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Egyptian Responses to the Palestine Problem in the Interwar Period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

James Jankowski
James Jankowski
Affiliation:
University of Colorado at Boulder
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Extract

As far as I am concerned I remember that the first elements of Arab consciousness began to filter into my mind as a student in secondary schools, wherfrom I went out with my fellow schoolboys on strike on December 2nd [sic] of every year as a protest against the Balfour declaration whereby England gave the Jews a national home usurped unjustlu from its legal owners.

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Articles
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , August 1980 , pp. 1 - 38
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

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References

Notes

* The research upon which this article is based was undertaken with financial assistance provided by the American Research Center in Egypt and the Council on Research and Creative Work of the University of Colorado. I wish to express my thanks to both organizations.

1 Gamal, Abdel Nasser, The Philosophy of the Revolution (Buffalo, New York, 1959), pp. 62–63.Google Scholar

2 See the discussion of these trends in Vatikiotis, P. J., The Modern History of Egypt (New York, 1969), ch. 13, “The Attack Upon Tradition.”Google Scholar

3 This subject is analyzed well in David, Semah, Four Egyptian Literary Critics (Leiden, 1974), ch. 7, “Haykal and ‘National Literature’.”Google Scholar

4 The distinctly unIslamic and Pharaonically-inspired work of the sculptor Mahmūd Mukhtar, such as his “The Revival of Egypt” (“Nahdat Misr”) portraying a sphinx-like figure of massive solidity alongside a woman dressed in peasant garb which now stands at the entrance to Cairo University, is perhaps the most prominent example of Pharaonic trends in the visual arts in the inter- war period.

5 This is discussed in Nadav, Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1961), pp. 143–147;Google Scholar and more fully in Muhammad, Muhammad susayn, al-Ittijahat al-Wataniyya fi al-Adab al-Mu'asir (two vol.; Alexandria, 1956, 1959), 11, pp. 132–144.Google Scholar

6 On the impact of such visits, see Anis, sayigh, al-Fikra al-'Arabiyya fi Misr (Beirut, 1959), p. 177;Google ScholarHurewitz, J. C., The Struggle for Palestine (New York, 1950), p. 58;Google ScholarPorath, Y., The Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement, 1918–1929 (London, 1974), pp. 263–264.Google Scholar

7 For a listing of some of these, see sayigh, , al Fikra al-'Arabiyya fi Misr, pp. 175–176.Google Scholar

8 The quotation is from the diary of the Zionist official Frederick Kisch, reporting on a conversation he had in Egypt with sasan sabri in 1924; Frederick, Kisch, Palestine Diary (London, 1938), p. 109.Google Scholar On the 1923 fundraising drive, see Ahmad, Shafiq, Mudhakkirati fi Nisf Qarn (three vol.; Cairo, n.d.), III, pp. 305–307Google ScholarPorath, , Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement, p. 206.Google Scholar

9 Ahmad, Shafiq, sawliyyat Misr al-Siyasiyya, 1926 (Cairo, 1929), pp. 38–39.Google Scholar

10 E.g., the quite sympathetic account of the fifteenth Zionist Congress in al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, which delivered the judgement on Zionism that, “provided the leaders of the nation [al-qawm] are steadfast in clinging to their desires, it is inevitable that these will be achieved” (“al-sihyūniyya wa amaluha,” “Zionism and Its Hopes,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, no. 8, (09 24, 1927), p. 24); or the same journal's publishing of an article by the American Zionist leader Abba Hillel Silver (“al-Mathal al-A'la lil-Shu'ūb wal-Diyanat: sulm Jamil Hal Yuhqqiqu?,” “The High Example for Peoples and Religions: A Beautiful Dream [But] Can It Be Achieved?,”Google ScholarIbid.., no. 153 (Feb. 9, 1929), p. 10).

11 Kisch, , Palestine Diary, pp. 67, 09–110, 118–119, 167;Google ScholarAharon, Cohen, Israel and the Arab World (New York, 1970), pp. 245–246.Google Scholar

12 Ibid.., p. 245. By the end of the 1920s, however, Zaki's views on Zionism had become more hostile; see Anwar, al-Jindi, Ahmad Zaki, al-Mulaqqab bi-Shaykh al-'Urūba (Cairo, 1964), pp. 141–143, 246–251.Google Scholar

13 For a detailed contemporary discussion of the disturbances themselves, see Arnold, J. Toynbee, Survey of International Affairs, 1930 (London, 1931), pp. 222–304.Google Scholar

14 Al-Ahram, 09 1, 1929, p. 5;Google ScholarMajallat al-Rabita al-Sharqiyya, 11 15, 1929, pp. 2–7;Google ScholarIbid.., Dec. 1, 1929, pp. 46–48; Ibid.., May 15, 1930, pp. 53–54.

15 Al-Ahram, 08 24, 1929, p. 1;Google ScholarIbid.., Aug. 27, 1929, p. 5; Ibid.., Sept. 3, 1929, p. 1; Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, 1 (1929–1930), pp. 73–79, 148–150, 211–213, 643, 733.Google Scholar

16 Ibid.., p. 880.

17 Al-A hram, 08 27, 1929, p. 5;Google ScholarIbid.., Aug. 30, 1929, p. 5.

18 Ibid.., Aug. 27, 1929, p. 5; Ibid.., Aug. 31, 1929, p. 4; al-Siyasa, Aug. 27, 1929, p. 5; Ibid.., Aug. 30, 1929, p. 5; al-Ahram, 09 11, 1929, p. 1;Google ScholarIbid.., Sept. 19, 1929, p. 1.

19 A1-Balagh, 09 2, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

20 Al-Siyasa, 08 30, 1929, p. 5.Google Scholar

21 Al-Muqattam, 08 29, 1929, p. 3;Google Scholaral-Balagh, 09 1, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

22 Ibid.., Sept. 4, 1929, p. 1.

23 Al-Siyasa, 08 30, 1929, p. 5.Google Scholar

24 Al-Balagh, 09 4, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

25 A1-Ahram, 08 31, 1929, p. 5.Google Scholar

26 As reported in al-Muqattam, 09 18, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

27 Almost £E 800 by March 1930; Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, 1 (1929–1930), p. 442.Google Scholar

28 See al-Ahram, 08 31, 1929, p. 5;Google Scholaral-Muqattam, 09 12, 1929, p. 6;Google ScholarIbid.., Sept. 17, 1929, p. 5.

29 For reports of their testimony, see al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, no. 230 (08 2, 1930), pp. 13, 26;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 231 (Aug. 9, 1930), pp. 11, 12.

30 Al-Ahram, 08 31, 1929, p. 5.Google Scholar

31 This last protest was made by the Executive Committee of the Syrian-Palestinian Conference of Egypt; reported in Ibid..

32 Ikbal, Ali Shah, Fuad, King of Egypt (London, 1936), p. 309.Google Scholar

33 Al-Muqattam, 09 24, 1929, p. 1;Google Scholar for a similar scepticism about reports coming from Palestine, see al-Siyasa, 09 1, 1929, p. 1;Google ScholarIbid.., Sept. 8, 1929, p. 1.

