Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T18:54:29.286Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Fear and Terror in a Post-Political Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2014

Abstract

Despite an investigation lasting almost a year there is still no clarity as to why the perpetrators of the London bombings of 2005 acted as they did. Many commentators projected their own views into the vacuum left by the terrorists. These ideas, ranging from revenge for British foreign policy to the logical outcome of social exclusion, may shape security and community-related policies adversely. This article suggests that the bombers reflected a wider sense of disgruntlement in contemporary culture, one that is largely home grown and inculcated. Exploring the recent development of this politics of alienation, and a concomitant search for identity and meaning, it is proposed that the biggest danger is to live in a society with no clear sense of direction or purpose.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Phrase attributed to and forming the essence of V. E. Frankl, Man's Search for Meaning, Boston, Beacon Press, 1959.Google Scholar

2 Report of the Official Account of the Bombings in London on 7 July 2005, Norwich, HMSO, 2006, HC 1087.Google Scholar

3 Such a view has become mainstream across the political spectrum, migrating from George Galloway's tirade against Tony Blair upon being elected MP for the Respect Party in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in 2005, to the authors of ‘Riding Pillion for Tackling Terrorism is a High-Risk Policy’, Security, Terrorism and the UK, ISP/NSC Briefing Paper 05/01, London, RIIA, 2005.Google Scholar

4 R. Briggs, C. Fieschi and H. Lownsbrough, Bringing it Home: Community-Based Approaches to Counter-Terrorism, London, Demos, 2006.Google Scholar

5 Report into the London Terrorist Attacks on 7 July 2005, Norwich, HMSO, 2006, Cm 6785.Google Scholar

6 ‘Not in my name’ was the slogan used by many of those opposed to the Iraq War of 2003. Faisal Devji points to a growing usage of such non-political statements by a wide variety of groups encompassing environmental protestors and others in Landscapes of the Jihad: Militancy, Morality, Modernity, New Delhi, Foundation Books, 2005.Google Scholar

7 This is not to belittle the genuine grief of all those concerned, or indeed their understandable desire for support.Google Scholar

9 A common warning from the prime minister, the head of the Security Service and many others.Google Scholar

10 A phrase attributed to the IRA after failing to assassinate the then prime minister, Margaret Thatcher.Google Scholar

11 Z. Laïdi, A World Without Meaning, London, Taylor & Francis, 1998.Google Scholar

12 S. P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996.Google Scholar

13 T. Blair, ‘Not a Clash Between Civilisations, but a Clash About Civilisation’, speech, London, Foreign Policy Centre, 21 March 2006, available at http://fpc.org.uk/events/past/231.Google Scholar

14 Countering International Terrorism: The United Kingdom's Strategy, Norwich, HMSO, 2006, Cm 6888.Google Scholar

15 T. Blair, uncorrected transcript of oral evidence to the House of Commons Liaison Committee, 4 July 2006, available at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmliaisn/uc709-iii/uc70902.htm.Google Scholar

16 J. Reid, speech to Muslim groups in East London, 20 September 2006, available at http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/Speeches/sp-muslim-group-20-09-06.Google Scholar

17 There is a burgeoning literature on the causes of so-called radicalization emerging from a wide variety of organizations, very little of which is peer reviewed.Google Scholar

18 ‘Towards a Community-Based approach to Counter-Terrorism’, report on Wilton Park conference, 20–2 March 2006, WPSO6/5, available at http://www.wiltonpark.org.uk/documents/conferences/WPS06-5/pdfs/WPS06-5.pdf.Google Scholar

19 ‘Gang “Planned to Bomb London Nightclub” ’, Guardian, 25 May 2006.Google Scholar

20 M. Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.Google Scholar

21 Osama bin Laden, Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden, ed. by B. Lawrence, trans. by J. Howarth, London, Verso, 2005.Google Scholar

22 S. Milne, ‘They Can't See Why They are Hated’, Guardian, 13 September 2001.Google Scholar

23 Cited in ‘God Gave U.S. “What We Deserve” Falwell Says’, Washington Post, 14 September 2001.Google Scholar

24 M. Bookchin, Re-Enchanting Humanity: A Defense of the Human Spirit against Anti-Humanism, Misanthropy, Mysticism and Primitivism, London, Cassell, 1995.Google Scholar

25 M. Rees, Our Final Century: Will the Human Race Survive the Twenty-First Century?, London, William Heinemann, 2003.Google Scholar

26 J. Gray, Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals, London, Granta, 2003.Google Scholar

27 ‘Earth Without People: What if we All Disappeared Tomorrow?’, New Scientist, 14 October 2006.Google Scholar

28 M. Moore, Stupid White Men … and Other Sorry Excuses for the State of the Nation!, London, Penguin, 2002.Google Scholar

29 F. Furedi, Culture of Fear: Risk-Taking and the Morality of Low Expectations, London, Continuum, 2002.Google Scholar

30 F. Furedi, Therapy Culture: Cultivating Vulnerability in an Uncertain Age, London, Routledge, 2004.Google Scholar

31 M. Thatcher, ‘Aids, Education and the Year 2000’, Woman's Own, 23 September 1987.Google Scholar

32 A. Rosenthal, The Decline of Representative Democracy: Process, Participation, and Power in State Legislatures, Washington, DC, Congressional Quarterly Books, 1997.Google Scholar

33 P. F. Whiteley and P. Seyd, High-Intensity Participation: The Dynamics of Party Activism in Britian, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2002.Google Scholar

34 POWER Inquiry, Power to the People: An Independent Inquiry into Britain's Democracy, York, JRCT, 2006.Google Scholar

35 M. Saatchi, In Praise of Ideology, London, Centre for Policy Studies, 2006.Google Scholar

36 A. Giddens, Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics, Cambridge, Polity, 1994. See also F. Furedi, The Politics of Fear: Beyond Left and Right, London, Continuum, 2006.Google Scholar

37 R. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York, Simon & Schuster, 2000.Google Scholar

38 R. Sennett, The Fall of Public Man, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1976.Google Scholar

39 J. Heartfield, The ‘Death of the Subject’ Explained, Sheffield, Perpetuity Press, 2002.Google Scholar

40 F. Furedi, Paranoid Parenting: Why Ignoring the Experts May be Best for your Child, London, Allen Lane, 2001.Google Scholar

41 A. Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Cambridge, Polity, 1991.Google Scholar

42 See for example, C. Hale, Crime in Modern Britiain: Interpreting Trends in Crime, Harlow, Longman Criminology, 1996; D. Garland, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001; or Silverman, E. B. and Della-Giustina, J-A., ‘Urban Policing and the Fear of Crime’, Urban Studies, 38: 5–6 (2001) pp. 941–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

43 Furedi, Culture of Fear.Google Scholar

44 U. Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Nottingham, Sage, 1992.Google Scholar

45 Better Regulation Commission, Risk, Responsibility and Regulation: Whose Risk is it Anyway?, London, Whitehall, 2006.Google Scholar

46 D. L. Altheide, Creating Fear: News and the Construction of Crises, New York, De Gruyter, 2002.Google Scholar

47 Furedi, The Politics of Fear.Google Scholar

48 J. Morris (ed.), Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle, London, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.Google Scholar

49 B. Durodié, ‘The Precautionary Principle – Is it Killing Innovation?’, in S. Kumaria (ed.), An Apology for Capitalism?, London, Profile Books, 2004, pp. 68–77.Google Scholar

50 J. Porritt, Playing Safe: Science and the Environment, London, Thames and Hudson, 2001.Google Scholar

51 B. Durodié, ‘Political Tunnel Vision is Today's Real Terror’, Times Higher Education Supplement, 26 March 2003.Google Scholar

52 A. B. Seligman, The Problem of Trust, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2000.Google Scholar

53 Guzelian, C. P., ‘Liability and Fear’, Ohio State Law Journal, 64: 4 (2004), pp. 713851.Google Scholar

54 This is the view of Bob Worcester, the founder of the public polling company MORI.Google Scholar

55 Durodié, B., ‘Limitations of Public Dialogue in Science and the Rise of New ‘“Experts”’, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 6: 4 (2003), pp. 8292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

56 R. W. Dozier, Fear Itself: The Origin and Nature of the Powerful Emotion that Shapes Our Lives and Our World, New York, Thomas Dunne Books, 1998.Google Scholar

57 See for example C. Robin, Fear: The History of a Political Idea, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006; or J. Bourke, Fear: A Cultural History, London, Virago Press, 2005.Google Scholar

58 D. L. Scruton (ed.), Sociophobics: The Anthropology of Fear, Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1986.Google Scholar

59 E. L. Quarantelli, What is a Disaster?, London, Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar

60 Quarantelli, E. L. and Dynes, R. R., ‘Response to Social Crisis and Disaster’, Annual Review of Sociology, 3: 1 (1977), pp. 2349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

61 B. Durodié, ‘Cultural Precursors and Psychological Consequences of Contemporary Western Responses to Acts of Terror’, in S. Wessely and V. Krasnov (eds), Psychological Aspects of the New Terrorism: A NATO Russia Dialogue, Amsterdam, IOS Press, 2005, pp. 37–53.Google Scholar

62 Durodié, B. and Wessely, S., ‘Resilience or Panic? The Public and Terrorist Attack’, The Lancet, 360: 9349 (2002), pp. 1901–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

63 F. Furedi, ‘Disaster and Contemporary Consciousness: The Changing Cultural Frame for the Experience of Adversity’, draft report 2004, available at http://www.terrorismresearch.net/finalreports/Furedi/FurediReportFull.pdf.Google Scholar

64 R. Dynes, ‘On Disasters and Popular Culture’, University of Delaware Disaster Research Centre Preliminary Paper 295, Newark, University of Delaware, 2000.Google Scholar

65 R. M. Titmuss, Problems of Social Policy, Nottingham, HMSO, 1950.Google Scholar

66 A. Calder, The Myth of the Blitz, London, Jonathan Cape, 1991.Google Scholar

67 Jones, E., Woolven, R., Durodié, B. and Wessely, S., ‘Civilian Morale During the Second World: Responses to Air Raids Re-Examined’, Social History of Medicine, 17: 3 (2004), pp. 463–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

68 Furedi, Therapy Culture.Google Scholar

69 Rose, S., Bisson, J., and Wessely, S., ‘A Systematic Review of Single-Session Psychological Interventions (“Debriefing”) Following Trauma’, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 72: 4 (2003), pp. 176–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

70 C. Marsden and J. Hyland, ‘Britain: 20 Years Since the Year-Long Miners' Strike’, World Socialist website, 2004, available at http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/mar2004/mine-m05.shtml.Google Scholar

71 Glass, T. and Schoch-Spana, M., ‘Bioterrorism and the People: How to Vaccinate a City Against Panic’, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34: 2 (2002), pp. 217–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

72 Hubbard, P., ‘Fear and Loathing at the Multiplex: Everyday Anxiety in the Post-Industrial City’, Capital and Class, 80 (2003), pp. 5176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

73 Durodié, B., ‘Facing the Possibility of Bioterrorism’, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 15: 3 (2004), pp. 264–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed