The Concepts of Religion and Government in the Thought of Mîrzâ Âqâ Khân Kirmânî, a Ninteenth-Century Persian Revolutionary

Mangol Bayat Philipp

doi:10.1017/S0020743800025502

The Concepts of Religion and Government in the Thought of Mîrzâ Âqâ Khân Kirmânî, a Ninteenth-Century Persian Revolutionary

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 January 2009

Mangol Bayat Philipp

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Mangol Bayat Philipp: Affiliation:
Pahlavi UniversityShiraz

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Throughout the history of Iran, a country where religion has been a predominant element in the life of its inhabitants, spiritual restlessness and social malaise expressed themselves in various revolts which were religious in character. From pre–Islamic Iran to nineteenth–century Babism a series of radical sects, considered as heretical and consequently ruthlessly suppressed by the ruling authorities, came into being.

Type: Articles
Information: International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 5 , Issue 4 , September 1974 , pp. 381 - 400

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800025502 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974

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^{page 381 note 1} Among the numerous books and articles on this subject see the following. Keddie, Nikki R.: An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamâl ad–Dîn ‘al-Afghânî’ (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1968);Google ScholarSayyid Jamâl ad–Dîn ‘al-Afghânî’: A Political Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1972); ‘Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. IV, no. 3 (April 1962).Google ScholarKedourie, Elie, Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam (London, 1966).Google ScholarPakdaman, Homa, Jamal ed–Din Assad Abadi dit Afghani (Paris, 1969).Google ScholarVasiqi, Sadr, Sayyid Jamâl ad-Dîn Husaynî: Pâyaquzâr-i Nuhzathâ-yi Islâmî (Tehran, 1348).Google Scholar

^{page 381 note 2} Adamîyyat, Faraydûn, Fikr-i Âzâdî (Tehran, 1340).Google ScholarRabî'zâda, Hâshim, Kulliyât-i Malkam KhÂn (Tehran, 1325).Google ScholarTabâtabâ'î, Muhît, Majmû'a-yi âthâr-i Mîrzâ Malkam KhÂn (Tehran, 1327).Google ScholarAlgar, Hamid, Mîrzâ Malkum KhÂn: A Study in the History of Iranian Modernism (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1973).Google Scholar

^{page 381 note 3} The only comprehensive Persian work on him is Adamîyyat's, Faraydûn, Andishahâ-yi Mîrzâ Âqâ KhÂn Kirmânî (Tehran, 1967).Google Scholar

^{page 382 note 1} For a more detailed analysis of Kirmânî's nationalist and revolutionary ideas see my article in Middle Eastern Studies, vol. x, no. 1 (1974), pp. 36–59, and my unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Mirza Aqa Khan Kirmani: a nineteenth century Persian revolutionary thinker (University of California, Los Angeles, 1971).Google Scholar

^{page 384 note 1} Takvîn va Tashrî'.Google Scholar

^{page 384 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 385 note 1} Sa Maktûb, p. 90.Google Scholar

^{page 385 note 2} Ibid. p. 99.

^{page 385 note 3} Takvîn va Tashrî'.Google Scholar

^{page 385 note 4} Sad Khitâba, letter no. 22.Google Scholar

^{page 385 note 5} Hikmat-i Nazarî.Google Scholar

^{page 385 note 6} Sad Khitâba, letter no. 24.Google Scholar

^{page 385 note 7} Hasht Bihisht, p. 154, and Sa Maktûb, pp. 98–9.Google Scholar

^{page 385 note 8} Barzun, Jacques, Darwin, Marx, Wagner: Critique of a Heritage, 2nd ed. (New York, 1958), p. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 386 note 1} Sad Khitâba, letter nos. 6, 7, 8, and Takvîn va Tashrî'.Google Scholar

^{page 386 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 386 note 3} Ibid. no. 32, and in Sa Maktûb, p. 96.

^{page 386 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 387 note 1} Sa Maktûb, p. 36.Google Scholar

^{page 387 note 2} Ibid. p. 104.

^{page 387 note 3} Sad Khitâba, no. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 387 note 4} Ibid. no. 13.

^{page 387 note 5} Ibid.

^{page 387 note 6} Ibid. no. 10.

^{page 388 note 1} Hasht Bihisht, p. 148.Google Scholar

^{page 388 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 388 note 3} Sad Khitâba, no. 17.Google Scholar

^{page 389 note 1} Ibid.

^{page 389 note 2} Ibid. no. 32.

^{page 389 note 3} Ibid. no. 18.

^{page 389 note 4} Sa Maktûb, p. 103.Google Scholar

^{page 389 note 5} Ibid. pp. 106–7.

^{page 389 note 6} Hikmat-i Nazarî.Google Scholar

^{page 389 note 7} Sa Maktûb, p. 24.Google Scholar

^{page 390 note 1} Ibid. p. 61.

^{page 390 note 2} Sad Khitâba, no. 25.Google Scholar

^{page 390 note 3} Risâla-yi Inshâ'allâh mashâ'allâh, p. 24.Google Scholar

^{page 390 note 4} Sa Maktûb, p. 36.Google Scholar

^{page 390 note 5} Qahva KhÂna-yi Sûrat, p. 19.Google Scholar

^{page 391 note 1} Ibid. p. 20.

^{page 391 note 2} Ibid. p. 22.

^{page 391 note 3} Ibid. p. 33.

^{page 391 note 4} Ibid. p. 34.

^{page 391 note 5} Ibid.

^{page 391 note 6} Ibid.

^{page 392 note 1} Sad Khitâba, no. 11.Google Scholar

^{page 392 note 2} Ibid. no. 12.

^{page 392 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 392 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 393 note 1} Ibid.

^{page 393 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 393 note 3} Takvîn va Tashrî'.

^{page 394 note 1} Hikmat-i Nazarî.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 394 note 3} Sad Khitâba, no. 25.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 4} Ibid. no. 32.

^{page 394 note 5} Ibid. no. 7.

^{page 394 note 6} Sa Maktûb, p. 74.Google Scholar

^{page 395 note 1} Hikmat-i Nazarî.Google Scholar

^{page 396 note 1} Takvîn va Tashrî'.Google Scholar

^{page 397 note 1} Quoted in Browne, E. G., The Persian Revolution of 1905–1909 (Cambridge,1910), p. 413.Google Scholar

^{page 397 note 2} Hasht Bihisht, p. 145.Google Scholar

^{page 397 note 3} Ibid. pp. 162–4.

^{page 397 note 4} Ibid. p. 150.

^{page 397 note 5} Ibid. p. 151.

^{page 398 note 1} Hikmat-i Nazarî.Google Scholar

^{page 398 note 2} Takvîn va Tashrî'.Google Scholar

^{page 398 note 3} Ibid. p. 106.

^{page 398 note 4} Sad Kh;itâba, no. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 398 note 5} Hasht Bihisht, p. 159.Google Scholar

^{page 398 note 6} Tahvîn va Tashrî'.Google Scholar

^{page 399 note 1} Ibid. p. 116.

^{page 399 note 2} Ibid.

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The Concepts of Religion and Government in the Thought of Mîrzâ Âqâ Khân Kirmânî, a Ninteenth-Century Persian Revolutionary

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