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Farewell to old Ireland

Part of: Historiographical Reviews

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

T. C. Barnard
T. C. Barnard
Affiliation:
Hertford College, Oxford
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Historiographical Review
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The Historical Journal , Volume 36 , Issue 4 , December 1993 , pp. 909 - 928
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

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References

1 Connolly, S., Law, religion and power (Oxford, 1992)Google Scholar; Bartlett, T., ‘A new history of Ireland’, Past & Present, CXVI (1987), 206–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bartlett, , The fall and rise of the Irish nation: the Catholic question 1690–1830 (Dublin, 1992)Google Scholar.

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3 Moody, T. W. and Vaughan, W. E. (eds.), A new history of Ireland, IV, Eighteenth-century Ireland (Oxford, 1986)Google Scholar.

4 The best bibliography (for work published before 1982) is that by Dickson, D. in A new history, IVGoogle Scholar: the one element universally praised. It can be supplemented by the lists of theses completed in Irish universities in Irish Historical Studies and by the annual bibliographies in Irish Economic and Social History.

5 Cullen, L. M., The emergence of modem Ireland 1600–1900 (London, 1981)Google Scholar, ch. 10.

6 Kelly, James, Prelude to Union: Anglo-Irish politics in the 1780s (Cork, 1992)Google Scholar. It is also explicit in the collection: Philpin, C. H. E., ed., Nationalism and popular protest in Ireland (Cambridge, 1987)Google Scholar.

7 Froude, J. A., The English in Ireland in the eighteenth century (3 vols., 1872–1874), I, 657Google Scholar.

8 The fall and rise, pp. 6 9, 13–16, 70.

9 For some of the applications: Barnard, T. C., ‘The uses of 23 October 1641 and Irish Protestant celebrations’, English Historical Review, CVI (1991), 889–920CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ‘Irish images of Cromwell’, in Richardson, R. C., ed., Images of Cromwell: essays by and for Roger Howell (Manchester, 1993), pp. 180–206Google Scholar; idem, ‘1641: a bibliographical essay’, in B. Mac Cuarta (ed.), Ulster 1641: essays on the 1641 rebellion in Ulster (Belfast, forthcoming); Hill, J. R., ‘Popery and Protestantism, civil and religious liberty: the disputed lessons of Irish history, 1680–1812’, Past & Present, CXVIII (1988), 96–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ‘National festivals, the state and “Protestant ascendancy” in Ireland, 1790–1829’, Irish Historical Studies, XXIV (1984–5), 30–51; Walker, B., ‘1641, 1689, 1690 and all that: the Unionist sense of history’, The Irish Review, XII (1992), 56–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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12 See, for example, the contrasting emphases in T. C. Barnard, ‘ Athlone, 1685, Limerick 1710: religious riots or charivaris?’, Studia Hibemica, XXVIII, forthcoming; idem, ‘Settling and unsettling Ireland’, in J. Ohlmeyer (ed.), From independence to occupation: Ireland 1641–1660 (Cambridge, forthcoming); Bottigheimer, K. S., ‘The Glorious Revolution and Ireland’, in Schwoerer, L. G. (ed.), The Revolution of 1688–1689 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 234–41Google Scholar; Gillespie, R. G., ‘Irish protestants and James II, 1688–89’, Irish Historical Studies, XXVIII (1992), 124–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hayton, D. W., ‘The Williamite Revolution in Ireland, 1688–1691’, in Israel, J. I., ed., The Anglo-Dutch moment: essays on the Glorious Revolution and its world impact (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 185–212Google Scholar; Kelly, P. H., ‘Ireland and the Glorious Revolution: from kingdom to colony’, in Beddard, R. (ed.), The revolution of 1688 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 163–90Google Scholar.

13 The argument of T. C. Barnard in ‘The protestant interest, 1641–1660’, in Ohlmeyer, From independence to occupation.

14 Richard Butler to marchioness of Ormonde, 25 Jan. 1656/7 (Nat[ional] Lib[rary of] Ire[land], MSS 2322, 219–20); 2nd earl of Cork and 1st earl of Burlington to William Congreve, 10 March 1691/2, and 3 Jan. 1692/3 (Nat. Lib. Ire., MSS 13226); same to same, 20 Sept. 1694 (Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, Londesborough MSS I, V (15)); Robert Howard to Hugh Howard, 20 March 1728/9 and 16 May 1732; Hugh Howard to Robert Howard, 19 March 1733/4 (Nat. Lib. Ire., P.C. 227); Robert Howard to Hugh Howard, 26 June 1733 (Nat. Lib. Ire., MSS 12149).

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16 The details are in his bibliography.

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19 The earliest application to the Irish of the way in which Saul's children had treated the Gibeonites known to me is in Roger Boyle, earl of Orrery, An answer to a scandalous letter lately printed and subscribed by Peter Walsh (London, 1662), p. 65Google Scholar.

20 Archbishop William King to Archbishop William Wake, 2 June 1719 (Christ Church, Oxford, Wake MSS, XIII/62); same to Edward Southwell, 12 Nov. 1719 (Trinity College Dublin, MSS 750/5, 211); Archbishop Edward Synge to Archbishop Wake, 19 Nov. 1719 (Christ Church, Wake MSS, XIII/128), cited in Mant, History of the Church of Ireland, II, 331–2; Lecky, W. E. H., A history of England in the eighteenth century (5 vols., London, 1879), II, 286Google Scholar; (and with the exchange between Lords Galway and Drogheda) in Wall, M., Catholic Ireland in the eighteenth century, ed. O'Brien, G. (Dublin, 1989), pp. 5–6Google Scholar; Bartlett, , Fall and rise, p. 28Google Scholar; Connolly, , Religion, law and power, p. 306Google Scholar.

21 Crawford, E. M. (ed.), Famine: the Irish experience (Edinburgh, 1989)Google Scholar; Dickson, D., Ó Gráda, C. and Daultrey, S., ‘Hearth tax, household size and Irish population change 1672–1821’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, LXXXII C (1982), 163–9Google Scholar; Drake, M., ‘The Irish demographic crisis of 1740–41’, in Moody, T. W. (ed.), Historical Studies, VI (London, 1968), 101–24Google Scholar; Kelly, J., ‘Jonathan Swift and the Irish economy in the 1720s’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, VI (1991), 7–36Google Scholar; idem, ‘Harvests and hardship: famine and scarcity in the late 1720s’, Studia Hibemica, XXVI (1991–2), 65–103.

22 Milne, K., ‘Irish charter schools’, The Irish Journal of Education, VIII (1974), 3–25Google Scholar; Connolly, , Religion, law and power, pp. 304–5Google Scholar.

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24 Barnard, T. C., ‘Reforming Irish manners: the religious societies in Dublin during the 1690s’, Historical Journal, XXXVI (1992), 805–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ‘Protestants and the Irish language, c. 1675–1725’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, XLIV (1993), 243–72.

25 Based on the following records of the Incorporated Society in Trinity College, Dublin: MSS 5301, pp. 5, 7, 11, 13, 21, 22, 23, 30, 35, 36, 38, 46, 58–9, 70, 75; 5302, fos. 135V–136, 177V; 5225, pp. 7, 12, 13, 70, 90; 5597; 5646; 5668. Mr Kenneth Milne is preparing a full account of the charter schools.

26 Osborough, W. N., ‘Catholics, land and the popery acts of Anne’, and Power, T. P., ‘Converts’, in Power, T. P. and Whelan, K. (eds.), Endurance and emergence: catholics in Ireland in the eighteenth century (Dublin, 1990), pp. 21–56, 101–28Google Scholar.

27 Clarke, A., The Old English in Ireland, 1625–42 (London, 1966)Google Scholar; idem, ‘Colonial identity in early-seventeenth-century Ireland’, in T. W. Moody (ed.), Nationality and the pursuit of national independence: Historical Studies, IX (Belfast, 1978), 57–71. Kelly, P. H. (ed.), ‘The improvement of Ireland’, Analecta Hibernica, XXXV (1992), 47–53Google Scholar; idem, ‘“A light to the blind”: the voice of the dispossessed elite in the generation after the defeat at Limerick’, Irish Historical Studies, XXIV (1985), 431–62.

28 Barnard, , ‘The uses of 23 October 1641’, pp. 899–900Google Scholar.

29 ‘The Catholic community in eighteenth-century County Wexford’, in Power and Whelan, , Endurance and emergence, pp. 129–70Google Scholar; ‘Two reviews of books of eighteenth-century Kilkenny interest’, Old Kilkenny Review, IV (1989), 650–6Google Scholar; ‘An underground gentry? Catholic middlemen in the eighteenth century’, in J. Donnelly and K. Miller (eds.), Popular culture in Ireland (forthcoming).

30 Wall, M., ‘The rise of a Catholic middle class in eighteenth-century Ireland’, Irish Historical Studies, XI (1958), 91–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar, reprinted in her Catholic Ireland, pp. 73–84, 179–83; Cullen, L. M., ‘The Irish merchant communities in Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Cognac in the eighteenth century’, in Butel, P. and Cullen, L. (eds.), Négoce et Industrie en France et Irlande aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles (Paris, 1980), pp. 51–64Google Scholar; idem, ‘The Dublin merchant community in the eighteenth century’, in Butel and Cullen (eds.), Cities and merchants: French and Irish perspectives on urban development 1500–1900 (Dublin, 1986), pp. 195–209; Dickson, D., ‘An economic history of the Cork region in the eighteenth century’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Trinity College Dublin (1977), II, 501–3Google Scholar; idem, ‘Catholics and trade in eighteenth-century Ireland: an old debate revisited’, in Power and Whelan, Endurance and emergence. pp. 85–100.

31 ‘Catholics under the penal laws’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, I (1986), 23–36Google Scholar; ‘Catholic social classes under the penal laws’, in Power, and Whelan, , Endurance and emergence, pp. 57–84Google Scholar. For the varying strategies for survival: Bartlett, T., ‘The O'Haras of Annaghmore, c. 1600–c. 1800’, Irish Economic and Social History, IX (1982), 34–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Maguire, W. A., ‘The estate of Cù Chonnacht Maguire of Tempo’, Irish Historical Studies, XXVII (1900), 130–44Google Scholar; Melvin, P., ‘The composition of the Galway gentry’, Irish genealogist, VII (1986), 81–96Google Scholar; Whelan, K., ‘The Catholic church in County Tipperary 1700–1900’, in Nolan, W. (ed.), Tipperary: history and society (Dublin, 1985), pp. 215–55Google Scholar; idem, ‘An underground gentry?’.

32 Barnard, , ‘The uses of 23 October 1641’, pp. 905–8Google Scholar; idem, ‘Protestants and the Irish language’, pp. 243–72; Murphy, J. A., ‘Inchiquin's change of religion’, Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, LXXII (1967), 59–67Google Scholar.

33 Barnard, , ‘The uses of 23 October 1641’, p. 907Google Scholar.

34 Religion, law and power, p. 150.

35 For example, the forthcoming book of Cadoc Leighton, and the Cambridge Ph.D. of Éamon Ó 6 Ciardha on popular Jacobitism after Aughrim. Meanwhile, for a foretaste of the latter's approach see his ‘Woodkerne, tories and rapparees in Ulster and north Connacht in the seventeenth century’, unpublished M.A. dissertation, University College Dublin (1991)Google Scholar.

36 Buttimer, C. G., ‘Gaelic literature and contemporary life in Cork, 1700–1840’, in O'Flanagan, P. and Buttimer, C. G. (eds.), Cork: history and society (Dublin, 1993), pp. 585–654Google Scholar; Cullen, , ‘Patrons, teachers and literacy in Irish, 1700–1850’, in Dickson, D. and Daly, M. (eds.), The origins of popular literacy in Ireland (Dublin, 1990), pp. 15–44Google Scholar; ÓBuachalla, B., ‘The making of a Cork Jacobite’, in O'Flanagan, and Buttimer, (eds.), Cork, pp. 469–98;Google ScholarÓ, Buachalla, ‘Na Stíobhartaigh agus an t-aos léinn: Cing Séamas’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, LXXXIII C (1983), 81–134Google Scholar; Ó, Buachalla, ‘Irish Jacobite poetry’, The Irish Review, XII (1992), 40–9Google Scholar; Whelan, K., ‘The united Irishmen, the enlightenment and popular culture’, in Dickson, D., Keogh, D. and Whelan, K. (eds.), The united Irishmen: radicalism, republicanism and revolution (Dublin, forthcoming)Google Scholar.

37 Brennan, J., ‘A Gallican interlude in Ireland’, Irish Theological Quarterly, XXIV (1957), 219–37, 283–309CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kearney, H., ‘Ecclesiastical politics and the counter-reformation in Ireland’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, XI (1960), 202–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Dr Hayton, however, suggests these divisions can be overplayed in the events of 1688–91: ‘The Williamite revolution in Ireland’, pp. 193–5.

38 The main advance since Brady, J. and Corish, P. J., The church under the penal code (Dublin, 1971)Google Scholar andCorish, P. J., The Catholic community in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Dublin, 1981)Google Scholar, is Power and Whelan, Endurance and emergence.

39 ‘The Catholic church in the diocese of Ardagh, 1650–1870’, in Gillespie, R. G. and Moran, G. (eds.), Longford: essays in county history (Dublin, 1991), pp. 63–91Google Scholar; ‘The Catholic church in County Kilkenny 1600–1800’, in Nolan, W. and Whelan, K. (eds.), Kilkenny: history and society (Dublin, 1990), pp. 197–259Google Scholar. Also Whelan, , ‘The Catholic Church in County Tipperary’, pp. 215–55Google Scholar; idem, ‘The role of the priests in the 1798 rebellion in County Wexford’, in Whelan (ed.), Wexford: history and society (Dublin, 1987), pp. 296–315.

40 Brockliss, L. W. B. and Ferté, P., ‘Irish clerics in France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, LXXXVII C (1987), 527–72Google Scholar.

41 Fagan, P., Dublin's turbulent priest: Cornelius Mary 1658–1738 (Dublin, 1991)Google Scholar. See, too, Coombes, J., A bishop of the penal times… John O'Brien, bishop ofCloyne and Ross, 1701–1769 (Cork, 1981)Google Scholar.

42 Fenning, Hugh, The Irish Dominican Province, 1698–1797 (Dublin, 1990)Google Scholar.

43 Bolster, E. M., A history of the diocese of Cork from the reformation to the penal era (Cork, 1982)Google Scholar; idem, A history of the diocese of Cork from the penal era to the famine (Cork, 1989); Murphy, I., The diocese of Killaloe in the eighteenth century (Dublin, 1991)Google Scholar; Byrne, M., The Catholic parish of Tullamore (Tullamore, 1987)Google Scholar.

44 S. J. Connolly, ‘“Ag Deanamh commanding”: élite responses to popular culture, 1660–1850’, in Donnelly and Miller, Popular culture in Ireland, forthcoming; idem, ‘Popular culture in pre famine Ireland’, in Byrne, C. J. and Harry, M. (eds.), Talamh an Éisc: Canadian and Irish essays (Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1986), pp. 12–28Google Scholar; Whelan, K., ‘The geography of hurling’, History of Ireland, I (1993), 27–31Google Scholar; idem, ‘An underground gentry?’.

45 Lecky had first focused attention on these activities: A history of Ireland in the eighteenth century, new edition (5 vols., London, 1916), I, 286–90, 330, 370Google Scholar; Cullen, , Emergence, pp. 123, 193–209Google Scholar; Connolly, , Religion, law and power, pp. 65–7, 228–30Google Scholar; Barnard, ‘Athlone, 1685’; Fagan, P., ‘The Dublin Catholic mob (1700–1750)’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, IV (1989), 133–42Google Scholar. Dr James Kelly is working on duelling and abductions.

46 Religious beliefs are sensitively examined by Hempton, D. and Hill, M., Evangelical protestantism in Ulster society 1740–1890 (London, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Liechty, J., ‘Irish evangelicalism, Trinity College Dublin, and the mission of the Church of Ireland at the end of the eighteenth century’, unpublished Ph.D., St Patrick's College, Maynooth (1987)Google Scholar. Two books with important implications for our approach to religious life in eighteenth-century Ireland are: Hall, David, Days of Wonder, Days of Judgment (New York, 1989)Google Scholar; and Ward, W. R., The Protestant evangelical awakening (Cambridge, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

47 Barnard, , ‘The uses of 23 October 1641’, p. 907Google Scholar; idem, ‘Protestants and the Irish language’, pp. 243–72; Clayton, John, A Sermon Preach'd at St. Michan's Church in Dublin, February the 23d 1700/1, (Dublin, 1700/)Google Scholar (with MSS annotations in the Nat. Lib. Ire. copy; pressmark, LO P.31); idem, The defence of a sermon (Dublin, 1701); A narrative of the case of Miles Crowly (Dublin, 1760)Google Scholar; Fanning, Robert, A lost sheep returned home (Dublin, 1705)Google Scholar; Meagher, Andrew, The popish mass celebrated by heathen priests (Limerick, 1771)Google Scholar.

48 Great Britain and Ireland, 1760–1800: a study in political administration (Edinburgh, 1963)Google Scholar.

49 Hayton, D. W., ‘Ireland and the English ministers, 1707–16’, unpublished D.Phil., Oxford, 1975Google Scholar; introduction to Ireland after the Glorious Revolution 1692–1715) (Belfast, 1979)Google Scholar; ‘The crisis in Ireland and the disintegration of Queen Anne's last ministry’, Irish Historical Studies, XXII (1981), 193–215Google Scholar; (ed.), ‘An Irish parliamentary diary for the reign of Queen Anne’, Analecta Hibemica, XXX (1982), 97–150Google Scholar.

50 Malcomson, A. P. W., ‘Speaker Pery and the Pery papers’, North Munster Antiquarian Journal, XVI (1973–1974), 33–60Google Scholar; John Foster; the politics of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy (Oxford, 1978)Google Scholar; ‘The parliamentary traffic of this country’ in Bartlett, T. and Hayton, D. W. (eds.), Penal era and golden age (Belfast, 1979), pp. 137–61Google Scholar; ‘A lost natural leader… first marquis of Abercorn (1756–1818)’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, LXXXVIIII C (1988), 64–86Google Scholar.

51 D. W. Hayton, ‘The beginnings of the “undertaker system”’, in Bartlett, and Hayton, , Penal era and golden age, pp. 32–54Google Scholar; idem, ‘Walpole and Ireland’, in Jeremy Black (ed.), Britain in the age of Walpole (London, 1984), pp. 95–119; idem (and D. Szechi), ‘John Bull's other kingdoms: Scotland and Ireland’, in Clyve Jones (ed.), Britain in the first age of party 1680–1750 (London, 1987), pp. 259–79. Valuable on the patriotic mode: Leerssen, J. T., ‘Anglo-Irish patriotism and its European context: notes towards a reassessment’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, III (1988), 7–24Google Scholar. Also McCoy, J. G., ‘Court ideology in mid-eighteenth century Ireland’, unpublished M.A., St Patrick's College, Maynooth (1990)Google Scholar.

52 Hayton, D. W., ‘Anglo-Irish attitudes: changing perceptions of national identity among the Protestant ascendancy in Ireland, ca. 1690–1750’, Studies in eighteenth-century culture, XVII (1987), 145–57Google Scholar; idem, ‘From barbarian to burlesque: English images of the Irish, c. 1660–1750’, Irish Economic and Social History, XV (1988), 5–31; Malcomson, Foster; idem, introduction to Part 3, ‘Lord Shannon’, in Hewitt, E. (ed.), Lord Shannon's letters to his son (Belfast, 1982), pp. xxiii–lxxixGoogle Scholar; idem, In pursuit of the heiress: aristocratic marriage in Ireland 1750–1820 (Belfast, 1982).

53 Other recent work on high politics includes: Bell, Liam, ‘The Irish Parliament of 1727–9’, unpublished M.A. dissertation, University College Dublin (1992)Google Scholar; Doyle, T. G., ‘Parliament and politics in Williamite Ireland 1690–1703’, unpublished M.A., University College Dublin, 1992Google Scholar; Griffin, J., ‘Parliamentary politics in Ireland during the reign of George I’, unpublished M.A., University College Dublin (1977)Google Scholar; Lammey, D., ‘A study in Anglo-Irish relations between 1772 and 1782, with particular reference to the “free trade” movement’, Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Belfast (1984)Google Scholar; Troost, W., William III and the Treaty of Limerick (1691–1697) (Leiden, 1983)Google Scholar.

54 Barnard, T. C., ‘Lord Broghill, Vincent Gookin and the Cork elections of 1659’, English Historical Review, LXXXVIII (1973), 352–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dickson, D., ‘An economic history of the Cork region in the eighteenth century’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College, Dublin (1977), I, 126–36Google Scholar; Hayton, D. W., ‘Tories and whigs in County Cork, 1714’, Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, LXXX (1975),84–8Google Scholar; idem, ‘Two ballads on the County Westmeath by-election of 1723’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, IV (1989), 7–30; James, F. G., ‘The Irish lobby in the early eighteenth century’, English Historical Review, LXXXI (1966), 543–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ‘The active Irish peers of the early eighteenth century’, Journal of British Studies, XVIII (1979), 52–69; Malcomson, A. P. W., ‘The Foster family and the parliamentary borough of Dunleer 1683–1800’, Journal of the Louth Archaeological Society, XVII (1969–1972), 156–63Google Scholar; idem, ‘Election politics in the borough of Antrim, 1750–1800’, Irish Historical Studies, XVIII (1970), 32–57; idem, ‘Speaker Pery’; idem, ‘Parliamentary traffic’.

55 ‘An economic history.’ Some parts of his findings appear in ‘Property and social structure in eighteenth-century south Munster’, in Cullen, L. M. and Furet, F. (eds.), Irlande et France XVIIe–XXe siècles: pour une histoire rurale comparée (Paris, 1977), pp. 129–38Google Scholar; ‘The Cork merchant community in the eighteenth century: a regional perspective’, in Cullen, L. M. and Butel, P., Négoce et Industrie, pp. 45–50Google Scholar; ‘Huguenots in the economy in eighteenth-century Dublin and Cork’, inCaldicott, C. E. J., Gough, H. and Pittion, J. P. (eds.), The Huguenots and Ireland (Dun Laoghaire, 1987), pp. 321–32Google Scholar; ‘“Centres of motion”: Irish cities and the origins of popular polities’, in Bergeron, L. and Cullen, L. M. (eds.), Culture et pratiques politiques en France et Irlande: XVI–XVIII siècles (Paris, 1990), pp. 101–22Google Scholar.

56 Power, T. P., ‘Land, politics and society in eighteenth-century Tipperary’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College Dublin (1987)Google Scholar; O Flaherty, E., ‘Urban politics and municipal reform in Limerick, 1723–62’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, VI (1991), 105–20Google Scholar. Also Clarkson, L. A., ‘The demography of Carrick-on-Suir in 1799’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, LXXXVII C (1987), 2–36Google Scholar; idem, ‘The Carrick-on-Suir woollen industry in the eighteenth century’, Irish Economic and Social History, XVI (1989), 23–41; Milne, K., ‘The corporation of Waterford in the eighteenth century’, in Nolan, W. and Power, T. P. (eds.), Waterford: history and society (Dublin, 1992), pp. 331–50Google Scholar; Power, T. P., ‘Electrical politics in Waterford city, 1692–1832’, in Nolan, and Power, , Waterford, pp. 227–64Google Scholar.

57 In addition to his works listed in the bibliography of New history of Ireland, IV, 768, see: ‘The evolution of the linen industry in Ulster before industrialization’, Irish Economic and Social History, XV (1988), 32–53Google Scholar; ‘The political economy of linen: Ulster in the eighteenth century’, in Brady, C., O'Dowd, M. and Walker, B. (eds.), Ulster: an illustrated history (London, 1989), pp. 134–57Google Scholar; ‘The significance of landed estates in Ulster, 1600–1820’, Irish Economic and Social History, XVII (1990), 44–61Google Scholar. Other illuminating work on the province includes: Clarkson, L. A., ‘Household and family structure in Armagh city’, Local Population Studies, XX (1978), 14–31Google Scholar; idem, ‘An anatomy of an Irish town: the economy of Armagh, 1770’, Irish Economic and Social History, V (1978), 27–45; idem, and E. M. Crawford, Ways to wealth: the Cust family of eighteenth-century Armagh (Belfast, 1985), and the articles by P. Roebuck cited in notes 73 and 75.

58 The series under the general editorship of William Nolan, of which Tipperary, Wexford (edited with K. Whelan); Kilkenny (again edited with K. Whelan); Waterford (with T. P. Power) and Cork (edited by P. O'Flanagan and C. G. Buttimer) have so far been published. Galway, Wicklow and Donegal are well advanced, and Down and Offaly are known to be in gestation. Other ventures include: Gillespie, R. G. and Moran, G. (eds.), ‘A various country’: essays in Mayo history 1500–1900 (Westport, 1987)Google Scholar; Gillespie, and Moran, , Longford; Gillespie, and O'Sullivan, H. (eds.), The borderlands: essays on the Ulster–Leinster border (Belfast, 1989)Google Scholar. The high quality of some, more local studies is demonstrated by Harrison, R. S., Cork city Quakers 1655–1939 (no place, 1991)Google Scholar, and the contributions to Séanchas Chairbre, III (1993)Google Scholar.

59 Andrews, J. H., ‘Land and people, c. 1685’, in Moody, , New History, III 454–77Google Scholar; idem, ‘Land and people, c. 1780’, in Moody, and Vaughan, , Mew History, IV, 236–64Google Scholar. There is a bibliography of Andrews's publications (to 1991) in Aalen, F. H. A. and Whelan, K. (eds.), Dublin: city and county (Dublin, 1992), pp. 425–40Google Scholar. Whelan, K., ‘The regional impact of Irish Catholicism, 1700–1850’, in Smyth, W. J. and Whelan, K. (eds.), The common ground (Cork, 1988), pp. 252–71Google Scholar; idem, ‘Settlement and society in eighteenth-century Ireland’, in Dawe, G. and Foster, J. W. (eds.), The poet's place: Ulster literature and society (Belfast, 1991), pp. 45–62, 314–16Google Scholar. Notable, too, are the pioneering essays of W. J. Smyth: for example, ‘Land values, land ownership and population patterns in County Tipperary for 1641–60 and 1841–50’, in Cullen, and Furet, , Irlande et France, pp. 59–84Google Scholar; ‘Making the documents of conquest speak’ in Silverman, M. and Gulliver, P. H. (eds.), Approaching the past; historical anthropology through Irish case studies (New York, 1992), pp. 236–90Google Scholar; ‘Exploring the social and cultural topographies of sixteenth and seventeenth-century county Dublin’, in Aalen, and Whelan, , Dublin, pp. 121–79Google Scholar; ‘Property, patronage and population: reconstructing the historical geography of mid-seventeenth-century County Tipperary’, in Nolan, , Tipperary, pp. 104–38Google Scholar; ‘Society and settlement in seventeenth-century Ireland: the evidence of the “1659 Census”’, in Smyth, and Whelan, , Common ground, pp. 55–83Google Scholar. Some of the insights from these works (and others) are conveniently gathered together in Graham, B. and Proudfoot, L. (eds.), An historical geography of Ireland (London, 1993)Google Scholar.

60 Dickson, D. (ed.), The gorgeous mask: Dublin 1700–1850 (Dublin, 1987)Google Scholar; idem, ‘The place of Dublin in the eighteenth-century Irish economy’, in Devine, T. M. and Dickson, D. (etls.), Ireland and Scotland 1600–1850 (Edinburgh, 1983), pp. 177–92Google Scholar; idem, ‘The demographic implications of Dublin's growth, 1650–1850’, in Lawton, R. and Lee, R. (eds.), Urban population development in western Europe (Liverpool, 1989), pp. 178–89Google Scholar. A typically suggestive survey is Cullen, L. M., ‘The growth of Dublin, 1600–1900’, in Aalen, and Whelan, , Dublin, pp. 252–77Google Scholar. The most authoritative and minute investigation of the capital's physical growth remains Burke, N. T., ‘Dublin 1600–1800: a study in urban morphogenesis’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Trinity College Dublin (1972)Google Scholar, of which only small sections have been published in Irish Geography, VI (1972), 365–85Google Scholar. Also helpful are the works by Fagan, P., The second city: portrait of Dublin 1700–1760 (Dublin, 1986)Google Scholar; ‘The Dublin Catholic mob’; ‘The population of Dublin in the eighteenth century with particular reference to the proportions of Protestants and Catholics’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, VI (1991), 121–56Google Scholar.

61 ‘The Lucas affair’, unpublished M.A. dissertation, University College Dublin (1981)Google Scholar; ‘Charles Lucas and the Dublin election of 1748–9’, Parliamentary History, II (1983), 93–111Google Scholar; ‘The corporation of Dublin, 1660–1760’, Dublin Historical Record, XXXVIII (1984), 22–35Google Scholar; ‘Municipal politics and popular disturbances’, in Cosgrove, A. (ed.), Dublin through the ages (Dublin, 1988); pp. 77–92Google Scholar; ‘The Dublin anti-union riot of 3 December 1759’, in O'Brien, G. (ed.), Parliament, politics and people: essays in eighteenth-century Irish history (Dublin, 1989), pp. 49–58Google Scholar.

62 ‘The politics of privilege: Dublin corporation and the Catholic question, 1792–1823’, Maynooth Review, VII (1982), 17–36Google Scholar; ‘Religion, trade and politics in Dublin, 1798–1848’, in Butel, and Cullen, , Cities and merchants, pp. 247–59Google Scholar.

63 Cullen, L. M., Anglo-Irish trade, 1660–1800 (Manchester, 1968)Google Scholar; and his subsequent publications listed in the bibliography of Moody an d Vaughan, New history, IV, 769. Some, but by no means all of those published since 1982 are referred to in the other footnotes.

64 Dickson, Ó Gráda and Daultrey, , ‘Irish population change’; Truxes, T. M., Irish-American trade, 1660–1783 (Cambridge, 1988)Google Scholar.

65 London (1981).

66 Bartlett, T., ‘An end to the moral economy: the Irish militia disturbances of 1793’, Past & Present, XCIX (1983) 41–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Connolly, S. J., Priests and people in pre-famine Ireland, 1780–1845 (Dublin, 1982)Google Scholar; idem, ‘Law, order and popular protest in early eighteenth-century Ireland: the case of the Houghers’, in Corish, P. J. (ed.), Radicals, rebels & establishments: Historical Studies, XV (Belfast, 1985), 51–68Google Scholar; idem, Religion and society in nineteenth-century Ireland (Dundalk, 1985); idem, ‘The Houghers: agrarian protest in early eighteenth-century Connacht', in Philpin, , Nationalism and popular protest, pp. 139–62Google Scholar; idem, ‘Albion's fatal twigs: justice and law in the eighteenth century’, in Mitchison, R. and Roebuck, P. (eds.), Economy and society in Scotland and Ireland 1500–1939 (Edinburgh, 1988), pp. 117–25Google Scholar; idem, ‘Family, love and marriage: some evidence from the early eighteenth century’, in MacCurtain, M. and O'Dowd, M. (eds.), Women in early modem Ireland (Edinburgh, 1991), pp. 276–90Google Scholar; Kelly, J., ‘Infanticide in eighteenth-century Ireland’, Irish Economic and Social History, XIX (1992), 5–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 Dublin (1987).

68 Cullen, , Emergence, pp. 210–33Google Scholar; idem, ‘The 1798 rebellion in Wexford: United Irishman: organization, membership, leadership’, in Whelan, , Wexford, pp. 248–95Google Scholar; idem, ‘Late eighteenth-century politicization in Ireland: problems in its study and its French links’, in Bergeron, and Cullen, , Culture et pratiques politiques, pp. 137–58Google Scholar; Whelan, K., ‘The religious factor in the 1798 rebellion in County Wexford’, in O'Flanagan, P., Ferguson, P. and Whelan, K. (eds.), Rural Ireland 1600–1900 (Cork, 1987), pp. 62–85Google Scholar; idem, ‘The role of the Catholic priest in the 1798 rebellion in County Wexford’, in Whelan, , Wexford, pp. 296–315Google Scholar; idem, ‘Politicization in County Wexford and the origins of the 1798 rebellion’, in Dickson, D. and Gough, H. (eds.), Ireland and the French Revolution (Dublin, 1990), pp. 156–78Google Scholar.

69 The view, too, of Curtin, Nancy, ‘The transformation of the United Irishmen into a mass-based organization, 1794–6’, Irish Historical Studies, XXIV (1985), 463–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Elliott, Marianne, ‘Wolfe Tone and the development of a revolutionary culture in Ireland’, in Bergeron, and Cullen, , Culture et pratiques politiques, pp. 171–86Google Scholar; Whelan, K., ‘Catholic mobilisation, 1750–1850’, pp. 235–58Google Scholar.

70 Connolly, , Religion, law and power, p. 2 n. 2Google Scholar; Innes, J., ‘Jonathan Clark, social history and England's “ancien régime”’, Past & Present, CXV (1987),165–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

71 Helpful definitions are offered in Hsia, R. P., Social discipline in the reformation: central Europe 1550–1750 (London, 1989)Google Scholar.

72 The conscious formulation of the idea of the ‘ascendancy’ is itself important, and occurred only when it was under attack in the 1780s. Nevertheless, the earlier concept of the ‘Protestant interest’, aired in the mid-seventeenth century, carried most of the attributes and connotations of an ascendancy. Barnard, ‘The Protestant interest’; Hill, J. R., ‘The meaning and significance of “Protestant Ascendancy”, 1787–1840‘, British Academy-Royal Irish Academy, Ireland after the Union (Oxford, 1989), pp. 1–22Google Scholar; Kelly, J., ‘The genesis of “the Protestant Ascendancy”’, in O'Brien, , Parliament, politics and people, pp. 93–128Google Scholar; idem, ‘Eighteenth-century ascendancy: a commentary’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, V (1990), 173–87; W.J. McCormack, ‘Eighteenth-century ascendancy’, ibid, IV (1989), 159–81.

73 Dickson, , ‘An economic history’, I, 112–13Google Scholar; Gillespie, R. G. (ed.), Settlement and survival on an Ulster estate: the Brownlow leasebook 1667–1711 (Belfast, 1988), pp. lix–lxGoogle Scholar; Roebuck, P., ‘Rent movement, proprietorial incomes and agricultural development, 1730–1830’, in Roebuck, (ed.), Partition to plantation (Belfast, 1981), pp. 96, 98Google Scholar.

74 Fall and rise, p. 47.

75 T. C. Barnard, ‘The Protestant interest’; idem, ‘Land and the limits of loyalty: the second earl of Cork and first earl of Burlington (1612–1698)’, in Barnard, T. C. and Clark, J. (eds.), Lord Burlington: architecture, art and life (London, forthcoming)Google Scholar; Dickson, , ‘An economic history’, I, 73–216Google Scholar; Gillespie, R. G., Colonial Ulster (Cork, 1985), pp. 138, 195Google Scholar; idem, ‘Landed society and the Interregnum in Ireland and Scotland’, in Mitchison and Roebuck (eds.), Economy and society, pp. 39, 41; Ohlmeyer, J., Civil war and restoration in three Stuart kingdoms: the career of Randal MacDonnell, marquis of Antrim, 1609–1683 (Cambridge, 1993) p. 67Google Scholar; Power, , ‘Eighteenth-century Tipperary’, I, 86–92Google Scholar; Roebuck, P., ‘Landlord indebtedness in Ulster in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’, in Goldstrom, J. M. and Clarkson, L. A. (eds.), Irish population, economy and society (Oxford, 1981), pp. 135–54Google Scholar; idem, ‘The making of an Ulster great estate’, pp. 1–25.

76 The Hiberno-Gallic encounters have resulted in four volumes of proceedings: Furet and Cullen, Irlande et France; Butel and Cullen, Négoce et Industrie; Butel and Cullen, Cities and merchants; Bergeron and Cullen, Culture et pratiques politiques; the Scots–Irish meetings, three: Cullen, L. M. and Smout, T. C., Comparative aspects of Scottish and Irish economic and social history 1600–1900 (Edinburgh, 1978)Google Scholar; Devine and Dickson, Ireland and Scotland 1600–1850; Mitchison and Roebuck, Economy and society.

77 Howell, D. W., Patriarchs and parasites: the gentry of South Wales in the eighteenth century (Cardiff, 1986)Google Scholar; Jenkins, P., The making of a ruling class: the Glamorgan gentry 1640–1790 (Cambridge, 1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Nor has much notice been taken of the implications of Jenkins, P., ‘Connections between the landed communities of Munster and South Wales, c. 1660–1780’, Journal oj the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, LXXXIV (1979), 95–101Google Scholar.

78 Barnard, T. C., ‘Lawyers and the law in later seventeenth-century Ireland’, Irish Historical Studies, XXIX (1993), 256–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Connolly, , Law, religion and power, pp. 59–65Google Scholar; Malcomson, , John Foster, pp. 3–16, 451–3Google Scholar.

79 Particular professional groups are studied in Andrews, J. H., Plantation acres: an historical study of the Irish land surveyor and his maps (Belfast, 1985)Google Scholar; Barnard, ‘Lawyers and the law’; idem, ‘Reforming clergymen, 1660–1760’, in a forthcoming volume edited by Alan Ford on the history of the Church of Ireland; Kenny, C., King's Inns and the kingdom of Ireland (Dublin, 1992)Google Scholar; Loeber, R., A biographical dictionary of architects in Ireland 1600–1720 (London, 1981)Google Scholar.

80 For the wealth of Burlington and Ormonde: Barnard, ‘Land and the limits of loyalty’; for Conolly, B[ritish] L[ibrary], Ad. MS 61637A; Boylan, L., ‘The Conollys of Castletown’, Bulletin of the Irish Georgian Society, XI (1968), 1–19Google Scholar; A. P. W. Malcomson, introduction to ‘Castletown Papers’, report on Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, T. 2825.

81 B.L., Sloane MS 1008, fo. 252.

82 An argument of Barnard, T. C., ‘Crises of identity among Irish Protestants, 1641–1685’, Past & Present, CXXVII (1990), 39–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar; further developed in Barnard, , ‘The political, material and mental culture of the Cork settlers, 1650–1700’, in O'Flanagan, and Buttimer, , Cork, pp. 309–65Google Scholar.

83 Apart from the influential articles by Berman, David, ‘Enlightenment and counter-enlightenment in Irish philosophy’ and ‘The culmination and causation of Irish philosophy’, Archiv fũr Geschichte der Philosophie, LXIV (1982), 148–65, 257–79Google Scholar, there are meticulous reconstructions in Kelly, P. H., ‘William Molyneux and the spirit of liberty in eighteenth-century Ireland’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, III (1988), 133–48Google Scholar; idem, ‘Perceptions of Locke in eighteenth-century Ireland’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, LXXXIX C (1989), 2–35; Stewart, M. A., ‘John Smith and the Molesworth circle’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, II (1987), 89–102Google Scholar. Late eighteenth-century currents are skilfully charted by J. Liechty in ‘Irish evangelicalism’. A little of the extended reach of Trinity College Dublin is suggested by Barnard, T. C., ‘Provost Huntington's injunctions to the schoolmasters in 1684’, Hermathena, CXIX (1975), 71–3Google Scholar; S. Ó Seanóir and M. Pollard, ‘“A great deal of good verse”’: commencement entertainments in the 1680s’, ibid, CXXX, CXXXI (1981), 7–36.

84 In addition to the bibliography in the New history IV, an expert guide for the history of buildings is McParland, E., ‘A bibliography of Irish architectural history’, Irish Historical Studies, XXVI (1988), 161–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Valuable introductions to particular topics are offered in Bennett, D., Collecting Irish silver 1627–1900 (London, 1984), especially pp. 123–58Google Scholar; Boydell, B., A Dublin musical calendar, 1700–1760 (Dublin, 1988)Google Scholar; Dunleavy, M., Ceramics in Ireland (Dublin, 1988)Google Scholar; idem, Dress in Ireland (London, 1989); idem, ‘Samuel Madden and the scheme for the encouragement of useful manufactures’, in Bernelle, A. (ed.), Decantations: a tribute in honour of Maurice Craig (Dublin, 1992), pp. 21–8Google Scholar; Nelson, E. C., ‘Sir Arthur Rawdon (1662–1695) of Moira’, Proceedings and Reports of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, 2nd ser., X, for 1977–82 (1983), 30–52Google Scholar; idem, ‘The Dublin Florists’ Club in the mid eighteenth century’, Garden History, X (1982), 142–8; idem, ‘“This garden to adorne with all varietie”: the garden plants of Ireland in the centuries before 1700’, Moorea, IX (1990), 37–54; Potterton, H., Irish church monuments 1570–1880 (Belfast, 1975)Google Scholar.

85 Barnard, T. C., ‘Gardening, diet and “improvement” in later seventeenth-century Ireland’, Journal of Garden History, X (1990), 71–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ‘Cork settlers’.

86 A particularly effective recent evocation of the physical and mental worlds of an eighteenth-century Irish Protestant is Dunne, T., ‘“A gentleman's estate should be a moral school”: Edgeworthstown in fact and fiction, 1760–1840’, in Gillespie, and Moran, , Longford, pp. 95–122Google Scholar. Other studies which try to make more of the material background are: Barnard, ‘Cork settlers’; idem, ‘Land and the limits of loyalty’.

87 As well as the work cited in note 84 Dublin printing has been wonderfully illuminated by Pollard, M., Dublin's trade in books 1550–1800 (Dublin, 1989)Google Scholar.

88 Craig, M. J., Dublin 1660–1860: a social and architectural history (London, 1952)Google Scholar; idem, Classic Irish houses of the middle size (London, 1976); idem, The architecture of Ireland from the earliest times to 1880 (London, 1982).

89 For example, ‘History of tapestry making in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, LXVIII (1938), 91–105Google Scholar; ‘History of the Dublin wall-paper industry in the eighteenth century’, ibid, LXXVII (1947), 101–20; ‘The manufacture of “raised stucco” or “papier maché” papers in Ireland, c. 1750–1770’, ibid, LXXVIII (1948), 55–62; ‘Old wallpapers in Ireland’, Bulletin of the Irish Georgian Society, X (1967), 1–25Google Scholar.

90 A bibliography of her publications (to 1985) is in Fenlon, J., Figgis, N. and Marshall, C. (eds.), New perspectives: studies in art history in honour of Anne Crookshank (Dublin, 1987), pp. 11–13Google Scholar. Notable are: (with the Knight of Glin), Irish portraits 1660–1860 (London, 1969)Google Scholar; ‘Early landscape painters in Ireland’, Country Life (24 Aug. 1972), pp. 468–72; (with the Knight of Glin), The painters of Ireland 1660–1920 (London, 1978)Google Scholar; ‘James Latham (1696–1747)’, Irish Arts Review (1988), pp. 56–72; ‘The conversation piece in Irish painting in the eighteenth century’, in Bernelle, , Decantations, pp. 16–20Google Scholar.

91 Fitzgerald, D., Knight of Glin (with E. Malins), Lost demesnes: Irish landscape gardening 1660–1845 (London, 1976)Google Scholar; ‘Architectural books and “Palladianism” in Ireland’, Bulletin of the Irish Georgian Society, V (1962), 9–35Google Scholar; ‘Francis Bindon (c. 1690–1765): his life and works’, ibid, X (1967), 1–36; ‘A baroque Palladian in Ireland: the architecture of Davis Ducart’, Country Life (28 Sept. 1967), pp. 735–9; ‘The last Palladian in Ireland: the architecture of Davis Ducart’, Country Life (5 Oct. 1967), pp. 798–801; ‘Early Irish trade cards and other eighteenth-century ephemera’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, II (1987), 115–32Google Scholar; A directory of the Irish furniture trade 1752–1800 (Dublin, 1993)Google Scholar, reprinted from Bernelle, Decantations, pp. 47–59.

92 ‘The wide streets commissioners’, Bulletin of the Irish Georgian Society, XV (1972), 1–32Google Scholar; James Gandon, Vitruvius Hibernicus (London, 1985)Google Scholar; The Royal Hospital Kilmainham, reprinted from Country Life (9 & 16 May 1985); ‘Strategy in the planning of Dublin 1750–1800’, in Butel, and Cullen, , Cities and merchants, pp. 97–108Google Scholar; ‘Edward Lovett Pearce and the New Junta for architecture’, in Barnard and Clark,Lord Burlington.

93 ‘Architectural books in eighteenth-century Ireland’, Eighteenth-century Ireland, III (1988), 105–13Google Scholar; ‘Subscription networks for Irish architectural books 1730–1760’, Long Room, XXXV (1990), 41–9Google Scholar.

94 ‘The painter stainers companies of Dublin and London: craftsmen and artists 1670–1740’, in Fenlon, New perspectives, pp. 29–37; ‘French influence in late seventeenth-century portraits’, Irish Arts Review (1989–90), pp. 156–68; ‘Garret Morphy and his circle’, ibid. (1991–2), pp. 135–48; ‘The Ormonde inventories 1675–1717: a state apartment at Kilkenny Castle’, in Bernelle, , Decantations, pp. 101–8Google Scholar.

95 Barnard, ‘Cork settlers’; ffolliott, R., ‘The furnishings of a Palladian house, 1742–3: Barbavilla, County Westmeath’, Irish Ancestor, XI (1979), 86–95Google Scholar; Loeber, R., ‘Irish country houses an d castles of the late Caroline period’, Bulletin of the Irish Georgian Society, XVI (1973), 1–69Google Scholar; O'Connor, C., ‘Dr. James Tyrell: agent at Florence’, Studies, LXIX (1980), 137–44Google Scholar; Rankin, P., Irish building ventures of the earl bishop of Derry (Belfast, 1972)Google Scholar. The impending publication of A. Dalzimer (ed.), Visualizing Ireland, and the proceedings of a recent symposium at the National Gallery of Ireland should do much to show how historians can exploit art and artefacts.

96 Breffny, B. de and ffolliott, R., The houses of Ireland (London, 1975)Google Scholar, and Bence-Jones, M., Burke's guide to country houses. I. Ireland (London, 1978)Google Scholar, help.