State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol thereto — Article 5(2)(b) — Proceedings before United Nations Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether victim of alleged violation of Covenant required to exhaust remedies of an exceptional nature — Application for conditional release — Whether a remedy

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention incommunicado — Denial by authorities — Right to fair and public trial — Trial by military court — Accused not properly represented — Trial held in camera — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether accused required to exhaust remedies of an extraordinary nature — Application for conditional release — Whether a remedy — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — Intemational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — 0ptional Protocol — Proceedings before United Nations Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether victim of alleged violation of Covenant required to exhaust remedies of an exceptional nature — Appeal proceedings still in process — Whether unreasonably prolonged

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Entry into force — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Alleged violation beginning before entry into force of Covenant and Optional Protocol thereto — Continuing violation — United Nations Human Rights Committee

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention incommunicado — Allegations of torture and ill-treatment — Right to trial within a reasonable time — Trial by military court — Right to prepare defence and choose defence counsel — Forced confession — Exhaustion of local remedies — Whether accused required to exhaust remedies of an extraordinary nature — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Finnish Penal Code — Censorship of radio and television programmes dealing with homosexuality — Whether measures necessary for the protection of public morals — Margin of discretion for national authorities — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Whether entitled to review national legislation in general

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of expression and information — Censorship of radio and television programmes dealing with homosexuality — Finnish Penal Code — Whether measures necessary for the protection of public morals — Margin of discretion — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 19 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Whether entitled to review national legislation in general

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligation — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Canada — Parole Act 1970 — Forfeiture of parole subsequently abolished — Right of offenders to benefit retroactively from change of law providing lighter penalty — Whether loss of parole a penalty — Intemational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 15(1) — Optional Protocol — Communication submitted to United Nations Human Rights Committee

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 15(1) — Interpretation by United Nations Human Rights Committee — Whether terms have autonomous meaning — Meaning of term “penalty” dependent on text and object and purpose of provision

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms Criminal offences — Parole — Right of offenders to benefit retroactively from change of law reducing penalties — Interpretation of term ‘penalty’ — Whether including administrative and disciplinary penalties — Whether including parole — Whether author of communication has obtained benefit requested upon release on parole — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 15(1) — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Interpretation of Covenant — Principles and rules of interpretation — Whether terms of Covenant have autonomous meaning

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of established breach — Pecuniary and non — pecuniary loss — Costs and expenses incurred in establishing violation — Equitable assessment of quantum

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Proceedings for just satisfaction in respect of established breach of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether applicable — Undertaking from Government to annul sanctions sought — Whether within competence of the Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Violation of right to fair and public hearing established — Article 50 — Whether applicable — Just satisfaction — Injured party — Complete reparation — Undertaking from Government to annul disciplinary and penal sanctions sought — Whether within powers of the Court to order annulment — Whether sanctions consequences of breach — Pecuniary and non-pecuniary loss — Costs and expenses — Whether incurred in order to prevent violation or obtain redress thereof — Proceedings before domestic courts — Exhaustion of local remedies — Proceedings before Convention institutions — Equitable assessment

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of established breach — Reform of domestic law — Financial compensation — Legal costs

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50 — Proceedings for just satisfaction in respect of established breach — Financial compensation — Whether necessary — Domestic legal costs — Whether actually incurred by applicant

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Death of applicant — Whether claim survives for benefit of estate — Reform of domestic law through draft legislation — Financial compensation — Whether necessary — Domestic legal costs — Costs referable to proceedings before Convention institutions — Agreement between parties — Whether equitable

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of established breach — Pecuniary losses — Non — pecuniary losses — Legal costs actually and necessarily incurred in establishing violation — Whether including services of lawyers in addition to counsel

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50 — Proceedings for just satisfaction in respect of established breach — Costs and expenses actually and necessarily incurred in establishing breach — Quantum

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 11 — Violation of freedom of association established — Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Pecuniary losses — Non-pecuniary losses — Legal costs referable to proceedings before Convention institutions — Actually and necessarily incurred — Reasonable as to quantum — Whether including services of lawyers in addition to counsel

The individual in international law — Nationality — Option — Provision for acquisition of French nationality by declaration — Child taken in and raised by person of French nationality — Whether complete rupture of links with original parents required — Nationality Code, Article 55 — The law of France

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Provision for acquisition of French nationality by declaration — Child taken in and raised by person of French nationality — Whether complete rupture of links with original parents required — Nationality Code, Article 55 — The law of France

