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Farmers' strategies of insect pest and disease management in small-scale bean production systems in Mgeta, Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

R.A. Mohamed
Affiliation:
Department of Crop Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3005, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
J.M. Teri
Affiliation:
Department of Crop Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3005, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Abstract

Insect pests and plant diseases are among the main factors limiting bean production in Tanzania. A survey of methods of pest and disease management in small-scale bean production systems was carried out in Mgeta Division.

The results revealed that small-scale farmers are well informed of the major insect pests limiting bean production. The farmers know the type of damage caused by most insect species and the time of their occurrence. Although farmers are not aware of the pathogens affecting their crops, they can distinguish damage caused by insects from those due to diseases. Farmers are also aware that diseases are associated with environmental factors which influence disease development.

Farmers use both deliberate practices and incidental practices to manage insect pests and diseases.

The most frequently used deliberate practice is avoidance. Choice of growing season and date of planting are observed closely as a means of avoiding diseases. Although beans are cultivated in both growing seasons (September–December and February–May), the first season is the best for growing beans. Rains are not very heavy, but reliable and well distributed, and the season does not end up with low temperatures and high humidity which favour development of fungal diseases. Planting commences as soon as the rains start because early planted crops suffer less from pests. Farmers do not use purchased inputs in the form of fertilizer and pesticides. Larger insects are killed mechanically.

Incidental control takes place in the form of a number of cultural practices. Intercropping with maize, potatoes, cowpeas, pigeon peas, cassava or sorghum is normal and reduces the risk of crop failure. Terracing, where crop residues and weeds are buried under soil, reduces the amount of initial inoculum of certain pathogens. Farmers use a mixture of seeds of different cultivars deliberately, some high yielding and early maturing; and some late maturing, thus ensuring the farmer of food early in the season and beans as a cash crop later. Such variety mixtures appear to provide a buffer against pests and diseases.

A breeding strategy should be developed for variety mixtures instead of pure line varieties as the productivity of pure varieties in most cases is associated with the use of purchased inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides which are beyond the reach of small-scale farmers. Variety mixtures have a greater efficiency in using environmental resources, and are less affected by pests and diseases, and thus give higher yields than pure varieties.

Résumé

Les ravageurs et les maladies des plantes sont parmis les principaux facteurs limitant la production des haricots en Tanzanie. Une etude sur les methodes de gestion des ravageurs et les maladies des haricots fut effectuée dans la division de Mgeta sur des petites unites de production. Les resultats obtenus demontrent que les paysans etaient très bien informés sur les principaux ravageurs limitant la production des haricots. Les paysans connaissaient le genre des dommages causés par la plupart des insectes et la periode pendant laquelle ils apparaissaient. Bien que les paysans ne connaissent pas les pathogenes affectants leur culture, ils etaient capable de distinguer entre les dommages causés par les ravageurs ou les maladies. Les paysans savaient que les maladies sont associeés à des facteurs dependant de l'environement qui peuvent influencer le cours de la maladie. Les paysans utilisaient des pratiques culturales variees pour controler les ravageurs et les maladies. Le choix de la saison pour cultivér et la date pour planter furent observes comme moyen d'eviter les maladies. Bien que les haricots sont cultivés pendant les deux saisons (Septembre-Decembre), et Fevrier-Mai, la première saison est la meilleure pour cultivée les haricots. Les pluies ne sont pas abondantes mais bien distribueés et la saison ne se termine pas avec des basses temperatures et une humiditè elevée, deux facteurs qui favorissent le developpement des champignons venereux. La plantation commence des le debut des pluies parceque les cultures plantées très tôt souffrent moins de l'attaque des ravageurs. Les paysans n'utilisent pas les insecticides. Les insectes grand taille furent tués mechaniquement. Les pratiques culturales jouent un role important dans la lutte contre les ravageurs. Les variations des cultures de haricots sur un méme champs avec du mais, de la pomme de terre, des pois, du manioc ou du sorgho sont tout a fait normales et reduissent le risque de perte des recoltes. La construction des terrasses et le defrichement de la terre avec le reste des recoltes etc. reduissent la quantitè de l'inoculum de certains pathogenes. Les paysans utilisaient un melange de graines de differents cultivars, qui peuvent donner un rendement eleve poussant vite et d'autres qui poussent lentement. Grâce à cette methode les paysans peuvent s'assurer de recoltes d'haricots pour leur propre consomation au debut de la saison et pour la vente. Ce melange de variètés jouent le role de tampon entre les ravageur et les maladies. Un strategie pour l'amelioration des melanges de varietes doit etre developper parceque les varietes derivant de la meme lignée necessitent pour une bonne production des angrais et les insecticides qui sont tres chers pour le paysan. Le melange des variètés a un effet efficace sur les ravageurs et les maladies et peut donner un rendement plus elèvé comparé aux variètés pures.

Type
Special Section: Pest Management and the African Farmer
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1989

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References

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