34 Al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, no. 244 (11 8, 1930), p. 7.Google Scholar

35 A1-Muqattam, 08 28, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

36 Al-Siyasa, 08 31, 1929, p. 1;Google Scholar for the same sentiment see al-Muqattam, 08 29, 1929, p. 7;Google Scholaral-Balagh, 09 2, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

37 A1-Muqattam, 09 7, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

38 Ibid.., Sept. 17, 1929, p. 1.The “calm discussion and logical thought” with which “nationalist” elements in Egypt treated the Wailing Wall disturbances is also discussed in 'Abd, l-'Azim Muhammad Ramadan, Tatawwur al-saraka al-Watniyya fi Misr Min Sana 1937 Ila Sana 1948 (two vol.; Beirut, 1973, 1974), II, p. 349.Google Scholar

39 As in the protests about the Wailing Wall disturbances issued by the YMMA (al-Ahram, 08 24, 1929, p. 1;Google ScholarMajallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, 1 (1929–1930), pp. 73–79),Google Scholar the Society of the Islamic Banner (Ibid.., p. 880), or the associations of Syro-Palestinian and North African students at al-Azhar (al-Mugattam, 08 29, 1929, p. 3).Google Scholar

40 This attribution of blame for the disturbances to Jewish “aggression” was a main point of several statements in August–September 1929: of those of the YMMA main office in Cairo and the society's Alexandria branch (al-Ahram, 08 24, 1929, p. 1;Google ScholarIbid.., Sept. 3. 1929, p. 5); of the protest sent by the “ ‘ulama’ and lawyers of the district of Gizah” (al-Siyasa, 08 30, 1929, p. 5);Google Scholar of the statement by the Javanese Muslims in Egypt (al-Balagh, 09 4, 1929, p. 1); and of the declaration of the “people and merchants of old Cairo”Google Scholar (Ibid..).

41 Thus an early declaration of the Wailing Wall question by the Society of the Eastern Bond, “Bayan lil-Hukūmat wal-Shu'ūb mm Jam'iyyat al-Rabita al-Sharqiyya,” “Declaration to Governments and Peoples from the Society of the Eastern Bond,” (Majallat al-Rabita al-Sharqiyya, 10 15, 1928, pp. 61–64), makes no mention of national rights, rather addressing itself solely to defending Muslim religious claims to the disputed area in Jerusalem.Google Scholar

42 As in the editorials on the Wailing Wall disturbances in al-Muqattam, 08 27, 1929, p. 1;Google ScholarIbid.., Sept. 10, 1929, p. 1; al-Ahram, 08 25, 1929, p. 3;Google Scholaral-Siyasa, 08 31, 1929, p. 1;Google Scholaral-Balagh, 09 2, 1929, p. 2;Google ScholarIbid.., Sept. 16, 1929, p. 2.

43 Writing in al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, no. 234 (08 30, 1930), p. 3.Google Scholar

44 The word is quoted from the editorial in al-Balagh, 09 16, 1929, p. 2.Google Scholar For very similar interpretations, see al-Ahram, 08 25, 1929, p. 3;Google Scholaral-Muqattam, 08 30, 1929, p. 1;Google ScholarIbid.., Sept. 10, 1929, p. 1.

45 The phrase was used in an editorial in al-Balagh, 09 9, 1929, p. 2.Google Scholar The same aspirations for the future are voiced in al-Muqattam, 08 27, 1929, p. 1;Google ScholarIbid.., Sept. 10, 1929, p. 1. It is perhaps noteworthy that I have found, in material from 1929–1930, only one reference to what was to be in the later 1930s a fairly common Egyptian perception about the Palestine problem; that what was at stake in Palestine was the very “existence” of the Palestinian Arab community because the dynamics of the problem would lead inexorably to “the expulsion of the Arabs of Palestine” from their land (al-Ahram, 08 25, 1929, p. 3). The absence of such a perception in the 1920s is not surprising, given the circumstances of that decade when the Arab population increase in Palestine (due largely to natural causes) was still greater than the Jewish population increase produced by both natural causes and immigration.Google Scholar

46 Thus the editorial by Nasim, sibi'a in al-Muqattam, 09 4, 1929, p. 1, “ ‘Ibrat al-Ma'sa al-Filastiniyya” “The Lesson of the Palestinian Tragedy,” blamed the problems of Palestine on “the Zionists,” claiming that most Jews both inside and outside of Palestine disapproved of the Zionist idea.Google Scholar

47 Al-Muqattam published several statements from Jewish sources, presenting their interpretations of the Palestine issue: see al-Muqattam, 08 29, 1929, p. 7Google Scholar (letter from Ilyas Sasūn of Jerusalem); Ibid.., Sept. 3, 1929, p. 5 (text of a declaration by the “al-Lajna al-Isra'iliyya lil-Difa’ ‘An Filastin”); and Ibid.., Sept. 20, 1929, p. 3, and Sept. 21, 1929, p. 7 (letter from Izra Lifi).

48 “Misr La Tufarriqu Bayna al-Tawa'if,” “Egypt Does Not Differentiate Between Sects,” al-Siyasa, 09 1, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

49 “Al-Idtirab fi Bayt al-Maqdis,” “The Disturbance in Jerusalem,” al-Muqattam, 08 27, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

50 “Shu'ūn al-Sharq al-'amma: Khatar al-Na'ra al-Diniyya fi al-Sharq,” “General Affairs of the East: The Danger of Religious Clamor in the East,” al-Balagh, 09 9, 1929, p. 2.Google Scholar

51 “Misriyūn Qabla Kulli Shay': Inna al-Din li-Allah wal-Watan lil-Jami',” al-Ahram, 09 29, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

52 “sawadith Filastin wal-Shu'ūn al-Misriyya: Muqaranat La Wajh li-ha,” “The Incidents in Palestine and Egyptian Affairs: There is No Basis for Comparison,” al-Siyasa, 08 28, 1929, p. 1.Google Scholar

53 “ ‘Ibrat al-Ma'sa al-Filastiniyya: Wasa'il al-'Unf Tunaqidu al-'Asr wa Mabadi'iha,” “The Lesson of the Palestinian Tragedy: Methods of Violence Are Incompatible With the Age and Its Principles,” Ibid.., Aug. 31, 1929, p. 1.

54 “sada al-sawadith al-Filastiniyya Aydan, wa Mawqif Misr Minha: Kalima sariha Ila Ikhwanina al-'Arab,” “The Echo of Palestinian Events Again, and Egypt's Position Concerning Them: Candid Words to Our Arab Brothers,” Ibid.., Sept. 4, 1929, p. 1.

55 “Misr La Tufarriqu Bayna al-Tawa'if” “Egypt Does Not Differentiate Between Sects,” Ibid.., Sept. 1,1929, p.1.

