The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to trial within a reasonable time — Delay in prosecution — Mental anguish caused — Whether sufficient to justify suspension of whole sentence — The law of Southern Rhodesia

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Application for recognition of refugee status — Article 1 F (c) of the Convention — Exclusion of application of Conventionto persons suspected of acting contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — The law of Austria

The individual in international law — In general — Position of individuals in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1 F (c) — Exclusion of application of Convention to persons suspected of acting contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Whether Convention requires conduct of individuals to conform to principles of United Nations Charter — The law of Austria

The individual in internationallaw — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Entitlement to status of — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1 F (c) — Exclusion of application of Convention to persons suspected of acting contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Whether convicted terrorist entitled to refugee status — The law of Austria

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Interpretation of the Charter of the United Nations Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 F (c) — Exclusion of application of Convention to persons suspected of acting contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Whether Convention requires conduct of individuals to conform to principles of the United Nations Charter — Convicted terrorist claiming refugee status — Whether bomb attacks contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Extent to which use ofarmed force in the common interest permissible under United Nations Charter — Extent of right of resistance to unjust regime under United Nations Charter — The law of Austria

The individual in international law — In general — Position of individuals in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1 F (c) — Exclusion of application of Convention to persons suspected of acting contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Whether Convention requires conduct of individuals to conform to principles of United Nations Charter — Convicted terrorist claiming refugee status — Bomb attacks carried out by Italian national in Italy to further autonomy claims of people of South Tyrol — Whether contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Extent to which use of armed force in the common interest permissible under United Nations Charter — Extent of right of resistance to unjust regime under United Nations Charter — The law of Austria

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive action or inaction — Acts of State officials allegedly in breach of prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment — State responsibility for unlawful acts — Whether acts a consequence of administrative practice — The law of Sri Lanka

Disputes — Other international courts — European Commission and Court of Human Rights — Protection of fundamental rights Whether functions of domestic court similar to those of European Court — Jurisprudence of Commission and Court considered — The law of Sri Lanka

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Article 11 of the Constitution — Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 3 — Whether functions of domestic court similar to those of European Court — State responsibility for unlawful acts of State officials — Whether alleged act a consequence of administrative practice — Evidence — Jurisprudence of European Convention organs — The law of Sri Lanka

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Reservations — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Reservation with regard to competence of United Nations Human Rights Committee to consider communication on a matter already considered by another international tribunal — Intention of — Application submitted to European Commission of Human Rights declared inadmissible — Whether admissible under Covenant and Optional Protocol

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — 0ptional Protocol — Procedure — Same case submitted to another human rights tribunal — Declared inadmissible — Reservation with regard to competence of Committee — Whether communication admissible

Disputes — Other international courts — European Commission of Human Rights — Application submitted and declared inadmissible — Whether ‘considered’ — Same case submitted under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and Optional Protocol thereto — Reservation with regard to competence of United Nations Human Rights Committee — Whether communication necessarily inadmissible under Covenant and Optional Protocol

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to fair trial — Allegation of degrading treatment — Application submitted to European Commission of Human Rights — Declared inadmissible — Whether application ‘considered’ — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Reservation with regard to competence of United Nations Human Rights Committee — Intention of reservation — Whether communication within competence of Committee — Whether application considered inadmissible under European Convention necessarily inadmissible under Covenant and Optional Protocol

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Allegations of inhuman treatment and torture — Arbitrary detention — Obligation to provide effective remedies — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Competence to consider communication from complainants abroad

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Competence to consider communication from complainants abroad — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention incommunicado — Whether conditions of detention amounted to inhuman treatment or torture — Continued detention after having served sentence — Continued detention after having signed document for provisional release — Whether arbitrary detention — Right to review of detention by a competent court — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Competence to consider communication from complainants abroad

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Allegations of arbitrary detention and imprisonment — Trial by military court — Habeas corpus not available — Situation of disturbed public order — Derogations from provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — United Nations Human Rights Committee

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Colombian Statute of Security — Whether unconstitutional — Situation of disturbed public order — Competence of United Nations Human Rights Committee — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement of — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Derogations — Situation ofdisturbed public order — United Nations Human Rights Committee

