Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T19:31:38.383Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Diversity and cosmopolitan democracy: Avoiding global democratic relativism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 January 2015

LUIS CABRERA*
Affiliation:
School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia

Abstract

Many recent arguments for trans-state and global democracy would offer broad leeway on constitutionalized right standards to states, and few formal mechanisms for individuals to challenge domestic rights rejections beyond the state. Such a stance, it is shown here, tends to be rooted in implicit presumptions of domestic consensus. Challenges are offered to this and related presumptions in accounts of cosmopolitan democracy, as well as global variants of liberal nationalism and political liberalism. An alternative, primarily instrumental approach to trans-state and global democracy is detailed. It would give emphasis to ways in which formal suprastate participation, complemented by challenge mechanisms for individuals, could play a crucial role in helping to strengthen individual rights protections within states. The case for adopting such an approach is reinforced through attention to the efforts of a persistent domestic democratic minority – Dalits in India – to reach out to the global human rights regime for help in pressuring their own state to better protect rights against exclusion and subjugation.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abizadeh, Arash. 2008. “Democratic Theory and Border Coercion: No Right to Unilaterally Control Your Own Borders.” Political Theory 36(1):3765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abizadeh, Arash 2012. “On the Demos and Its Kin: Nationalism, Democracy, and the Boundary Problem.” American Political Science Review 106(4):867–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archibugi, Daniele. 2008. The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Arneson, Richard. 2009. “The Supposed Right to a Democratic Say.” In Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy, edited by Christiano, Thomas and Christman, John, 197212. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Barry, Brian. 2003. “Is Democracy Special?” In Philosophy and Democracy: An Anthology, edited by Christiano, Thomas. New York: Oxford University Press, 321–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beitz, Charles. 1989. Political Equality: An Essay in Democratic Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla. 2011. Dignity in Adversity: Human Rights in Troubled Times. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Berman, Paul Schiff. 2007. “Global Legal Pluralism.” Southern California Law Review 80:11551237.Google Scholar
Bob, Clifford. 2007. “‘Dalit Rights Are Human Rights’: Caste Discrimination, International Activism, and the Construction of a New Human Rights Issue.” Human Rights Quarterly 29(1):167–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohman, James. 2007. Democracy across Borders: From Demos to Demoi. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Chris. 1997. “Universal Human Rights: A Critique.” The International Journal of Human Rights 1:4165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, Allen. 2004. Justice, Legitimacy and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen 2008. “Human Rights and the Legitimacy of the International Order.” Legal Theory 39:6165.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen 2010. “The Egalitarianism of Human Rights.” Ethics 120(4):679710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, Allen 2014. The Heart of Human Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cabrera, Luis. 2004. Political Theory of Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Case for the World State. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabrera, Luis 2010. The Practice of Global Citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabrera, Luis 2014. “Individual Rights and the Democratic Boundary Problem.” International Theory 6(2):224–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campaign for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly. 2014. “About the Campaign.” Available at <http://en.unpacampaign.org/about/index.php>..>Google Scholar
Caney, Simon. 2000. “Cosmopolitan Justice and Cultural Diversity.” Global Society 14(4):525–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caney, Simon 2005. Justice Beyond Borders: A Global Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caney, Simon 2006a. “Global Justice: From Theory to Practice.” Globalizations 3(2):121–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caney, Simon 2006b. “Cosmopolitan Justice and Institutional Design: An Egalitarian Liberal Conception of Global Governance.” Social Theory and Practice 32(4):725–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caney, Simon 2007. “Egalitarian Liberalism and Universalism.” In Multiculturalism and Political Theory, edited by Laden, Anthony Simon and Owen, David. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 151–72.Google Scholar
Cavallero, Eric. 2009. “Federative Global Democracy.” Metaphilosophy 40(1):4264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiano, Thomas. 2006. “Democracy” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available at <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/>..>Google Scholar
Christiano, Thomas 2011. “An Instrumental Argument for a Human Right to Democracy.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 39(2):142–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, Phillip. 2012. “Taking Moral Equality Seriously: Egalitarianism and Immigration Controls.” Journal of International Political Theory 8(12):121–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davenport, Christian and Armstrong, David. 2004. “Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976 to 1996.” American Journal of Political Science 48: 538–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Schutter, Helder and Tinnevelt, Ronald. 2010. ‘Is Liberal Nationalism Incompatible with Global Democracy?’ In Global Democracy and Exclusion, edited by Tinnevelt, Ronald and Schutter, Helder De, 195216. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Divakar, N. Paul and Ajai, M.. 2004. “UN Bodies and the Dalits: A Historical Review of Interventions.” In Caste, Race and Discrimination. Discourses in International Context, edited by Thorat, Sukhadeo and Umakant, 330. New Delhi: Rawat.Google Scholar
Douglass-Scott, Sionaidh. 2011. “The European Union and Human Rights after the Treaty of Lisbon.” Human Rights Law Review 11(4):645–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dryzek, John. 2009. “Democratization as Deliberative Capacity Building.” Comparative Political Studies 42(11):13791402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dworkin, Ronald. 1996. Freedom’s Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dworkin, Ronald 2000. Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
European Parliament. 2012. “European Parliament Resolution of 13 December 2012 on Caste Discrimination in India.” 2012/2909(RSP).Google Scholar
Fabre, Cecile. 2000. Social Rights under the Constitution: Government and the Decent Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falk, Richard and Strauss, Andrew. 2011. A Global Parliament: Essays and Articles. Berlin: Committee for a Democratic UN.Google Scholar
Føllesdal, Andreas. 2012. “Cosmopolitan Democracy: Neither a Category Mistake Nor a Categorical Imperative.” In Global Democracy: Normative and Empirical Perspectives, edited by Archibugi, Daniele, Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias and Marchetti, Raffaele. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 96114.Google Scholar
Føllesdal, Andreas 2013. “The Principle of Subsidiarity as a Constitutional Principle in International Law.” Global Constitutionalism 2(1):3762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Nancy. 2008. Scales of Justice: Reimagining Political Space in a Globalizing World. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2013. “Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance.” Available at <http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2013>..>Google Scholar
Goldberg, Arthur J. 1965. “The Need for a World Court of Human Rights.” Howard Law Journal 11:621–23.Google Scholar
Goodin, Robert. 2007. “Enfranchising All Affected Interests, and its Alternatives.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 35(1):4068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Ryan. 2002. “Human Rights Treaties, Invalid Reservations, and State Consent.” American Journal of International Law 96:531–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, Carol. 2004. Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, Carol 2014. Interactive Democracy: The Social Roots of Global Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutmann, Amy and Thompson, Dennis. 1996. Democracy and Disagreement: Why Moral Conflict Cannot be Avoided in Politics, and What Should Be Done about It. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Harvard.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen. 2008. “The Constitutionalization of International Law and the Legitimation Problems of a Constitution for World Society.” Constellations 15(4):444–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, David. 1995. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Held, David 2004. Global Covenant: The Social Democratic Alternative to the Washington Consensus. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Held, David 2010. Cosmopolitanism: Ideals and Realities. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Hix, Simon and Høyland, Bjørn. 2013. “Empowerment of the European Parliament.” Annual Review of Political Science 16:171–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Organization for Migration. 2007. “Background Paper: International Dialogue on Migration, Intersessional Workshop on Free Movement of Persons in Regional Integration Processes.” Available at <http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/what-we-do/international-dialogue-on-migrat/free-movement-of-persons-in-regi.html>..>Google Scholar
Irudayam, Aloysius, Mangubhai, Jayshree P. and Lee, Joel G.. 2006. Dalit Women Speak Out: Violence Against Dalit Women in India. New Delhi: National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights.Google Scholar
Jackson, Vicki C. 2006. “World Habeas Corpus.” Cornell Law Review 91(2):303–67.Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2005. Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability: Fighting the Indian Caste System. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kapur, Ratna. 2006. “Human Rights in the 21st Century: Take a Walk on the Dark Side.” Sydney Law Review 28(4):665–87.Google Scholar
Keating, Christine. 2011. Decolonizing Democracy: Transforming the Social Contract in India. State College, PA: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias. 2011. “Is Global Democracy Possible?European Journal of International Relations 17(3):519–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias 2012. “Fuzzy Citizenship in Global Society.” Journal of Political Philosophy, 20(4):456–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krajewski, Markus. 2010. “Legitimizing Global Economic Governance through Transnational Parliamentarization: The Parliamentary Dimensions of the WTO and the World Bank.” TransState Working Papers 136. Collaborative Research Centre 597, available at <http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2013/4182/pdf/AP_136_2010.pdf>.CrossRef.>Google Scholar
Kutner, Luis. 1954. “A Proposal for a United Nations Writ of Habeas Corpus and an International Court of Human Rights.” Tulane Law Review 28(4):417–41.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Legg, Andrew. 2012. The Margin of Appreciation in International Human Rights Law: Deference and Proportionality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerche, Jens. 2008. “Transnational Advocacy Networks and Affirmative Action for Dalits in India.” Development and Change 39(2):239–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linz, Juan J. and Stepan, Alfred C.. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, John. 1980 [1690]. Second Treatise of Government, edited by Macpherson, C. B.. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar
Lucci, Juan José. 2013. “MERCOSUR Parliament: Institutional weakness and political stalemate. Analysis six years after its formation.” Journal of Arts and Humanities 2(3):6166.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Terry. 2012. “Citizens or Stakeholders? Exclusion, Equality and Legitimacy in Global Stakeholder Democracy.” In Global Democracy: Normative and Empirical Perspectives, edited by Archibugi, Daniele, Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias and Marchetti, Raffaele, 4768. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marchetti, Raffaele. 2008. Global Democracy, For and Against: Ethical Theory, Institutional Design, and Social Struggles. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchetti, Raffaele 2012. “Models of Global Democracy: In Defence of Cosmo-Federalism.” In Global Democracy: Normative and Empirical Perspectives, edited by Archibugi, Daniele, Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias and Marchetti, Raffaele, 2246. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mayerfeld, Jamie. 2009. “The Democratic Legitimacy of International Human Rights Law.” Indiana International and Comparative Law Review 19(1):4988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayerfeld, Jamie 2011. “A Madisonian Argument for Strengthening International Human Rights Institutions: Lessons from Europe.” In Global Governance, Global Government: Institutional Visions for an Evolving World System, edited by Cabrera, Luis, 211–51. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. 1988 [1869]. The Subjection of Women, edited by Susan Moller Okin. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar
Miller, David. 2009. “Democracy’s Domain.” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 37(3):201–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutua, Makau Wa. 2001. “Savages, Victims, and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights.” Harvard International Law Review 42:201245.Google Scholar
Narula, Smita. 1999. Broken People: Caste Violence against India’s ‘Untouchables’. Human Rights Watch Asia.Google Scholar
Narula, Smita 2008. “Equal by Law, Unequal by Caste: The ‘Untouchable’ Condition in Critical Race Perspective.” Wisconsin International Law Journal 26:255343.Google Scholar
Näsström, Sofia. 2007. “The Legitimacy of the People.” Political Theory 35(5):624–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Näsström, Sofia 2011. “The Challenge of the All-Affected Principle.” Political Studies 59(1):116–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nickel, James W. 1995. “What’s Wrong with Ethnic Cleansing?Journal of Social Philosophy 25(1):515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nickel, James W 2007. Making Sense of Human Rights, 2nd edn. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Nickel, James and Reidy, David. 2008. “Relativism, Self-Determination, and Human Rights.” In Democracy in a Global World: Human Rights and Political Participation in the 21st Century, edited by Chatterjee, Deen K., 91109. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1999. Sex and Social Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha 2001. Woman and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha 2006. Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Harvard.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha 2008. “Constitutions and Capabilities.” In Democracy in a Global World: Human Rights and Political Participation in the 21st Century, edited by Chatterjee, Deen K., 111–44. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha 2011a. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha 2011b. “Perfectionist Liberalism and Political Liberalism.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 39(1):345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nzewi, Ogochukwu. 2013. “Influence and Legitimacy in African Regional Parliamentary Assemblies: The Case of the Pan-African Parliament’s Search for Legislative Powers.” Journal of Asian and African Studies, available at <http://jas.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/07/01/0021909613490138.abstract>.Google Scholar
Pan-African Parliament. 2014. “Welcome to the Pan-African Parliament.” Available at <http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/>..>Google Scholar
Pogge, Thomas. 2008. World Poverty and Human Rights, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Raman, Sujit M. 1999. “Caste in Stone.” Harvard International Review 21(4).Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rawls, John 1999. The Law of Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rawls, John 2001. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, edited by Kelly, Erin (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Harvard).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheuerman, William. 2002. “Cosmopolitan Democracy and the Rule of Law.” Ratio Juris 15(4):439–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholte, Jan Aart, ed. 2011. Building Global Democracy? Civil Society and Accountable Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1999. “Democracy as a Universal Value.” Journal of Democracy 10(3):317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabic, Zlatko. 2008. “Building Democratic and Responsible Global Governance: The Role of International Parliamentary Institutions.” Parliamentary Affairs 61(2):255–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec. 2012. “A Cosmopolitan Legal Order: Constitutional Pluralism and Rights Adjudication in Europe.” Global Constitutionalism 1(1):5390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec and Mathews, Jud. 2008. “Proportionality Balancing and Global Constitutionalism.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 47:73165.Google Scholar
Talbott, William. 2005. Which Rights Should Be Universal? Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamanaha, Brian Z. 2008. “Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global.” Sydney Law Review 30:375411.Google Scholar
Tamir, Yael. 1993. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tan, Kok-Chor. 2004. Justice without Borders: Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and Patriotism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, Kok-Chor 2008. “Global Democracy: International, Not Cosmopolitan.” In Democracy in a Global World: Human Rights and Political Participation in the 21st Century, edited by Chatterjee, Deen K., 161–83. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Tan, Kok-Chor 2012. Justice, Institutions and Luck: The Site, Ground and Scope of Equality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorat, Sukhadeo and Kumar, Narender, eds. 2009. B. R. Ambedkar: Perspectives on Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thorat, Sukhadeo and Newman, Katherine, eds. 2009. Blocked by Caste: Economic Discrimination in Modern India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. 1996. Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Fifty-first Session. Supplement No. 18 (A/51/18) available at <http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f52efba4.html>..>Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 1983. Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Weinstock, Daniel. 2010. “Motivating the Global Demos.” In Global Democracy and Exclusion, edited by Tinnevelt, Ronald and Schutter, Helder De, 177–93. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ypi, Lea. 2013. “Cosmopolitanism without If and without But.” In Cosmopolitanism versus Non-Cosmopolitanism: Critiques, Defenses, Reconceptualizations, edited by Brock, Gillian, 7591. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar