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“THE WETLAND IS DISAPPEARING”: CONSERVATION AND CARE ON TURKEY'S KIZILIRMAK DELTA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2018

Caterina Scaramelli
Caterina Scaramelli*
Affiliation:
Caterina Scaramelli is a Robert’ 57 Keiter Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Anthropology and in the Centre for Humanistic Inquiry, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.; e-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

This article analyzes the transformation of the Kızılırmak Delta on the Black Sea coast of Turkey into a Turkish wetland. This production involved the transformation of international categories of wetlands into national imaginaries, as well as the material remaking of landscapes themselves. Population and agro-economic shifts concurrent to the formation of the Turkish nation-state transformed the delta into an agricultural landscape, and subsequently into a contested conservation area whose use is informed by changing Turkish and international notions of wetlands. I focus on the situated, local processes and practices through which wetlands are produced and become relevant to different social groups as subjects of scientific knowledge and environmental imaginations. These, I argue, have rendered the wetland an open-air laboratory and an object of care for environmental advocates, scientists, and residents.

Keywords

anthropologycareconservationenvironmentTurkeywater
Type
Article
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 50 , Special Issue 3: Environment and Society in the Middle East and North Africa , August 2018 , pp. 405 - 425
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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References

NOTES

Author's note: I am grateful to Benjamin Siegel, Chris Walley, Stefan Helmreich, Tessa Farmer, Jessica Barnes, members of the Middle East Environmental Worlds working group, and the anonymous peer reviewers for their help in refining my arguments. Earlier drafts were presented at the 2016 Rethinking Middle East Environment workshop, the 2016 Conservation workshop at the Center for Humanistic Inquiry, Amherst College, and the 2017 Ecological History in Asia conference at the Yale Council on East Asian Studies. I thank all of the workshop participants for their generous comments. Research was made possible thanks to grants from the Social Science Research Council, the Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, and the National Science Foundation (1429914).

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2 Elsewhere, I have written on scientific sense making as embodied, and have connected such care practices to the notion of “livable natures” to point to the mutual constitutions of notions and practices of place, livelihood, and ecology. See Scaramelli, Caterina “Making Sense of Water Quality: Multispecies Encounters on the Mystic River,” Worldviews 17 (2013): 150–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Scaramelli, Swamps into Wetlands: Making Livable Nature in Turkey (PhD diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016).

3 Ethnographic research was conducted in Turkish; all translations in this article are mine.

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29 These histories came up frequently in interviews I conducted with residents of delta villages between 2012 and 2015. See also Yılmaz, Bafra Ovası.

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34 For a detailed account, see Scaramelli, Swamps into Wetlands.

35 IUCN, ICBP, and IWRB, Proceedings of a Technical Meeting on Wetland Conservation, Ankara-Bursa-Istanbul, 9 to 16 October 1967 (Morges, Switzerland: IUCN Publications, 1968).

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37 IUCN, ICBP, and IWRB, Proceedings of a Technical Meeting, 52.

38 Ibid., 51.

39 The Kızılırmak Delta (Ankara: General Directorate of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Environment, Republic of Turkey, 1998).

40 Özesmi, Conservation Strategies.

41 Kızılırmak Deltası (Ankara: Turkish Republic Ministry of Environment, 1998), 10.

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43 No. 25818, revised on 17 May 2005, and in April 2014

44 The conferences took place in Bursa (2009), Kirşehir (2011), and Samsun (2013).

45 Yeniyürt et al., Kızılırmak Deltası.

46 The word longoz, meaning “swamp forest” in Turkish, is of Greek origins; Csató, Éva Ágnes, Isaksson, Bo, and Jahani, Carina, Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic (London: Routledge, 2005), 338Google Scholar. Its synonym, su basan, means, literally, “that which steps in water.”

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53 Educators at the “wetland school” sought to instill in the students a sense of care embodied in place, as the basis for acquiring and transmitting knowledge of the delta. For a report and evaluation of a later edition of the school, see Ali Kemal Ayan, Yeliz Genç Bekiroğlu, and Ahmet Dürüst, eds., Kızılırmak Deltasında Bilim Işığında Doğa Okulu (Samsun, Turkey: 2016).

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