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to liberty and security of the person — Arbitrary detention — Right to review by a court of lawfulness of detention — Arbitrary imprisonment — Colombian Statute of Security — Whether unconstitutional — Right to fair and public trial within a reasonable time — Trial by military court — Heavier sentence than maximum penalty stipulated by Colombian Penal Law — Habeas corpus not available — Situation of disturbed public order — Derogations from provisions of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Canadian Parole Act 1970 — Criminal Law Amendment Act 1977 — Forfeiture of parole abolished — Right of offenders to benefit retroactively from change of law providing lighter penalty — Whether loss of parole a penalty — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 15(1) — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Whether applicant a victim

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Functions — Compatibility of national legislation with International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Whether Committee entitled to make hypothetical assessment of effects of national legislation

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Criminal offences — Parole — Right of offenders to benefit retroactively from change of law reducing penalty — Interpretation of term “penalty” — Whether only applicable to criminal offences — Whether including parole — Canadian Parole Act 1970 modified by Criminal Law Amendment Act 1977 — Whether new law automatically results in lighter penalty-International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 15(1) — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Whether applicant victim of breach of Covenant

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Allegations of torture and inhuman treatment — Failure to provide adequate machinery to challenge legality of arrest and detention — Right to be tried without undue delay — United Nations Human Rights Committee

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Detention under prompt security measures — Failure to provide adequate machinery to challenge legality of arrest and detention — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Communication to United Nations Human Rights Committee

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention under “prompt security measures” — Allegations of torture and inhuman treatment — Right to challenge legality of arrest and detention — Right to be brought before a judge and tried without undue delay — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Articles 9, 10 and 14 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Duty to take adequate measures to protect the life of detainees — Failure to provide adequate machinery to challenge legality of arrest and detention — Duty of State party to investigate allegations of violation — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party — Burden of proof — United Nations Human Rights Committee

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Proceedings before United Nations Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Effectiveness of remedies before military courts — Evidence

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive action or inaction — Duty to investigate allegations of violation of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party — Burden of proof — United Nations Human Rights Committee

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention incommunicado — Right to challenge legality of arrest and detention — Right to trial without undue delay — Right to be brought promptly before a judge — Duty to take adequate measures to protect life of detainee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Effectiveness of remedies before military courts — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Articles 6, 9 and 14 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party — Burden of proof — Duty of State party to investigate allegations of violations

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — Preliminary objection of non — exhaustion of domestic remedies — Estoppel — Reasonableness of length of proceedings — Assessment according to particular circumstances — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of established breach

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of established breach — Agreements between State party and applicants — Whether of an equitable nature — Claim for lawyer’s fees and expenses — Compensation for loss of employment

Disputes — Other international courts — European Commission of Human Rights — Ex officio examination of issue not specifically raised by applicants — Whether exceeding jurisdiction — Preliminary objections concerning complaints declared inadmissible by Commission — Whether within compass of case referred to European Court of Human Rights

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — Preliminary objections by State party — Ex officio examination of issue by European Commission of Human Rights — Whether exceeding jurisdiction — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Estoppel — Objections concerning complaints declared inadmissible by Commission — Whether within compass of case referred to European Court of Human Rights — Length of proceedings — Commencement and end of periods to be taken into account — Reasonableness of length of proceedings — Assessment according to particular circumstances — Complexity of case — Conduct of applicants — Conduct of authorities — Important characteristics of case to be taken into account

Article 50 — Breach of right to a hearing within a reasonable time established — Just satisfaction — Agreements between State party and two applicants — Whether of an equitable nature — Claim for lawyer’s fees and expenses — Compensation for loss of employment

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Complexity of case — Conduct of applicant and authorities — Article 50 — Just satisfaction

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Pecuniary and non — pecuniary damages — Legal costs — Reimbursement of travel and subsistence expenses

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Procedure — Preliminary objections — Stage at which to be raised — Estoppel — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6 (1) — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — Preliminary objections — Stage at which to be raised — Estoppel — Whether application substantially the same as previous inadmissible applications made by applicant — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether applicant a “victim” within meaning of Article 25 (1) — Whether prejudice relevant — Reasonableness of length of proceedings — Commencement and end of period to be taken into account — Complexity of the case — Conduct of applicant and authorities — Assessment by reference to successive stages of proceedings — Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Request for Court to recommend change in national penal code — Whether within scope of case — Pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages — Legal costs — Reimbursement of travel and subsistence expenses

