Human rights — Rights of women — Rights of the child — Religious and customary law — Minimum age for marriage of girls — Right to consent to marriage — Right to inheritance for women and children born out of wedlock — Right to non-discrimination for women and children — States’ obligation to eliminate traditional and cultural practices harmful to rights of women and children — Whether Mali’s Law No 2011-087 on Code of Persons and the Family violating international human rights instruments ratified by respondent State

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Human rights treaties — Articles 2(2), 6(a) and (b), and 21(2) of Protocol to African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, 2003 — Articles 1(3), 2, 3, 4 and 21 of African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 1990 — Articles 5(a), 16(1) (a) and (b) of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 — Malian law — Religious and customary law — Islamic law — Whether Mali’s Law No 2011-087 on Code of Persons and the Family violating international human rights instruments ratified by respondent State

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights — Material jurisdiction — Whether case relating to violation of human rights under African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981 — Admissibility of application — Exhaustion of local remedies — Whether application filed within reasonable time — Whether Court having jurisdiction to hear case

Human rights — Freedom of expression — Free speech — Journalists — Restriction of access to public information — Criminalization of defamation, sedition and insult — Torture and inhuman or degrading treatment — Unlawful and arbitrary detention — Living in exile — Whether Gambian laws violating rights of journalists

Treaties — Human rights treaties — Treaty obligations — Obligations under regional and international human rights treaties — Compliance of arrest and detention with treaty obligations — Compliance of Gambia’s libel, sedition and false news publication laws with its treaty obligations — African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981 — Revised Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States, 1993 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — Community Court of Justice of Economic Community of West African States — Non-applicability of exhaustion of domestic remedies — Statute of limitations — Interpretation of Article 9(3) Supplementary Protocol, 2005 — Whether statute of limitations applicable — Whether Community Court of Justice decisions affirming statutory limitation to be overruled — Whether Court having jurisdiction

Human rights — Treaties — Right to education — Right to equality and non-discrimination — Ban in Sierra Leone preventing pregnant girls from accessing mainstream schools — Whether violating international human rights obligations applicable to Sierra Leone — African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981 — African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 1990 — Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, 2003 — United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s Convention Against Discrimination in Education, 1960 — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979 — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 — Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 — Revised Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States, 1993

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — Locus standi — Whether non-governmental organization having capacity to sue on behalf of pregnant adolescent schoolgirls — Public interest — Whether criteria for public interest litigation met — Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States

State responsibility — Attribution — Acts of public officials — Minister of Education in Sierra Leone issuing statement — Statement preventing pregnant girls from accessing mainstream schools — Whether statement attributable to Sierra Leone — Whether violating Sierra Leone’s international legal obligations

Human rights — Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of sex — Right to private and family life — Armed forces — Parental leave — Female military personnel parental leave entitlement not extending to male military personnel — Whether refusal to grant applicant parental leave amounting to discrimination on grounds of sex — Gender stereotypes — Right of individual petition — Russian Government raising preliminary objections — Whether Russia violating Article 14 taken in conjunction with Article 8, and Article 34, of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Russian law — Entitlement to parental leave — Difference in treatment between military servicemen and servicewomen — Whether special circumstances for human rights — Whether safeguarding standards of protection under Convention of interest for other States Parties to Convention — Importance of issues raised — Gender stereotyping — National security

Human rights — Freedom of expression — Prohibition of discrimination — Sexual orientation — Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender issues — Applicants gay rights activists — Applicants fined for administrative offence in Russia of public activities aimed at promotion of homosexuality among minors — Existence of legislative ban in Russia on promotion of homosexuality or non-traditional sexual relations among minors — Whether Russian legislative provisions compatible with European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether legislative provisions violating applicants’ rights to freedom of expression — Whether interference with exercise of freedom of expression — Whether interference justified — Public morals — Public health — Rights of others — Whether legislative ban discriminatory — Whether respondent State violating Article 10, and Article 14 taken in conjunction with Article 10, of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Human rights — Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of sex — Right to private and family life — Domestic proceedings establishing liability for medical malpractice — Whether compensation awarded adequate — Applicability of Article 14 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 taken in conjunction with Article 8 — Gender equality — Stereotypes — Age discrimination — Physical disability — Private sexual life — Whether Portugal violating Article 14 read together with Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — United Nations Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1970 (“CEDAW”) — CEDAW Committee observations — Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, 2011 — United Nations Human Rights Council report — Judgment of Portuguese court — Liability for medical malpractice and adequate compensation — Reasoning of court — Gender-based stereotyping — Whether Portugal violating Article 14 read together with Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Damages — Compensation — Non-pecuniary damage — Pecuniary damages — Medical malpractice — Applicant suffering physical injury following operation — Judgment of Portuguese court — Compensation awarded reduced — Reasoning of court — Gender stereotyping — Whether discriminatory — Appropriate compensation

