based on non-payment of taxes — Whether violating fundamental right — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Protocol No. IV — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 12 — The law of France

Sea — High seas — Piracy — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958, Articles 15 and 19 — Acts committed for private ends — Violent action by environmental group to prevent discharge of noxious waste at sea — Exception to flag State jurisdiction

Jurisdiction — Personal — Piracy — Nationals on board foreign ship — Environment — Maritime — Discharge of noxious waste at sea — Action intended to alert public opinion to dangers — Use of violence to interfere with discharge operations — Jurisdiction of municipal courts — The law of Belgium

Aliens — Treatment — Access to consul — Whether alien possesses a right to have consul informed of his arrest — Whether failure to inform consul renders criminal proceedings a nullity

Consular relations — Position and functions of consul — Access to nationals under arrest — The law of Italy

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Recognition and enforcement of foreign laws — Expropriation legislation allegedly contrary to international law — Whether entitled to recognition in Italian courts — Public policy — Act of State doctrine — Whether Italian courts entitled to question compatibility of expropriation legislation with international law — “Pursuit actions” — Ownership of oil extracted from concession area after expropriation of concession — Ownership governed by lex rei sitae — Property in oil only acquired on extraction — Whether extraction pursuant to allegedly unlawful expropriation confers title

Expropriation — Compensation — Lack of effective compensation — Discrimination — Whether expropriation unlawful — Effect of unlawful expropriation — Whether a nullity — Whether ownership of expropriated property affected — Ownership of oil extracted from concession area after expropriation of concession — The law of Italy

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1947 — Extent to which implementing legislation incorporates provisions of Agreement into municipal law — Distinction between incomplete provisions and provisions granting rights and imposing obligations under municipal law — Whether subsequent legislation prevails over legislation implementing Agreement — Presumption that legislation not intended to derogate from international treaty obligations

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Whether conferring rights and imposing obligations upon individuals — The law of Italy

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exceptions — Foreign armed forces — Criminal jurisdiction of receiving State — Acts and omissions of foreign serviceman unconnected with official duties — Whether rule of customary international law that sending State has jurisdiction in such cases — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951, Article VII(3) — Waiver of jurisdictions by receiving State — Whether constitutional — The law of Italy

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over ports and national waters — Foreign vessel in port — Possession of drugs by crew member — Whether within jurisdiction of coastal State

Sea — Internal waters — Jurisdiction over crimes committed on board foreign ships — The law of Italy