The individual in international law — Nationality — Loss of Whether loss of nationality may result from operation of international treaty in the absence of express renunciation — France — Tunisia Convention, 1955 — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Admission of — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — National of People's Republic of China fleeing to Hong Kong and establishing business — Travelling to United States and remaining there — Retaining business in Hong Kong — Application for visa to settle in United States as refugee — Whether eligible — Whether a person who, because of persecution or fear of persecution on account of race, religion or political opinion, fled from a Communist dominated country or area — Whether necessary to show that physical presence in United States was a consequence of flight in search of refuge — Relevance of whether applicant has been resettled elsewhere — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 7(2) — Exemption from legislative reciprocity — Agricultural leases — Whether refugees in France entitled to benefit from French agricultural tenancy legislation — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 16 — Access to courts — Assimilation of refugee to national of receiving State — France-Switzerland Judicial Convention, 1869 — Proper forum for divorce proceedings brought by Swiss national against refugee resident in France — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of Procedure — Right of alien to be heard — Exception of cases of absolute urgency — Alien serving prison sentence — Whether urgency of expulsion shown — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Whether including Algerian nationals resident in France — Procedure — Right of alien to be heard — Exception in cases of absolute urgency — Alien serving prison sentence — Whether urgency of expulsion shown — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 32 — Duty of Contracting States not to expel refugees lawfully in their territory save on grounds of public order or national security — Chinese nationals resident in Hong Kong entering United States as non-immigrant crewmen — Remaining in United States beyond authorized period — Whether lawfully in the territory — Whether refugees unlawfully in the territory of a Contracting State after period of residence in third country are protected by Article 31(2) — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Procedure — Right of alien to be heard — Whether applicable in cases of absolute urgency — Expulsion order — Whether valid if made while alien outside jurisdiction — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Denial of justice — Cancellation of residence permit by Minister — Natural justice — Right to a hearing — Refusal to disclose information upon which decision based — Privileged information in the interests of security of State — Whether Minister acted mala fides — The law of Lesotho

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Procedure — Cancellation of residence permit by Minister — Whether administrative or quasi-judicial function — Natural justice — Right to a hearing — Refusal to disclose information upon which decision based — Considerations of public safety — Information privileged in the interests of security of State — Whether Minister acted bona fide — Onus of proof — The law of Lesotho

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Treaty practice as evidence of — Extradition treaties — Later practice conflicting with earlier practice — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Extradition — In general Extradition treaty practice as evidence of customary international law — Whether extradition treaties limit right of contracting States to go beyond their treaty obligations — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Re — extradition to third State — Requirement of consent by requested State — Consent dependant on whether extradition for same offence admissible — Whether to be determined according to legal relations of requested State with requesting State or third State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Extradition — Miscellaneous — Re — extradition to third State — Requirement of consent by requested State — Consent dependant on whether extradition for same offence admissible — Whether to be determined according to legal relations of requested State with requesting State or third State — Whether any rule of customary international law — Extradition treaty practice as evidence of — Whether extradition treaties limit right of contracting States to go beyond their treaty obligations — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Foreign warrant — Alleged to be invalid — Whether permissible to adduce evidence in support of allegation — The law of Ireland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Miscellaneous — Evidence — Admissibility — Foreign warrant alleged to be invalid — Whether permissible to adduce evidence in support of allegation — Extradition Act 1965 — The law of Ireland

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Conditions for acquisition of status of — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 — Fear of persecution for political opinions — Determination of date at which refugee status acquired — Whether French Office for the Protection of Refugees has exclusive competence to grant such status — Competence of ordinary courts — The law of France

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Treaty as evidence of current practice in international law — Whether binding on non-ratifying State — Statement of executive as evidence of custom — The law of France

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — International convention signed but not yet ratified by State — Executive statement that convention embodies principles of customary international law — Whether courts should take notice of this statement — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of treaties on third parties — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Whether codification of existing international law — Whether binding on non-ratifying States as evidence of current practice — The law of France

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Envoy a national of receiving State — Action for eviction from private residence — Whether envoy entitled to immunity from jurisdiction — Immunity limited to acts performed in exercise of diplomatic functions — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 38(1) — Whether codification of existing international law — Whether Convention binding on non-ratifying States as evidence of current practice in international law — Statement of Executive as evidence of custom — The law of France