Human rights — Gender identity — Rights of same-sex couples — State obligations concerning recognition of gender identity and rights of same-sex couples — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Right to equality and non-discrimination of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons — Article 1(1) of American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Whether sexual orientation and gender identity protected categories under Article 1(1) — Right to gender identity — Right to a name — Whether States under obligation to facilitate name change based on gender identity — Whether failure to establish administrative procedures for name change violating American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Whether name change procedure under Article 54 of Civil Code of Costa Rica complying with American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Right to equality and non-discrimination — Right to protection of private and family life — Right to family — Whether States obliged to recognize patrimonial rights arising from a same-sex relationship — Whether States required to establish legal institution to regulate same-sex relationships

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Advisory jurisdiction — Whether advisory jurisdiction restricted by related petitions before Inter-American Commission on Human Rights — Admissibility — Whether request meeting formal and substantive requirements — Whether Court having jurisdiction

Human rights — Women’s rights — Elimination of discrimination against women — Sexual orientation — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Due diligence obligations — Obligation to investigate — Requirement of prompt and impartial investigation — Protection of lesbian women from violence — Gender stereotypes — Committee case law and general recommendations — Remedies — Whether Russian Federation violating Articles 1, 2 and 5 of United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979

International tribunals — Jurisdiction and admissibility — United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women — Local remedies rule — Application in light of time bar under national law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Judgments of European Court of Human Rights — Execution of judgments of European Court of Human Rights — Russian judgments — Whether European Court of Human Rights’ judgments providing grounds for reconsideration of decision in a civil case where opposing decision of Constitutional Court existing — Russian law — Article 392(4) of Russian Civil Procedure Code — The law of the Russian Federation

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Role of European Court of Human Rights — Judgments of European Court of Human Rights and Russian Constitutional Court — Whether interdependent — Resolution in case of conflicting judgments — Supremacy of Russian law — Russian Constitution — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — International instruments — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Rights and duties — Rights of freedom of expression — Restrictions on rights — Whether necessary in democratic society — Public health and morals — Moral values — Relevance — Russian Constitution — Article 15(4) of Constitution — International law an integral part of Russian legal system — Implementation of international provisions — Constitutional recognition of traditional family values in Russian society — Respect for dignity of others and Russian morality — Prohibition of propaganda arousing hatred — Article 29(2) of Russian Constitution — Traditional family values in Russian society — Role of family — Russia’s legislative approach — Whether conforming with Russian Constitution — Whether contradicting International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 or European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, 2007 — Rights of children — Traditional family values in Russian society — Russian Constitution — Protection of children from sexual exploitation and abuse — Dissemination of information related to sexual self-determination — Whether information damaging to health and development of children — Whether Russia obliged to create conditions for propaganda, support and recognition of same sex union under Constitution or international law — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

International tribunals — European Court of Human Rights — Jurisdiction — Whether Court having competence to review conformity of Russian legislation with European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Constitutional requirement to exhaust domestic remedies before appealing to interstate bodies for human rights protection — Article 46 of Russian Constitution — Judgments of European Court of Human Rights and Russian Constitutional Court — Whether interdependent — Resolution in case of conflicting judgments — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

Human rights — Prohibition on discrimination — Equality of all persons — Human dignity — Right to private life — Freedom of speech — Sexual self-determination — Sexual discrimination — Right to disseminate information related to sexual self-determination — Whether exercise of right violating rights of others — Rights of minors — Balancing of rights — Moral values — Relevance — Whether public activity unconditionally lawful under Russian Constitution — Approach under international instruments — Duties and restrictions — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Articles 13, 17, 19, 29 and 55 of Russian Constitution — Traditional family values in Russian society — Role of family — Russia’s legislative approach — Whether conforming to Russian Constitution — Whether contradicting International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 or European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