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Right to a fair and public trial in proceedings relating to the determination of civil rights or of a criminal charge — Article 6(1) — Proceedings before disciplinary bodies of professional association — Imposition of sanctions — Whether within ambit of Article 6(1) — Prohibition of inhuman or degrading punishment — Object of sanctions — Whether State party in breach of guarantees of fair trial and freedom of association — Article 50 — Just satisfaction

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — Non — pecuniary damages — Causal links between established violation and alleged damage — Legal fees — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Relinquishment of jurisdiction of Chamber in favour of plenary Court — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6(1) — Right to a fair and public trial in proceedings relating to determination of civil rights or of a criminal charge — Proceedings before disciplinary bodies of professional association — Imposition of sanctions — Whether within ambit of Article 6(1) — Existence of a dispute (contestation) — Direct relationship between dispute and a right — Nature of the right — Whether a civil right — Impartiality of tribunal — Whether providing for public hearings and public pronouncements of decisions — Prohibition of inhuman or degrading punishment — Article 3 — Object of sanctions — Guarantees of fair trial — Article 6(2) and (3) (a), (b) and (d) — Freedom of association — Article 11 — European Court of Human Rights — Relinquishment of jurisdiction of Chamber in favour of plenary Court — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of Convention

Article 50 — Breach of right to public trial established — Just satisfaction — Non-pecuniary damage — Whether earlier judgment furnished reparation — Competence to direct State party to annul disciplinary sanctions and criminal sentences — Causal links between established violation and alleged damage — Reimbursement of legal costs

The individual in international law — Nationality — Naturalization — Conditions of eligibility for — Effect on eligibility of prior conviction for high treason committed against applicant's national State during Second World War — Naturalization likely to be detrimental to standing of naturalizing State abroad — Relevance of attitude of foreign public opinion — The law of Austria

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Reservations — Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954, Article 38 — Exercise of right to make reservations at time of signature of Convention — Declaration by State representative that Article 19 merely to be regarded as a recommendation — Effect of reservation in municipal law — The law of Italy

The individual in international law — Nationality — Statelessness — Exercise of medical profession — Restriction by municipal legislation to nationals and those benefiting from reciprocal agreements — Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954, Article 19 — Obligation to accord most favourable treatment to stateless persons — Reservation made at time of signature under Article 38 of Convention — Effect in municipal law — The law of Italy

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of Procedure of expulsion — Whether necessary to observe principles of natural justice before expulsion — The law of Guyana

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Procedure of expulsion — Whether necessary to observe principles of natural justice before expulsion — The law of Guyana

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1 — Definition of refugee — Objection on religious grounds to performing military service in Greece — No provision in Greek law for conscientious objection — Liability to long and successive periods of imprisonment — Whether such imprisonment amounting to ‘persecution’ — Whether such imprisonment ‘for reasons of religion’ — The law of England

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Articles 1 and 33 — ‘Country of first asylum’ — Ethiopian refugee staying in Somalia, Yemen and Kuwait and visiting Italy before arriving in the United Kingdom — Extension of leave to remain and permission to work denied — Whether appellant therefore obliged to return to Ethiopia — The law of England

The individual in internationallaw-Nationality — Statelessness Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954 Expulsion of stateless person on grounds of public order — Whether permissible — The law of England

The individual in international law — Nationality — Statelessness — Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954 — Expulsion of stateless person on grounds of public order — Whether permissible — The law of England

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954 — Article 31 — Expulsion of stateless person on grounds of public order — Decision to deport person for remaining in United Kingdom after expiry of permit and taking employment without permission — Whether expulsion ‘on grounds of public order’ — Lack of right of stateless person to remain permanently in Egypt — Whether deportation to Egypt permissible — The law of England

The individual in international law — Extradition — In general — Quantum of evidence necessary for allowing extradition — Test of evidence sufficient to justify committal for trial — Whether extradition judge concerned with credibility of witnesses and weight of evidence — Circumstantial evidence — Extradition Act 1970 — The law of Canada