56 Ibid.., Sept. 3, 1929, p. 5. These attacks on Syrian émigrés in Egypt by al-Siyasa drew an immediate rejoinder from the Syrian-run al-Muqattam, which defended the activities of these groups as the “natural” expression of sympathy between compatriots (al-Muqattam, 09 4, 1929, p. 1).Google Scholar

57 This use of religion by the Liberal Constitutionalists against the Wafd is discussed, with references, in Charles, D. Smith, “The ‘Crisis of Orientation’: The Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930's,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4, no. 4 (10 1973), pp. 398–399.Google Scholar

58 On this trend, see Vatikiotis, , Modern History of Egypt, pp. 315–342;Google ScholarSafran, , Egypt in Search of Political Community, pp. 165–228;Google Scholar and Smith, , “The Crisis of Orientation … ’ pp. 398–399, passim.Google Scholar

59 See, for example, 'Abd al-Rahman 'Azzam's article on “The Arab Empire: Has the Time Come for Its Realization?” (“al-Imbiratūriyya al-'Arabiyya: Wa Hal an An Tatahaqqaqu?”), al-Hilal, XLII, no. 4 (02 1934), pp. 385–389.Google Scholar

60 Such as Muhammad susayn Haykal's “Between Egypt and the Countries of the Arab East” (“Bayna Mihr wa Bilad al-Sharq al-'Arabi”), al-Siyasa, mulhaq to no. 2906 (09 17, 1932), p. 3,Google Scholar or Mahmūd 'Izmi's “We Are Advancing: The Eastern, the Islamic, or the Arabic Bond” (“Ayyuha Nuqaddimu: al-Rabita al-Sharqiyya aw al-Islamiyya aw al-'Arabiyya”), al-Hilal, XLII, no. 1 (11 1933), pp. 53–58.Google Scholar

61 Thus one journal asked the opinions of several prominent Egyptians on the subject of “Our Ancient Culture: Pharaonic or Arabic or Western?” (sadaratuna al-Qadima: Far'ūniyya aw 'Arabiyya aw Gharbiyya?”), Ibid.., XXXIX, no. 6 (April 1931), pp. 817–827; and the newspaper al-Balagh in September 1933 published a dozen or more articles by leading publicists such as 'Abd al-Rahman 'Azzam, 'Abd al-Qadir samza, Ibrahim 'Abd al-Qadir al-Mazini, Zaki Mubarak, and others, debating precisely the question of the Arab versus the Egyptian components in Egypt's culture and personality; see al-Balagh between September 7 and September 17, 1933, or the excerpts from these articles published in Anwar, al-Jindi, al-Ma'arik al-Adabiyya fi al-Shi'r wal-Nashr wal-Thaqafa wal-Lughat al-Qawmiyya al-'Arabiyya (Cairo, 1961?), pp. 17–47.Google Scholar

62 A major factor prompting Taha susayn to write his famous The Future of Culture in Egypt in 1938 was “… the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian treaty in London and the Montreux Convention which restored to Egypt a large measure of both her internal and external independence. Just as did many other Egyptians, particularly the youth, I too felt that Egypt would enter upon a new era when she acquired certain rights, and along with them, of course, weighty responsibilities.” Taha, Hussein, The Future of Culture in Egypt (trans. by Sidney, Glazer; Washington, 1954), p. vii.Google Scholar

63 E.g. Mirrit, Boutros Ghali's thoughtful work of 1938, The Policy of Tomorrow (trans. by Isma'il, R. el Faruqi; Washington, 1953), devoted an entire chapter to “National Defense” (pp. 81–96), a subject which seems to have received little attention in Egyptian political analysis prior to the late 1930s.Google Scholar

64 For accounts of some of these meetings from Zionist sources, see Kisch, , Palestine Diary, pp. 391–392, 408–409;Google ScholarCohen, , Israel and the Arab World, pp. 192–195, 299–300.Google Scholar

65 Gibb, H. A. R., “The Islamic Congress at Jerusalem in December 1931,” in Arnold, J. Toynbee (ed), Survey of International Affairs, 1934 (London, 1935), pp. 99–109,Google ScholarESCO Foundation for Palestine, Inc., Palestine: A Study in Jewish, Arab and British Policies (two vol.; New Haven, 1947), 11, pp. 762–763;Google ScholarMajallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, IV (1932–1933), pp. 31–37.Google Scholar

66 Toynbee, , Survey, 1934, p. 282.Google Scholar

67 Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, V (1933–1934), pp. 185–188.Google Scholar

68 Toynbee, , Survey, 1934, p. 282.Google Scholar

69 Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, VI (1934–1935), pp. 166–178.Google Scholar

70 See Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, III, no. 17 (08 6, 1935), p. 6;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 18 (Aug. 13, 1935), p. 33; Ibid.., no. 19 (Aug. 20, 1935), p. 16; Ibid.., no. 20 (Aug. 27, 1935), pp. 3–5; Ibid.., no. 30 (Nov. 5, 1935), pp. 12–14.

71 Thus at the time of the demonstrations by Palestinian Arabs against the British Mandate in the fall of 1933, the Palestinian Arab Youth Organization sent a protest to the Egyptian Prime Minister complaining of the Egyptian government's lack of support for the Palestinian Arab cause; cited in Robert, John and Sami, Hadawi, Palestine Diary (two vol.; New York, 1970), I, p. 283.Google Scholar

72 Based on a survey of the YMMA's publication Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, VII-X (1935–1939).Google Scholar

73 Based on a survey of the Brotherhood's journals Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, IV-V (1935–1938), and its successor Majallat al-Khulūd, VI (1938–1939). On the Brotherhood and Palestine in the late 1930s, see also Richard, P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (London, 1969), pp. 16–17, 55.Google Scholar

74 On the Palestine-related activities of this organization in the later 1930s, see James, P. Jankowski, Egypt's Young Rebels: “Young Egypt,” 1933–1952 (Stanford, 1975), pp. 39–40, 52–55.Google Scholar

75 Other religious societies besides the YMMA and the Muslim Brotherhood which spoke out on the Palestine question in the later 1930s included the Jam'iyya Ansar al-Ihsan, the Jam'iyya al-Jihad al-Islami, and groups of faculty and students from al-Azhar. Among Syro-Palestinian émigré groupings in Egypt, the most active in propagandizing on the Palestine issue in the later 1930s were the “Palestinian Arab Committee in Cairo” headed by the journalist Muhammad 'Ali al-Tahir and the “Executive Committee of the Syro-Palestinian Conference in Egypt” which had As'ad Daghir as its Secretary-General. An excellent source on the Palestine-connected activities of Islamic religious organizations in Egypt is the weekly journal of religious affairs al-Fath; a source which gives considerable attention to the doings of Arab émigré groups in Egypt was the journal al-Rabita al 'Arabiyya.

76 For statements by Azharites, see al-Fath, no. (9 Sha'ban 1356), p. 20;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 572 (16 Sha'ban 1356), p. 19; Ibid.., no. 601 (12 Rabi' al-Awwal 1357), p. 13; Ibid.., no. 616 (29 Jumada al-akhira 1357), p. 9; Ibid.., no. 645 (19 Muharram 1358), p. 6; Jaridat al-Ikhwan 'al-Muslimin, V, no. 22 (11 5, 1937), p. 11;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 44 (May 13, 1938), p. 12; al-Rabita al-'Arabiyya, no. 98 (05 4, 1938), p. 10;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 99 (May 11, 1938), p. 46; Ibid.., no. 114 (Aug. 24, 1938), p. 41; al-Siyasa al-Usbū′iyya, n.s., no. 111, (03 11, 1939), pp. 8–9.Google Scholar For declarations by student assemblies from the Egyptian University, see al-Ahram, 07 17, 1937, p. 11;Google Scholaral-Fath, 110. 627 (18 Ramadan 1357), pp. 16–17;Google Scholaral-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 124 (11 2, 1938), pp. 6–8;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 125 (Nov. 9, 1938), pp. 47–48. Reports on statements concerning Palestine by students in the industrial schools are contained in al-Fath, no. 601 (12 Rabi′ al-Awwal 1357), p. 21;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 628 (25 Ramadan 1357), p. 20.

77 For the Sa′dist student group, see Ibid.., fib. 612(1 Jumada al-akhira 1357), p. 9; on the Wafdist youth, Majallat al-Shubban al-Wafdiyin, no. 89 (March 20, 1939). p. 3.

78 For a statement from the former, see al-Ahram, July 14, 1937, p. 9. For declarations by the latter, see Ibid.., July 15, 1937, p. 9; al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 122 (Oct. 19, 1938), p. 19; Ibid.., no. 123 (Oct. 26, 1938), pp. 36–37; Ibid.., no. 146 (April 26, 1939), p. 14.

79 Al-Ahram, 07 14, 1937, p. 9.Google Scholar

80 Al-Fath, no. 601 (12 Rabi' al-Awwal 1357), p. 17.Google Scholar

81 Al-Ahram, 07 23, 1937, p. 9.Google Scholar

82 Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, VII (1935–1936), p. 560.Google Scholar

83 Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, IV, no. 6 (05 19, 1936), pp. 19–20; andGoogle ScholarIbid.., no. 22 (Sept. 8, 1936), p. 20.

84 Al-Fath, no. 627 (18 Ramadan 1357), pp. 16–17;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 645 (19 Muharram 1358), p. 6.

85 Al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 146 (04 26, 1939), p. 14.Google Scholar

86 Appeals for funds to be sent to the Palestinian Arabs were made by (at least) al-Jihad, 05 21, 1936, p. 8;Google Scholaral-Fath, 110. 567(11 Rajab 1356), p. 21;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 80 (13 Shawwal 1356), p. 22; al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 1 (05 27, 1936), pp. 17–18.Google Scholar

87 A Wafdist meeting of July 1938 announced the party's official sponsorship of a fundraising drive for Palestine, and also that £E 770 had already been donated by party leaders (Nahhas giving £E 100) to start off the drive; Ibid.., no. 110 (July 27, 1938), p. 44.

88 On this committee's establishment, see al-Balagh, 05 27, 1936, pp. 8, 11.Google Scholar In March 1939, it announced that it had raised £E 7675 for Palestinian relief; Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, X (1938–1939), pp. 271–272.Google Scholar

89 Ibid.., VIII (1936–1937), p. 60.

90 Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, IV, no. 22 (09 8, 1936), p. 20.Google Scholar

91 Mitchell, , Society of Muslim Brothers, p. 55.Google Scholar

92 The report on the Brotherhood is given in al-Fath, no. 620 (27 Rajab 1357), p. 30, that on Young Egypt (citing “Zionist” sources) inGoogle ScholarIbid.., no. 665 (17 Jamada al-ūla 1358), p. 14.

93 Ibid.., no. 637 (28 Dhū al-Qa′da 1357), p. 13 (citing al-A hram).

94 See above, notes 67 and 69.

95 Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, VII (1935–1936), pp. 556–563, 629–634;Google ScholarIbid.., VIII (1936–1937), pp. 41–60, 88–91.

96 Ibid.., IX (1937–1938), pp. 56–74, 93–104, 156–174.

97 Ibid.., pp. 563–566.

98 Ibid.., X (1938–1939), pp. 14–20.

99 For mass meetings on Palestine sponsored by the Brotherhood, see Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, IV, no. 6 (05 19, 1936), pp. 19–20;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 7 (May 26, 1936), pp. 15–16; Ibid.., V, no. 20 (Oct. 15, 1937), p. 5; Ibid.., no. 26 (Dec. 10, 1937), p. 24; al-Fath, no. 607 (24 Rabi' al-Thani 1357), p. 15;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 620 (27 Rajab 1357), p. 30.

100 Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, V. no. 20 (10 15, 1937), p. 5.Google Scholar

101 Al-Fath, no. 607 (24 Rabi' al-Thani 1357), p. 15.Google Scholar

102 See Jankowski, , Egypt's Young Rebels, pp. 52–55.Google Scholar

103 Jaridat Misr al-Fatat, 10 29, 1938, p. 3;Google ScholarIbid.., Oct. 31, 1938, p. 3; Ibid.., Nov. 3, 1938, pp. 6–7; Ibid.., July 13, 1939, p. 3; Ibid.., July 22, 1939, p. 8; Ibid.., Aug. 12, 1939, p. 7; Ibid.., Aug. 14, 1939, p. 6; Ibid.., Aug. 17, 1939, p. 7.

104 See al-Ahram, 07 17, 1937, p. 11;Google Scholaral-Fath, no. 571 (9 Sha′ban 1356), p. 20;Google Scholaral-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 98 (05 4, 1938), p. 10;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 114 (Aug. 24, 1938), p. 41; al-Fath, no. 645 (25 Muharram 1358), p. 6;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 656 (13 Rabi′ al-akhir 1358), p. 5.

105 Al-Ahram, 07 17, 1937, p. 11;Google Scholaral-Rabitta al-′Arabiyya, no. 124 (11 2, 1938), pp. 6–8;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 125 (Nov. 9, 1938), pp. 47–48.

106 Al-Fath, no. 628 (25 Ramadan 1357), p. 20.Google Scholar

107 Ibid.., no. 601 (12 Rabi′ al-Awwal 1357), p. 21.

108 Al-Rabia al-′Arabiyya, no. 122 (10. 19, 1938), p. 19;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 123 (Oct. 26, 1938), pp. 36–37.

109 Ibid.., no. 146 (April 26, 1939), p. 14.

110 Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, VI (1934–1935), pp. 517–518;Google ScholarIbid.., IX (1937– 1938), pp. 500–501.

111 Quoted from the resolutions of a Muslim Brotherhood meeting of May 16, 1936, as given in Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, IV, no. 7 (05 26, 1936), pp. 15–16;Google Scholar see also Ibid.., no. 6(May 19, 1936), pp. 19–20.

112 Al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 98 (05 4, 1938), p. 10.Google Scholar

113 Al-Fath, no. 621 ( Sha′ban 1357), pp. 6–8.Google Scholar

114 Al-Rabiha al-′Arabiyya, no. 125 (11. 9, 1938), pp. 47–48.Google Scholar

115 See Jankowski, , Egypt's Young Rebels, pp. 39–40.Google Scholar

116 The following series of articles published inal-Rabia al-′Arabiyya in 1937–1938 are representative of this kind of economic exposé: “The Jews in ‘Iraq and How They Monopolized Economic Institutions” (“al-Yuhūd fi al-iraq wa Kayfa Ihtakarū al-Marafiq al-Iqtitadiyya“), Ibid.., no. 55 (June 23, 1937), pp. 18–19; “The Jewish Threat to Egypt: An Egyptian Writer Warns His People” (“Khatar al-Yuhūd ′Ala Misr: Katib Misri Yundhiru Qawmihi”), Ibid.., no. 98 (May 4, 1938), pp. 14–15; “The Jews in Egypt and How They Have Come to Dominate Trade and the Economy” (“al-Yuhūd fi Misr wa Kayfa Yusaytirūnu ′Ala al-Tijara wal-Iqtisad”), Ibid.., no. 100 (May 18, 1938), pp. 28–29; “The Jewish Threat to Egypt: The Jews Are Responsible for the Financial Disaster of Egypt” (“Khatar al-Yuhūd ′Ala Misr: al-Yuhūd Mas′ulūn ′An Nakbat Misr al-Maliyya”), Ibid.., no. 102 (June I, 1938), pp. 19–21. It should be noted that, while I have not been able to determine the background of the authors of these articles, much of what appeared in al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya was written by non-Egyptian Arabs; thus, these articles, while an indication of opinions being voiced in Egypt, may not necessarily be reflective of native Egyptian opinion. This caveat does not apply to the references immediately following, however, which do refer to native Egyptian views and actions.

117 E.g., Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin warning that “Zionist leaders have been working since the fifteenth century for the conquest of the Jews” in an article entitled “Wathiqa Ta′rikhiyya ‘An Mu’amarat al-Yuhūd,“ ”A Historical Document Concerning the Plots of the Jews,” Ibid.., X (1938–1939), pp. 385–386; or Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslim in publishing a piece entitled “Communism is a Jewish Scheme to Ruin the World” (“al-Shuyū′iyya Dasisa sihyūniyya li-Kharb al′alam”), Ibid.., V, no. 35 (March 4, 1938), pp. 14–15.

118 Thus the conservative author Mustafa sadiq al-Rafi′i wrote in June 1936 of the Jews as a people with “malice in their souls” and “gold in their hands;” Mihnat Filastin” (“The Ordeal of Palestine”), al-Risala, IV, no. 154 (06 15, 1936), p. 962.Google Scholar More vehemently, Ahmad susayn of the Young Egypt Party wrote in July 1939 that “they [the Jews] are the secret of this moral desolation which has become general in the Arab and Islamic worlds. They are the secret of this cultural squalor and these filthy arts. They are the secret of this religious and moral decay, to the point where it has become correct to say ‘search for the Jew behind every depravity;’” ”Risala mm Yuhūdi” (“Letter from a Jew”), Jaridat Misr al-Fatat, 07 27, 1939, pp. 1, 4. “Malice,” “gold,” “squalor,” “filthy,” “decay” – certainly language analogous to that of European anti-Semitism was beginning to be used in Egypt by the eve of World War II.Google Scholar

119 Jacques, Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (trans. by Jean, Stewart; London, 1972), p. 505.Google Scholar

120 Al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 100 (05 18, 1938), pp. 43–44.Google Scholar

121 Jaridat Misr al-Fatat, 07 22, 1939, p. 8;Google ScholarIbid.., July 24, 1939, p. 5; Ibid.., Aug. 7, 1939, p. 5; Ibid.., Aug. 26, 1939, p. 6.

122 The phrases are from an article by safiz Mahmud defending Egyptian Jewry against its critics; “Wahdat al-Misriyin fi Qadiyyat Filastin,” “The Unity of Egyptians in the Cause of Palestine,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū′iyya, n.s., no. 95 (11. 5, 1938), pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

123 Quoted in al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 10 (07 29, 1936), p. 7.Google Scholar

124 These diplomatic contacts are discussed in Gabriel Sheffer, “The Involvement of Arab States in the Palestine Conflict and British-Arab Relationship Before World War II,” Asian and African Studies, X, no. 1 (1974), pp. 66–69Google Scholar (from whom the quoted phrase is taken), and Norman, Rose, “The Arab Rulers and Palestine, 1936: The British Reaction,” Journal of Modern History, 44, no. 2 (07 1972), pp. 215, 218.Google Scholar

125 The reasons for Egypt's not participating in the appeal are not totally clear, but at least one British diplomat in contact with Nahhas at the time thought it was a case of Nahhas wishing to intervene more decisively later if the intervention of October failed (Sheffer, , “The Involvement of Arab States,” p. 71).Google Scholar

126 For the report of news suppression see Ahmad, Tarbin, al-Wahda al- ′Arabiyya Bayna 1916– 1945 (Cairo, 1959), p. 193.Google Scholar The report on police action against a public meeting on Palestine is from al-Shabab, I, no. 34 (10. 7, 1936), pp. 6–7.Google Scholar

127 Ibid.., no. 32 (Sept. 23, 1936), p. 13; Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, VIII (1936–1937), pp. 52–54;Google ScholarJaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, IV, no. 25 (09. 29, 1936), pp. 13–15.Google Scholar

128 Writing in al-Shabab, I, no. 36 (10. 21, 1936), pp.5–6.Google Scholar

129 In July 1937 alone, at least five such appeals for action on Palestine by the Egyptian government were made by Egyptian organizations; see al-Ahram, 07 11, 1937, p. 1;Google ScholarIbid.., July 14, 1937, p. 9; Ibid.., July 15, 1937, p. 9; Ibid.., July 17, 1937, p. 11.

130 Quoted in Ibid.., July 14, 1937, p. 9.

131 Ibid..

132 Majallat al-Thughr, 07 19, 1937, pp. 7, 10.Google Scholar

133 Al-Misri, 07 21, 1937, p. 8.Google Scholar

134 Quoted from the diaries of Sir Miles Lampson in Ramadan, , Tatawwur al-saraka al-Wataniyya, II, p. 356.Google Scholar

135 The speech is discussed in detail in al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 68 (09 22, 1937), pp. 6–7;Google Scholar see also Robert, Gale Woolbert, “Pan-Arabism and the Palestine Problem,” Foreign Affairs, 16, no. 2 (01. 1938), pp. 318–319.Google Scholar This public and private pressure by the Egyptian government from late 1937 onward was perhaps the crucial factor in Great Britain's abandonment of the idea of partition, particularly in the effects which it had on the influential British Embassy in Cairo. According to Gabriel Sheffer's reading of the British archival materials, “The Embassy's urgings [to conciliate Arab opinion] constituted a turning-point in the process of rescinding partition. From this point on the Embassy started to exert unceasing pressure on the British Cabinet to change its policy towards Palestine as a means of keeping the Arab countries of the region peaceful and friendly towards Britain” (Sheffer, , “The Involvement of Arab States” pp. 75–76).Google Scholar For further material on this impact, see Norman, Rose, The Gentile Zionists: Anglo-Zionist Diplomacy, 1929–1939 (London, 1973), pp. 151, 157–158.Google Scholar

138 On the Blūdan Conference, see Hurewitz, , The Struggle for Palestine, pp. 88–89;Google Scholar H. Beeley, “The Administration of the British Mandate for Palestine, 1937,” in Arnold, J. Toynbee assisted by Boulter, V. M., Survey of International Affairs, 1937 (two vol.; London, 1938), 1, pp. 552–553.Google Scholar

137 Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, IX (1937–1938), pp. 500–501, 563–566.Google Scholar

138 Al-Fath, no. 620 (27 Rajab 1357), p. 5.Google Scholar

139 Al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no.99 (05 11, 1938), p. 46.Google Scholar

140 Al-Fath, no. 603 (26 Rabi′ al-Awwal 1357), p. 22;Google ScholarIbid.., no. 604 ( Rabi al-Thani 1357), pp. 20–21; Ibid.., no. 604(10 Rabi′ al-Thani 1357), p. 12;Al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 133 (01. 11, 1939), pp. 40–41.Google Scholar

141 Ibid.., no. 86 (Feb. 2, 1938), pp. 47–48.

142 See Ettore, Rossi, ‘Il Congresso Interparlamentare Arabo e Musulmano pro Palestina al Cairo (7–11 Ottobre),” Oriente Moderno, 18 (1938), pp. 587–601;Google ScholarHurewitz, , The Struggle for Palestine, p. 89;Google ScholarBeeley, H., “The Administration of the British Mandate for Palestine, 1938–9,” in Arnold J. Toynbee assisted by Boulter, V. M., Survey of International Affairs, 1938 (two vol.; London, 1941), 1, pp. 440–442.Google Scholar

143 Al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 108 (07 13, 1938), p. 44Google ScholarIbid.., no. 110 (July 27, 1938), p. 44; a1-Misri, 01. 6, 1939, pp. 1, 2, 7.Google Scholar

144 The classic exception to this statement would be Makram ‘Ubayd, the party's second-most important leader (after Nahhas) in the 1930s, whose views do show a drift away from Egyptian isolationism toward a greater desire for closer cooperation with the rest of the Arab world for the sake of the achievement of anti-imperialist and progressive aims; see his “al-Misriyūn ′Arab” (“The Egyptians Are Arab”), al-Hilal, XLVII, no. 6 (04 1939), pp. 32–33. But Makram does not seem to have been representative of the views of the Wafdist leadership on this issue in the later 1930s, as the articles in the leading Wafdist newspaper al-Misri at the time of the Peel Report in July 1937 indicate; see below, note 211.Google Scholar

145 The texts of the speeches are given in al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 122 (10. 19, 1938), pp. 33–34,Google Scholar and Ibid.., no. 135 (Jan. 25, 1939), pp. 10, 43.

146 On the St. James Conferences, see Beeley, , “British Mandate, 1938–9,” pp. 447–458.Google Scholar

147 The phrase is Weizmann's, in his Trial and Error (two vol.; New York, 1966), II, pp. 408–409.Google Scholar

148 On the Cairo Memorandum, see Hurewitz, , The Struggle for Palestine, p. 101;Google ScholarBeeley, , “British Mandate, 1938–9,” pp. 458–459.Google Scholar

149 Hurewitz, , The Struggle for Palestine, p. 102.Google Scholar For other (and more vehement) rejections of the White Paper of 1939 by Egyptian politicians, see al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 153 (06 14, 1939), p. 22Google Scholar (Muhammad ‘Ali al-’Allūba); Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, X (1938–1939), pp. 578–579Google Scholar (′Abd al-samid Sa′id of the YMMA); Jaridat Misr aI-Fatat, 05 25, 1939, p. 1 (Ahmad susayn of Young Egypt).Google Scholar

150 See above, note 32.

151 Jūrj Mūsa Khūri writing in al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 45 (04 14, 1937), p. 966.Google Scholar

152 Muhammad ′Ali al-′Allūba as quoted in Ibid.., no. 112 (Aug. 10, 1938), p. 38.

153 Muhammad Nasir al-Din writing in Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, V, no. 4, (04 15, 1938), p. 15.Google Scholar

154 “Al-Thawra al-Filastiniyya: Thawra al Fakhma lil-Nafs al-′Arabiyya,” “The Palestinian Revolution: A Mighty Revolution of the Arab Spirit,” al-Risala, VI, no. 272 (09. 20, 1938), pp. 1536–1538.Google Scholar

155 The first phrase is used in many appeals concerning Palestine in the later 1930s; the second is taken from a letter of ′Abd al-samid Sa'id to Hajj Amin al-susayni in July 1937 as quoted in al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 61 (08. 4, 1937), pp. 16–17; the third is from a declaration by the Secretariat of the YMMA as cited inGoogle ScholarIbid.., no. 96 (April 20, 1938), pp. 42–43.

156 “Filastin al-Dhabiha,” “Sacrificial alestine,” Majallat al-Shubban al-Muslimin, VII (1935–1936), pp. 583–584.Google Scholar

157 “Filastin al-Dhabisa Bayna al-sayat wal-Mawt,” “Sacrificial Palestine Between Life and Death,” Ibid.., IX (1937–1938), pp. 83–85. For similar calls for jihad by spokesmen for the YMMA, see Ibid.., p. 341; Ibid.., X (1938–1939), pp. 253–257.

158 “Min Ajal Filastin al-Mujahada al-Basila,” “For the Sake of Brave, Struggling Palestine,” Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, IV, no. 6 (05 19, 1936), pp. 19–20.Google Scholar

159 The quotations are from an article by Muhammad ‘Izzat hasan, “Makan Filastin min al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin,” “The Place of Palestine to the Muslim Brothers,” Ibid.., IV, no. 10(June 16, 1936), pp. 14–17. See also Ibid.., no. 22 (Sept. 8, 1936), pp. 1–3; Ibid.., V, no. 23 (Nov. 12, 1937), pp. 1–2, for similar assertions.

160 See successively al-Rabita al-′Arabiyya, no. 114 (08. 24, 1938), p. 41;Google Scholaral-Fath, no. 624 (26 Sha′ban 1357), pp. 3–4;Google Scholar and al-Risala IV, no. 154 (06 15, 1936), pp. 961–963.Google Scholar

161 From an unsigned editorial “Filastin al-Shahida – Tuhaddiduha al-Maja′a al-′Ajila,” “The Martyr Palestine – Imminent Famine is Destined for It,” al-Jihad, 05 19, 1936, p. 1.Google Scholar

162 “Nahnu wal-′Urūba,” “We and Arabism,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū′iyya, n.s., no. 41 (10. 23, 1937), p. 31.Google Scholar

163 Ibid..

164 For Haykal's views in 1936, see his editorial “Misr wa Hawdith Filastin,” “Egypt and the Events in Palestine,” al-Siyasa, 05 27, 1936, p. 4.Google Scholar For Banna's opinion, see his article “al-Yawm al-Khamis ′Ashr Ba′da al-Mi′a fi Sabil Allah,” “The Hundred and Fifteenth Day in the Path of God,” Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, IV, no. 18 (08. 11, 1936), pp. 1–3.Google Scholar

165 Bahith Diblūmasi Kabir (A Notable Diplomatic Scholar), “al-Mas′ala al-Filastiniyya wa Mashrū” al-Taqsim al-Biritani,” “The Palestine Question and the British Plan of Partition,” al-Risala, V. no. 213 (08. 2, 1937), p. 1248.Google Scholar For similar apprehensions, see al-Ahram, 07 14, 1937, p. 1;Google ScholarMajallal al-Thughr, 07 12, 1937, p. 2.Google Scholar

166 “Al-′Alam al-′ Arabi wal-Dawla al-Yuhūdiyya al-Muqtaraha,” “The Arab World and the Proposed Jewish State,” al-Jihid, 07 13, 1937, p. 1.Google Scholar

167 “Al-Qadiyya al-Wataniyya fi Filastin Hiya Qadiyya Misriyya,” “The National Cause in Palestine is an Egyptian Cause,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū′iyya, n.s., no. 28 (07 24, 1937), p. 10.Google Scholar

168 Bahith ′Arabi Kabir (A Noaable Arab Scholar), “Mashrū′ Taqsim Filastin wa Akhtaruhu,” “The Plan of Partition for Palestine and Its Dangers,” al-Risala, V, no. 213 (08. 2, 1937), p. 1267.Google Scholar

169 As quoted from Lampson's diaries by Ramadan, , Tatawwur al-haratia al-Wataniyya, II, p. 356.Google Scholar

170 “Khatb Filastin Bayna al-sihyūniyya wal-Isti′mar,” “The Situation of Palestine Between Zionism and Imperialism,” al-Risala, IV, no. 164 (08. 23, 1936), p. 1363.Google Scholar

171 “Al-Qa Eiyya al-Wataniyya fi Filastin Hiya Qadiyya Misriyya,” “The National Cause in Palestine is an Egyptian Cause,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū′iyya, n.s., no. 28 (07July 24, 1937), p. 10.Google Scholar

172 Bahith, Diblūmasi Kabir, “al-Mas'ala al-Filastiniyya wa Mashrū'al-Taqsim al-Biritani,”“The Palestine Question and the British Plan of Partition,” al-Risala, 5. no. 213 (08 2, 1937), p. 1248.Google Scholar

173 “Filastin al-Mankūba,”“Ill-fated Palestine,”Google ScholarIbid.., no. 215 (08 16, 1937), p. 1322.

174 “Al-sihyūniyya Taghzū al-' Arab,”“Zionism Aggresses Against the Arabs,” al-Muqattam, 07 15, 1937, pp. 1, 4.Google Scholar

175 “Tajzi'a Filastin wa “Awaqibuha l-Mahtūma,”“The Division of Palestine and Its Inevitable Consequences,” al-Jihad, 07 11, 1937, p. 1.Google Scholar

176 See above, note 34.

177 An anonymous “'Arab,” in an article entitled “Mu'amara al-Isti'mar fi Filastin li-Hadm Kiyan al-Jami'a al-'Arabiyya al-Kubra,”“The Plot of Imperialism to Destroy the Essence of Great Arab Unity,” al-Rabita al-'Arabiyya, no. 13 (08 19, 1936), pp. 16–17.Google Scholar

178 In an interview in Ibid.., no. 61 (Aug. 4, 1937), p. 16.

179 “Tajzi'a Filastin wa 'Awaqibuha al-Mahtūma,”“The Division of Palestine and Its Inevitable Consequences,” al-Jihad, 07 11, 1937, p. 1.Google Scholar

180 “Qirar sizb Misr al-Fatat fi sadd Taqrir al-Lajna al-Mulkiyya al-Biritaniyya bi-Sha'n alQadiyya al-Filastiniyya,”“The Resolution of the Young Egypt Party to Reject the Report of the British Royal Commission in the Matter of the Palestine Cause,” Majallat al-Thughr, 07 12, 1937, p. 2.Google Scholar

181 “Al-Thalūth al-Biritani al-'Arabi,”“The British-Arab Trinity,” al-Siyadsa al-Usbū'iyya, n.s., no. 131 (07 29, 1939), p. 3.Google Scholar

182 “Filastin al-Thaira,”“Revolutionary Palestine,” al-Shabab, no. 31 (09 16, 1936), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

183 Muhammad, Tawfiq Diyab, “Mawqif Misr mm al-sadith al-Jadid fi Filastin,”“The Position of Egypt Concerning the New Development in Palestine,” al-Jihad, 07 14, 1937, p. 1.Google Scholar

184 The former phrase was used by General Mahmūd, Sami in an interview with al-Rabita al- 'Arabiyya, no. 62 (08 11, 1937), p. 6; the latter was that of the Senator Sayyid Khashaba in a similar interview inGoogle ScholarIbid.., no. 63 (Aug. 18, 1937), pp. 5–6.

185 This was the opinion of Ibrahim 'Abd al-Qadir al-Mazini in another interview in Ibid.., no. 62 (Aug. 11, 1937), p. 7, as well as that expressed in a statement on Palestine by the Young Egypt Party in May 1938 (Jaridat Missr al-Fatat, 05 23, 1938, p. 7).Google Scholar

186 The former view was that of sasan, al-Banna writing in Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslim in, 4, no. 18 (08 11, 1936), p. 1.Google Scholar The latter opinion was al-Mazini's, , expressed in al-Shabab, no. 31 (09 16, 1936), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

187 As interviewed in al-Rabita al-'Arabiyya, no. 62 (08 11, 1937), p. 6.Google Scholar

188 safiz, Mahmūd, “al-Qadiyya al-Wataniyya fi Filastin Hiya Qadiyya Misriyya,”“The National Cause in Palestine is an Egyptian Cause,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, n.s., no. 28 (08 24, 1937), p. 10..Google Scholar

189 Muhammad, Tawfiq Diyab, “Mawqif Misr mm al-sadith al-Jadid fi Filastin,”“The Position of Egypt Concerning the New Development in Palestine,” al-Jihad, 07 14, 1937, p. 1.Google Scholar

190 Bahith, 'Arabi Kabir, “Mashrū' Taqsim Filastin wa Akhtaruhu,”“The Plan of Partition for Palestine and Its Dangers,” al-Risala, 5, no. 213 (08 2, 1937), p. 1267.Google Scholar

191 The first quotation is from the article “Mas'ala Filastin” (“The Question of Palestine”) in al-Balagh, 06 12, 1936, p. 1;Google Scholar the second from Ibrahim 'Abd al-Qadir al-Mazini's essay “Filastin al-Tha'ira” (“Revolutionary Palestine”), al-Shabab, no. 31 (09 16, 1936), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

192 sasan, al-Banna, “al-Yawm al-Khamis 'Ashr Ba'da al-Mi'a fi Sabil Allah,”“The Hundred and Fifteenth Day in the Path of God,” Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, 4, no. 18 (08 11, 1936), p. I.Google Scholar

193 “Bayan sizb Misr al-Fatat 'An al-Qadiyya al-Filastiniyya,”“Declaration of the Young Egypt Party Concerning the Palestinian Cause,” Jaridat Misr al-Fatat, 05 23, 1938, p. 7.Google Scholar For a similar argument relating to Egypt's foreign trade, see al-Jihad, 07 14, 1937, p. 1.Google Scholar

194 Muhammad, susayn Haykal, “Mawqif Misr al-Siyasir min al-Wad' al-Jadid fi Filastin,”“The Political Position of Egypt Concerning the New Situation in Palestine,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, n.s., no. 27 (07 17, 1937), p. 3.Google Scholar

195 Bahith, 'Arabi Kabir, “Mashrū' Taqsim Filastin wa Akhtaruhu,”“The Plan of Partition for Palestine and Its Dangers,” al-Risala, 5, no. 213 (08 2, 1937), p. 1267.Google Scholar

196 “Les Rapports économiques entre l'égypte et la Palestine,” L'égypte Indusirielle, 12, no. 12 (06 15, 1936), pp. 33–34.Google Scholar

197 “Al-Hala al-Iqtisadiyya fi Filastin,”“The Economic Situation in Palestine,” Majallat alGhurfa al-Qahira, 4, no. 5 (05 1939), p. 608.Google Scholar

198 “éditorial: échanges avec Ia Palestine,” L'égypte Industrielle, 20, no. 1 (first quarter 1944), p. 15.Google Scholar

199 Sami, al-Siraj, “al-sala al-Iqtisadiyya fi Filastin,”“The Economic Situation in Palestine,” Majallat aI-Ghurfa al-Qahira, 9, no. 7 (09 1944), p. 544.Google Scholar

200 “Calamities” were warned of by sasan, al-Banna writing in Jaridat al-lkhwan al-Muslim in, 4, no. 18 (08 11, 1936), p. 1;Google Scholar“social danger” is the phrase of 'Abd al-samid Sa'id, in an interview with al-Rabita al-'Arabiyya, no. 61 (08 4, 1937), pp. 16–17.Google Scholar

201 Fu'ad Abaza in an interview in Ibid.., no. 64 (Aug. 25, 1937), p. 7.

202 Bahith, Diblūmasi Kabir, “al-Mas'ala al-Filastiniyya wa Mashrū' al-Taqsim al-Biritani,”“The Palestine Question and the British Plan of Partition,” al-Risala, 5, no. 213 (08 2, 1937), p. 1249.Google Scholar

203 Muhammad, susayn Haykal, “Mawqif Misr al-Siyasi min al-Wad' al-Jadid fi Filastin,”“The Political Position of Egypt Concerning the New Situation in Palestine,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, n.s., no. 27 (07 17, 1937), p. 3.Google Scholar

204 Bahith, 'Arabi Kabir, “Mashrū' Taqsim Filastin wa Akhtaruhu,”“The Plan of Partition for Palestine and Its Dangers,” al-Risala, 5, no. 213 (08 2, 1937), p. 1267.Google Scholar

205 For an example of the former, see Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib, “Jihad Filastin, wa Fadluhu 'Ala al-'Arab wal-Umum al-Islamiyya,”“The Struggle of Palestine, and Its Merit for the Arabs and the Islamic Nations,” al-Fath, no. 624 (26 Sha'ban 1357), pp. 3–4;Google Scholar for the latter, see sasan, al-Banna, “al-Yawm al-Khamis 'Ashr Ba'da al-Mi'a fi Sabil Allah,”“The Hundred and Fifteenth Day in the Path of God,” Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslim in, 4, no. 18 (08 11, 1936), p. 1.Google Scholar

206 For examples, see Ibrahim, 'Abd al-Qadir al-Mazini, “Filastin al-Mankūba,”“Ill-fated Palestine,” al-Risala, 5. no. 215 (08 16, 1937), pp. 1321–1323;Google Scholar “Bayan sizb Misr al-Fatat An alQadiyya al-Filastiniyya,”“Declaration of the Young Egypt Party Concerning the Palestinian Cause,” Jaridat Misr al-Fatat, 05 23, 1938, p. 7.Google Scholar

207 safiz, Mahmūd, “aIx1E6D;iniyya,”“Declaration of the Young Egypt Party Concerning the Palestinian Cause,” Jaridat Misr al-Fatat, 05 23, 1938, p. 7.Google Scholar

207 safiz, Mahmūd, “al-Qadiyya al-Wataniyya fi Filastin Hiya Qadiyya Misriyya,”“The National Cause in Palestine is an Egyptian Cause,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, n.s., no. 28 (07 24, 1937), p. 10.Google Scholar

208 “Qirar sizb Misr al-Fatat fi sadd Taqrir al-Lajna al-Mulkiyya al-Biritaniyya bi-Sha'n alQadiyya al-Filastiniyya,”“The Resolution of the Young Egypt Party to Reject the Report of the British Royal Commission in the Matter of the Palestine Cause,” Majallat al-Thughr, 07 12, 1937, p. 2.Google Scholar

209 “La crise palestinienne et l'Union Pan-Arabe,” Le Journal de l'égypte, 07 15, 1937, p. 2.Google Scholar

210 See “Siyasa al-Taqsim wa Siyasa al-Ta'lif fi al-Sharq,”“The Policy of Partition and the Policy of Union in the east,” al-Muqattam, 07 12, 1937, p. 4;Google Scholar “Misr wa Mawqifuha min Jaratiha,” “Egypt and Its Position Toward Its Neighbors,” Ibid.., July 13, 1937, p. I; “Taqrir Lajna Filastin,”“The Report of the Committee on Palestine,” al-Ahram, 07 14, 1937, pp. 1, 15; “al-Injiliz wa Filastin wa sukm Sulayman,”“The English, Palestine, and the Judgement of Solomon,”Google ScholarIbid.., July 15, 1937, p. 1.

211 For al-Misri, see the editorials by Mahmūd, Abū al-Fath, “sawl Mashrū' Taqsim Filastin,” “About the Plan for the Partition of Palestine,” al-Misri, 07 9, 1937, p. i, and “Mushkila Filastin,”“The Problem of Palestine,”Google ScholarIbid.., July 19, 1937, p. I. For al-Balagh, see “Filastin: alMuqtarahat al-Biritaniyya,”“Palestine: The British Proposals,” al-Balagh, July 13, 1937, pp. 2, 3, 4, and 'Abbas Mahmūd al-'Aqqad's “Ma'rid Usbū',”“The Weekly Scene,” Ibid.., July 15, 1937, p. 1.

212 safiz, Mahmūd, “al-Qadiyya al-Wataniyya fi Filastin Hiya Qadiyya Misriyya,”“The National Cause in Palestine is an Egyptian Cause,” al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, n.s., no. 28 (07 24, 1937), p. 10.Google Scholar

213 Khalil, Thabit, “Limadha La Tadammu Filastin Ila Misr: Iqtirah,”“Why Not Join Palestine to Egypt: A Proposal,” al-Muqattam, 03 23, 1938, p. 4.Google Scholar

214 Al-Fath, no. 622 (12 Sha'ban 1357), p. 13 (taking its information from the newspaper al-Wafd al-Misri).Google Scholar

215 See al-Siyasa al-Usbū'iyya, n.s., no. 109 (02 25, 1939), p. 3;Google ScholarBeeley, , “British Mandate, 1938–1939,” p. 441.Google Scholar