Human rights — Rights of children — Traditional family values in Russian society — Russian Constitution — Protection of children from sexual exploitation and abuse — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, 2007 — Dissemination of information related to sexual self-determination — Whether information damaging to health and development of children — Whether Russia obliged to create conditions for propaganda, support and recognition of same sex union under Constitution or international law — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution — The law of the Russian Federation

Human rights — Rights of women in Northern Ireland — Pregnant women and girls — Autonomy and bodily integrity — Right to respect for private and family life — Rights of persons with disabilities — Right not to be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Abortion law in Northern Ireland — Prohibition on abortion in cases of serious malformation of foetus, rape and incest — Balancing of rights — Whether moral and political issues relevant — Role of courts and Parliament — Whether abortion law incompatible with Articles 3 and 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether declaration of incompatibility should be made

Human rights — Right to respect for private and family life — Qualified right — Abortion law in Northern Ireland — Prohibition on abortion in cases of serious malformation of foetus, rape and incest — Interference with right to respect for private and family life under Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether interference justified — Whether interference prescribed by law — Whether having legitimate aim — Whether necessary in democratic society — Whether proportionate — In case of fatal foetal abnormality — In case of rape — In case of incest — In case of serious foetal abnormality — Balancing of rights — European Court of Human Rights — Margin of appreciation accorded to United Kingdom represented by Northern Ireland Assembly — Whether legislative situation in Northern Ireland tenable — Role of legislature and courts — Whether Northern Ireland abortion law incompatible with Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether declaration of incompatibility should be made

Human rights — Rights of persons with disabilities — Treaties — United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006 — Northern Ireland abortion law prohibiting abortion in cases of serious malformation of the foetus — Foetus having potential to develop into child with disability in cases of serious foetal abnormality — Value of life with and without disability — Whether life having equal worth — United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recommending States amend abortion laws so as to value equally the life of a person with disabilities — Whether Northern Ireland abortion law disproportionate in cases of serious foetal abnormality — Whether abortion law in Northern Ireland incompatible with Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether declaration of incompatibility should be made

Human rights — Right not to be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Rights of girls and women in Northern Ireland pregnant with foetuses with fatal abnormality or due to rape or incest — Article 3 absolute right — Effect on victim — Whether mothers continuing against their will with fatal foetal abnormality pregnancies or pregnancies due to rape or incest, or having to travel to England for an abortion, likely to suffer inhuman and degrading treatment — Whether any ill-treatment under Article 3 reaching minimum level of severity — Obligations owed by the State under Article 3 of European Convention — Vulnerability of women — Personal autonomy — Whether abortion law in Northern Ireland incompatible with Article 3 of European Convention — Whether declaration of incompatibility should be made

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Implementation — Interpretation — Effect in domestic law — International treaties to which United Kingdom a party — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Human Rights Act 1998 — United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 — United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006 — Whether moral and political issues relevant — Balancing of rights — Northern Ireland abortion law interfering with right under Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether interference justified — Whether prescribed by law — Whether having legitimate aim — Whether necessary in democratic society — Whether proportionate — Relevance of moral and political views — Role of courts and Parliament in abortion debate — Whether pregnant women and girls subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment — Whether reaching minimum level of severity for breach of Article 3 of European Convention — Whether Northern Ireland abortion law incompatible with Articles 3 and 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 Convention — Whether declaration of incompatibility should be made

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Effect in domestic law — Abortion law in Northern Ireland — Sections 58 and 59 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 — Section 25(1) of the Criminal Justice Act (NI) 1945 — Right to respect for private and family life — Right not to be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Whether abortion law in Northern Ireland incompatible with Article 8 of European Convention — Balancing of rights — Whether abortion law justified — Whether moral and political values relevant — Margin of appreciation accorded to States by European Court of Human Rights — Whether abortion law in Northern Ireland incompatible with Articles 3 and 8 of European Convention — Whether declaration of incompatibility should be made

Treaties — Interpretation — Implementation — Application — Effect in domestic law — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Interpreting European Convention in light of other international treaties to which United Kingdom a party — United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 — United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006 — Relevance of unincorporated international treaties when applying European Convention via Human Rights Act 1998 — The law of the United Kingdom