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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 May 2018
Events since 2011 replaced earlier discussions about authoritarian stability in the Middle East with new ones about the meaning of democracy and the nature of revolution. The experiences and debates of Egyptians in the last six years also raise important questions around citizenship and the nature of political community. Just as there have not always been nation-states, there have not always been feelings of membership, identification, and activity associated with them. Citizenship and political community are frequently discussed in relation to secularism and religion and relative to an argument that the affective claims of Islam are incompatible with the modern presumptively secular state. I argue, however, that the shoring up—or disintegration—of nationalism and citizenship are shaped by the imagination of everyday individuals and state elites.
1 Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991).Google Scholar
2 Ibid., 7.
3 Nussbaum, Martha C., Upheavals of Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4 David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, book 2, Of the Passions, pt. 3, “Of the Will and Direct Passions,” sec. 3, “Of the Influencing Motives of the Will” (1738–40).
5 Ibid., 201–2.
6 Ibid., 346–49.
7 Ibid., 350.
8 Nussbaum's lengthy discussion of compassion constitutes part 2 of Upheavals of Thought.
9 “A Tragedy of Failures and False Expectations” (report by the Forced Migration Studies and Refugee Studies Program, American University in Cairo, 8 June 2006), accessed 7 December 2017, http://schools.aucegypt.edu/GAPP/cmrs/reports/Documents/Report_Edited_v.pdf.
10 See Assad Salih, “Sudanese Demonstration in Cairo: Different Stands and Opinions” (paper presented to the 4th Annual Forced Migration and Postgraduate Student Conference, University of East London, 18–19 March 2006); Abeer Allam and Michael Slackman, “23 Sudanese Die as Egypt Clears Migrants’ Camp,” New York Times, 31 December 2005, accessed 7 December 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/world/africa/23-sudanese-die-as-egypt-clears-migrants-camp.html; and Brian Whitaker, “20 Killed as Egyptian Police Evict Sudanese Protesters,” The Guardian, 30 December 2005, accessed 7 December 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/dec/31/sudan.brianwhitaker.
11 Giri, Minal, “On Contagion: Sudanese Refugees, HIV/AIDS, and the Social Order in Egypt,” Égypte/Monde arabe 4 (2007): 179–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
12 Granovetter, Mark, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78 (1973): 1360–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar