Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T21:54:33.522Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Leza, Sungu, and Samba: Digital Humanities and Early Bantu History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2022

Catherine Cymone Fourshey Open the ORCID record for Catherine Cymone Fourshey [Opens in a new window] ,
Rhonda M. Gonzales  and
Christine Saidi
Catherine Cymone Fourshey*
Affiliation:
Department of History, Department of International Relations, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
Rhonda M. Gonzales
Affiliation:
Dean of the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, Department of History, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
Christine Saidi
Affiliation:
Department of History, Kutztown University, Kutztown, PA 19530, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In 2016, with the support of a three-year National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) Collaborative Research Grant to research and write a precolonial African history of family, generations, and gender, we began building the Bantu Ancestral Roots Database (BARD). BARD is a digital repository of word-roots related to gender and life stage practices from over sixty Bantu languages. We developed it to assist us in our analysis of this large corpus of data that we used to write histories of people’s material and ideological inventions that cover the longue durée across multiple regions. BARD allows researchers with internet access to search for terms by entering at least three consecutive phonemes. If phonemes exist in that sequence in any of the 64 Bantu languages that BARD holds, those words and their meanings appear as results. In this article, we discuss the usefulness and complexities of Digital Humanities (DH) as research tools. We explain our methodology and research process using three reconstructed word-roots pertinent to our research on family and generations. The three word-roots we examine invite scholars to probe how to recover deep connections and linkages between people’s pasts in Africa and its Diasporas, particularly in ways that move beyond histories of the slave trade and enslavement. As we developed our open-access website African Social History and Data Across Bantu Matrilineal Communities (ASH-DABMC) and our database, BARD, we gained greater insight into the meanings encoded in our data even as we faced challenges. We hope the discussion of our experiences will provide an intellectual framework and inspire others considering digital projects.

Résumé

Résumé

En 2016, avec le soutien d’une subvention de recherche collaborative de trois ans du National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) pour rechercher et écrire une histoire africaine précoloniale de la famille, des générations et du genre, nous avons commencé à créer la base de données Bantu Ancestral Roots (BARD). BARD est un référentiel numérique de racines de mots liées au genre et aux pratiques des étapes de la vie de plus de soixante langues bantoues. Nous l’avons développé pour nous aider dans notre analyse de ce vaste corpus de données que nous avons utilisé pour écrire des histoires d’inventions matérielles et idéologiques d’individus sur la longue durée à travers plusieurs régions. BARD permet aux chercheurs ayant accès à Internet de rechercher des termes en saisissant au moins trois phonèmes consécutifs. S’ils existent dans cette séquence dans l’une des 64 langues bantoues présentes dans BARD, ces mots et leurs significations apparaissent comme des résultats. Dans cet article, nous discutons de l’utilité et de la complexité des humanités numériques (DH) en tant qu’outil de recherche. Nous expliquons notre méthodologie et notre processus de recherche en utilisant trois racines de mots reconstruites qui sont pertinentes pour notre recherche sur les familles et les générations. Les trois racines des mots que nous examinons invitent les chercheurs à retrouver des connexions et des liens profonds entre le passé des peuples d’Afrique et de ses diasporas, en particulier d’une manière qui va au-delà des histoires de la traite des esclaves et de l’esclavage. Au fur et à mesure que nous développions notre site Web en libre accès African Social History and Data Across Bantu Matrilineal Communities (ASH-DABMC) et notre base de données BARD, nous avons acquis une meilleure compréhension des significations encodées dans nos données alors même que nous faisions face à des défis. Nous espérons que la discussion sur notre expérience fournira un cadre intellectuel et inspirera d’autres personnes envisageant des projets numériques.

Keywords

BantuBARDhistorical linguisticsDiasporaepistemologyfamilygeneration
Type
Special Section on the Digital Humanities
Information
History in Africa , Volume 48 , June 2021 , pp. 103 - 131
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the African Studies Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achebe, Nwando, Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, 1900–1960 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2005).Google Scholar
Assunção, Matthias Röhrig, “From Slave to Popular Culture: The Formation of Afro-Brazilian Art Forms in Nineteenth-Century Bahia and Rio de Janeiro,” Iberoamericana (2001) 3–12 (December 2003), 159–176.Google Scholar
Adepoju, Aderanti, and Oppong, Christine, Gender, Work & Population in Sub-Saharan Africa (London: James Currey, 1994).Google Scholar
Aiyegbusi, Babalola Titilola, “Decolonizing Digital Humanities: Africa in Perspective,” in Losh, Elizabeth and Wernimont, Jacqueline (eds.), Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and Digital Humanities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2018).Google Scholar
Amadiume, Ifi, Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in African Society (London: Zed Books, 1987).Google Scholar
Arnfred, Signe, Sexuality & Gender Politics in Mozambique: Rethinking Gender in Africa (Suffolk, UK: James Currey, 2011).Google Scholar
Arnfred, Signe, “Sex, Food and Female Power: Discussions of Data Materials from Northern Mozambique,” Sexualities 10–2 (2007), 148–158.Google Scholar
Badenhorst, Shaw, “Descent of Iron Age Farmers in Southern Africa during the Last 2000 Years,” The African Archaeological Review 27–2 (2010), 87–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bastin, Yvonne, Coupez, Andre, and Mann, Michael, Continuity and Divergence in the Bantu Languages: Perspectives from a Lexicostatistic Study (Tervuren, Belgium: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, 1999).Google Scholar
Batai, Ken, Babrowski, Kara B., Arroyo, Juan Pablo, Kusimba, Chapurukha M., and Williams, Sloan R., “Mitochondrial DNA diversity in two ethnic groups in Southeastern Kenya: Perspectives from the northeastern periphery of the Bantu expansion,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 150–3 (2013), 482–491.10.1002/ajpa.22227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beidelman, T. O., The Matrilineal Peoples of Eastern Tanzania (Zaramo, Luguru, Kaguru, Ngulu, Etc.) (London: International African Institute, 1967).Google Scholar
Benjamin, Ruha, Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2019).Google Scholar
Berry, David M., ed., Understanding Digital Humanities (New York: Palgrave, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleek, Wilhelm, “On the Languages of Western and Southern Africa,” Transactions of the Philological Society 2–4 (1855), 40–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bostoen, Koen, Clist, Bernard, Doumenge, Charles, Grollemund, Rebecca, Hombert, Jean-Marie, et al., “Middle to Late Holocene Paleoclimatic Change and the Early Bantu Expansion in the Rain Forests of Western Central Africa,” Current Anthropology 56–3 (2015), 354–384.10.1086/681436CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruwer, J. P. Van S., “Unkhoswe: The System of Guardianship in Cewa Matrilineal Society,” African Studies 14–3 (1955), 113–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruwer, J. P. Van S., “Matrilineal Kinship among the Kunda,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 28–3 (1958), 207–224.10.2307/1157978CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candido, Mariana P., An African Slaving Port and the Atlantic World: Benguela and Its Hinterland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carney, Judith Ann and Rosomoff, Richard Nicholas, In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chami, Felix A., “A Response to Christopher Ehret’s ‘Bantu Expansions,’” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 34–3 (2001), 647–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chasteen, John Charles, “The Prehistory of Samba: Carnival Dancing in Rio de Janeiro, 1840–1917,” Journal of Latin American Studies 28–1 (February 1996), 29–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comhaire-Sylvain, S., and Comhaire-Sylvain, J., “Kinship Change in the Belgian Congo,” African Studies 16–1 (1957), 20–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuyckens, H., and Zawada, Britta, Polysemy in Cognitive Linguistics: Selected Papers from the International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, Amsterdam, 1997 (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davison, Jean, Gender, Lineage, and Ethnicity in Southern Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).Google Scholar
De Luna, Kathryn Michelle, Collecting Food, Cultivating People: Subsistence and Society in Central Africa (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demissie, Fassil, African Diaspora in Brazil: History, Culture and Politics (London: Routledge, 2014).Google Scholar
Diop, Cheikh Anta, Precolonial Black Africa: A Comparative Study of the Political and Social Systems of Europe and Black Africa, from Antiquity to the Formation of Modern States (Westport, CT: L. Hill, 1987).Google Scholar
Ehret, Christopher, An African Classical Age (Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 1998).Google Scholar
Ehret, Christopher, “Stratigraphy in African Historical Linguistics,” in Andersen, Henning (ed.), Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003), 107–114.10.1075/cilt.239.08ehrCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehret, Christopher, “Bantu History: Big Advance, Although with a Chronological Contradiction,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112–44 (2015), 13428–13429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauconnier, Gilles, and Turner, Mark, “Polysemy and Conceptual Blending,” in Nerlich, Brigitte (ed.), Polysemy: Flexible Patterns of Meaning in Mind and Language (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003), 79–94.Google Scholar
Ferreira, Roquinaldo Amaral, Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World: Angola and Brazil during the Era of the Slave Trade (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fields-Black, Edda L., Deep Roots: Rice Farmers in West Africa and the African Diaspora (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Fields-Black, Edda L., “Atlantic Rice and Rice Farmers: Rising from Debate, Engaging New Sources, Methods, and Modes of Inquiry, and Asking New Questions,” Atlantic Studies 12–3 (2015), 276–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flight, Colin, “The Bantu Expansion and the SOAS Network,” History in Africa 15 (1988), 261–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fourshey, Catherine C., Gonzales, Rhonda M., Saidi, Christine, and Vieira-Martinez, Carolyn, “Lifting the Loincloth: Reframing the Discourse on Gender, Identity, and Traditions – Strategies to Combat the Lingering Legacies of Spectacles in the Scholarship on East and East Central Africa,” Critique of Anthropology 36–3 (September 2016), 302–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fourshey, Catherine C., Gonzales, Rhonda M., and Saidi, Christine, Bantu Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Gold, Matthew K. (ed.), Debates in the Digital Humanities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Gregoire, Claire, “Le Champ Sémantique du Thème Bantou *-bánjá,” African Languages 2 (1976), 1–13.Google Scholar
Grollemund, Rebecca, Branford, Simon, Bostoen, Koen, Meade, Andrew, Venditti, Chris, and Pagel, Mark, “Bantu Expansion Shows That Habitat Alters the Route and Pace of Human Dispersals,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112–43 (2015), 13296–13301.10.1073/pnas.1503793112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, Malcolm, Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu Languages, vols. 1–4 (London: Gregg International Publishers LTD, 1967–1970).Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane I., and Belinga, Samuel M. Eno, “Wealth in People as Wealth in Knowledge: Accumulation and Composition in Equatorial Africa,” The Journal of African History 36–1 (1995), 91–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayles, N. Katherine, How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technologies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).10.7208/chicago/9780226321370.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, Eugenia W., Iron, Gender, and Power: Rituals of Transformation in African Societies (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Heywood, Linda M., “The Angolan-Afro-Brazilian Cultural Connections,” Slavery & Abolition 20 (1999), 9–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huffman, Thomas N., and Herbert, R. K, “New Perspectives on Eastern Bantu,” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 29–30–1 (January 1, 1994), 27–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyanaga, Michael, “Why Saints Love Samba: A Historical Perspective on Black Agency and the Rearticulation of Catholicism in Bahia, Brazil,” Black Music Research Journal 35–1 (Spring 2015), 119–147.Google Scholar
Janaki, Clare Holden, and Mace, Ruth, “Spread of Cattle Led to the Loss of Matrilineal Descent in Africa: A Coevolutionary Analysis,” Proceedings: Biological Sciences 270–1532 (2003), 2425–2433.Google Scholar
Jimenez, Raevin, “Slow Revolution’ in Southern Africa: Household Biosocial Reproduction and Regional Entanglements in the History of Cattle-Keeping among Nguni-Speakers, Ninth to Thirteenth Century CE,” The Journal of African History 61–2 (2020), 155–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Jessica, “Feminine Futures: Female Initiation and Aspiration in Matrilineal Malawi,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 24–4 (2018), 786–803.10.1111/1467-9655.12917CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, Harry H., The Kilima-njaro Expedition: A Record of Scientific Exploration in Eastern Equatorial Africa (London, 1886).Google Scholar
Keeling, Kara, “Passing for Human: Bamboozled and Digital Humanism,” Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 15–1 (2005), 237–250.10.1080/07407700508571495CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klieman, Kairn A., “The Pygmies Were Our Compass”: Bantu and Batwa in the History of West Central Africa, Early Times to C. 1900 C.E. (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003).Google Scholar
Kopytoff, Igor, “Matrilineality, Residence and Residence Zones,” American Ethnologist IX (1977), 539–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladislav, Holý, and Ladislav, Holây, Strategies and Norms in a Changing Matrilineal Society: Descent, Succession, and Inheritance among the Toka of Zambia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Lehrer, Adrienne, Semantic Fields and Lexical Structure (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1974).Google Scholar
Lin, Yu-Wei, “Transdisciplinary and Digital Humanities: Lessons Learned from Developing Text-Mining Tools for Textual Analysis,” in Berry, David M. (ed.), Understanding Digital Humanities (New York: Palgrave, 2012), 295–314.10.1057/9780230371934_16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacGaffey, Wyatt, “Lineage Structure, Marriage and the Family Amongst the Central Bantu,” The Journal of African History 24–2 (1983), 173–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacGaffey, Wyatt, “A Note on Vansina’s Invention of Matrilinearity,” Journal of African History 54–2 (2013), 269–280.10.1017/S0021853713000303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddieson, Ian, and Sands, Bonny, “The Sounds of the Bantu Languages,” in Van de Velde, Mark, Bostoen, Koen, Nurse, Derek, and Philippson, Gérard (eds.), The Bantu Languages, 2nd ed. (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2019), 79–127.Google Scholar
Maddieson, Ian, and Hinnebusch, Thomas J. (eds.), Language History and Linguistic Description in Africa (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Maho, Jouni, “A Classification of Bantu Languages: An Update of Guthrie’s Referential System,” in Nurse, Derek and Philippson, Gerard (eds.), The Bantu Languages (London: Routledge, 2003), 639–651.Google Scholar
Mbembe, Achille, On the Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).Google Scholar
McIntosh, Janet, “Polyontologism: When ‘Syncretism’ Does not Suffice,” Journal of African Religions 7–1 (2019), 112–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherson, Tara, “Why are the Digital Humanities so White? Or Thinking the Histories of Race and Computation,” in Gold, Matthew K. (ed.), Debates in the Digital Humanities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012), 139–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinhof, Carl, Introduction to the Phonology of the Bantu Languages (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer – Ernst Vohsen, 1932).Google Scholar
Mintz, Sidney W., and Price, Richard, The Birth of African-American Culture: An Anthropological Perspective (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Mudimbe, Valentin Y., The Idea of Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S., ed., Iberian Imperialism and Language Evolution in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014).10.7208/chicago/9780226125671.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noble, Safiya, Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism (New York: New York University Press, 2018).10.2307/j.ctt1pwt9w5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noble, Safiya Umoja, and Tynes, Brendesha M. (eds.), The Intersectional Internet: Race, Sex, Class and Culture Online (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nurse, Derek, “The Contributions of Linguistics to the Study of History in Africa,” The Journal of African History 38–3 (November 1997), 359–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nurse, Derek, and Philippson, Gérard (eds.), The Bantu Languages (London: Routledge, 2003).Google Scholar
Nurse, Derek, and Spear, Thomas T., The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800–1500 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nzegwu, Nkiru, Family Matters: Feminist Concepts in African Philosophy of Culture (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Obi, Thomas J. Desch, Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Art Traditions in the Atlantic World (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Obi, Thomas J. Desch, “The Jogo de Capoeira and the Fallacy of ‘Creole’ Cultural Forms,” African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal 5–2 (2012), 211–228.10.1080/17528631.2012.695222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogbomo, Onaiwu W., When Men and Women Mattered: A History of Gender Relations Among the Owan of Nigeria (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Oliver, Roland, “The Problem of the Bantu Expansion,” The Journal of African History 7–3 (1966), 361–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyèwùmí, Oyèrónkẹ́, Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Patin, Etienne, Lopez, Marie, Grollemund, Rebecca, Verdu, Paul, Harmant, Christine, et al., “Dispersals and Genetic Adaptation of Bantu-Speaking Populations in Africa and North America,” Science 356–6337 (2017), 543–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Audrey Isabel, Chisungu: A Girl’s Initiation Ceremony Among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia (London: Faber and Faber, 1956).Google Scholar
Richardson, David, and da Silva, Filipa Ribeiro (eds.), Networks and Trans-Cultural Exchange: Slave Trading in the South Atlantic, 1590–1867 (Leiden: Brill, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riemer, Nick, The Semantics of Polysemy: Reading Meaning in English and Warlpiri (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2005).Google Scholar
Sacks, Karen, Sisters and Wives: The Past and Future of Sexual Equality (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979).Google Scholar
Saidi, Christine, Women’s Authority and Society in Early East-Central Africa (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Saidi, Christine, Fourshey, Catherine Cymone, and Gonzales, Rhonda M., “Gender, Authority, and Identity in African History,” in Yacob-Haliso, Olajumoke, and Falola, Toyin (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of African Women’s Studies (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 1–17.Google Scholar
Sandroni, Carlos, Feitiço Decente: Transformações do samba no Rio de Janeiro (1917–1933) (Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 2012).Google Scholar
Schadeberg, Thilo C., “Spirantization and the 7-to-5 Vowel Merger in Bantu,” in Dominicy, Marc, and Demolin, Didier (eds.), Sound Change (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1994), 73–84.Google Scholar
Schoenbrun, David, A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the 15th Century (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998).Google Scholar
Schoenbrun, David, “Gendered Themes in Early African History,” in Meade, Teresa A. and Wiesner, Merry E. A Companion to Gender History (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2008), 49–72.Google Scholar
Schoenbrun, David, The Names of the Python: Belonging in East Africa, 900 to 1930 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2021).Google Scholar
Sheldon, Kathleen E., African Women: Early History to the 21st Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017).10.2307/j.ctt2005v2zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smedley, Audrey, Women Creating Patrilyny: Gender and Environment in West Africa (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Staley, David J., Computers, Visualization, and History: How Technology will Transform Our Understanding of the Past (London: M.E. Sharpe, 2003).Google Scholar
Stephens, Rhiannon, A History of African Motherhood: The Case of Uganda, 700–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweet, James H., Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Talmy, Leonard, Toward a Cognitive Semantics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Tew, Mary, The Peoples of Lake Nyassa Region (London: Oxford Press, 1950).Google Scholar
Thornton, John K., Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanhove, Martine, From Polysemy to Semantic Change: Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Associations (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, Jan, “Western Bantu Expansion,” The Journal of African History 25–2 (1984), 129–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, Jan, “New Linguistic Evidence and ‘the Bantu Expansion,’” The Journal of African History 36–2 (1995), 173–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, Jan, Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990).Google Scholar
Velde, Mark van de, Bostoen, Koen, Nurse, Derek, and Philippson, Gérard (eds.), The Bantu Languages 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vuyk, Trudeke, Children of One Womb: Descent, Marriage, and Gender in Central African Societies (Leiden: Centrum voor Niet-Westerse Studies, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, 1991).Google Scholar
Wembah-Rashid, J. A. R., The Ethno-History of the Matrilineal Peoples of Southeast Tanzania (Vienna, Austria: Stiglmayr, 1975).Google Scholar
Whitely, Wilfred, “Bemba and Related Peoples of Northern Rhodesia,” in Forde, Darryl (ed.), East Central Africa, Part II (London: International African Institute, 1950).Google Scholar
Wilson, Godfrey, “An African Morality,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 9–1 (1936).Google Scholar
Wilson, Godfrey, “Introduction to Nyakyusa Law,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 10–1 (1937), 16–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar