Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T19:31:35.817Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Beyond self-determination: norms contestation, constituent diplomacies and the co-production of sovereignty

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2017

NOÉ CORNAGO Open the ORCID record for NOÉ CORNAGO [Opens in a new window]
NOÉ CORNAGO*
Affiliation:
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Faculty of Social Sciences and Communication, PO Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
*
*Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

The idea of a perfect national political community, entirely confined within the contours of a corresponding state, is one of the foundational fictions of global modernity. Its formal crystallisation in the legal grammars of the right to self-determination has been however, particularly in the post-colonial era, highly problematic and full of ambiguities. Drawing on this background, this article contends that diplomacy offers frequently a more promising venue for dealing with the challenge of political pluralism than appealing to either the unstable grammars of the right to self-determination or a reified understanding of the principle of territorial integrity of states. In so doing, firstly, the right to self-determination is critically examined. Instead of attempting to articulate its formal content, the malleability of its legal grammars and political realities, will be emphasised. Secondly, based on the discussion of a variety of historical cases, the notion of ‘constituent diplomacies’ will be advanced, aiming to show how the agonistic accommodation of political and territorial pluralism through diplomacy was crucial not only in the formative processes of modern sovereign states but also nowadays. Finally, this relational understanding of the historical forms of governance of political pluralism within and beyond state boundaries will be re-examined, beyond its ethno-political dimensions, through the prism of the complex interplay between the material and ideational conditions for the co-production of sovereignty in the context of new global capitalism.

Keywords

contestationdiplomacypluralismsecessionself-determination
Type
Special Issue: Independence in a World of Intersecting Legal and Political Regimes
Information
Global Constitutionalism , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , July 2017 , pp. 327 - 358
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abi-Saab, George. 2006. “Conclusion.” In Secession: International Law Perspectives, edited by Kohen, Marcelo, 473–6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Abulof, Uriel. 2015. “The Confused Compass: From Self-determination to State-Determination.” Ethnopolitics 14(5):488–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abulof, Uriel. 2016. “We the Peoples? The Strange Demise of Self-Determination.” European Journal of International Relations 2(3):536–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, R. and Cox, R.. 2008. “Introduction.” In Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe, edited by Adams, R. and Cox, R., 1–12. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. S. 1993. The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450–1919. New York, NY: Longman.Google Scholar
Angeli, Oliverio. 2015. Cosmopolitanism, Self-Determination and Territory: Justice with Borders. Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahcheli, Tozun, Bartmann, Barry and Srebrnik, Henty eds. 2004. De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barten, Ulrike. 2015. Minorities, Minority Rights and Internal Self-Determination. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Alexander. 2013. “The Changing Face of Self-Determination: A Catalonian Case Study.” Hemispheres 36:536–7.Google Scholar
Beier, Marshall ed. 2009. Indigenous Diplomacies. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beran, Harry. 1998. “A Democratic Theory of Political Self-Determination.” In Theories of Secession, edited by Lehning, Percy, 32–59. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Berg, Eiki. 2009. “Re-Examining Sovereignty Claims in Changing Territorialities: Reflections from ‘Kosovo Syndrome’.’’ Geopolitics 14(2):219–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Eiki and Toomla, Raul. 2009. “Forms of Normalisation in the Quest for De Facto Statehood.” The International Spectator 44(4):27–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, Guyora. 1993. “The Case for Self-Determination.” Stanford Journal of International Law 29:223–72.Google Scholar
Borgen, Christopher J. 2009. “Language of Law and the Practice of Politics: Great Powers and the Rhetoric of Self-Determination in the Cases of Kosovo and South Ossetia.” The Chinese Journal of International Law 10(1):1–35. Available at: <http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol10/iss1/3>.Google Scholar
Brownlie, Ian. 1970. “An Essay in the History of the Principle of Self-determination.” In Studies in the History of the Law of Nations, edited by Alexandrowicz, C.H., 90–9. Amsterdam: Springer Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, Allen. 1991. Justice, Legitimacy and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry and Lawson, George. 2015. The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, David and Jayasuriya, Kanishka. 2016. ‘‘The Regionalization of Capital in the Patchwork Economy and the Transnationalization of the Subnational State.” In Globalization and Transnational Capitalism in Asia and Oceania, edited by Sprage, Jeb, 285–301. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Canuto, Otaviano and Liu, Lili eds. 2013. Until Debt Do Us Part: Subnational Debt, Insolvency, and Markets. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardim, P., Herzog, J. J. Ruiz Ibáñez and Sabatini, G. eds. 2012. Polycentric Monarchies: How Did Early Modern Spain and Portugal Achieve and Maintain a Global Hegemony? Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press.Google Scholar
Caplan, Richard. 2005. Europe and the Recognition of New States in Yugoslavia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartes-Montory, Armando. 2010. Concepción contra “Chile”. Consensos y tensiones regionales en la Patria Vieja 1808–1811. Santiago de Chile: Centro de Estudios Bicentenario.Google Scholar
Caspersen, Nina. 2012. Unrecognized States: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Modern International System. London: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Cassese, Antonio. 1995. Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chandler, David. 2010. International Statebuilding: The Rise of Post-Liberal Governance. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christakis, Theodor. 1999. Le droit à l’autodétermination en dehors des situations de décolonisation. Paris: La Documentation Française.Google Scholar
Chryssogonos, Kostas and Stratilatis, Kostas. 2012 “Constituent Power and Democratic Political Constitution-Making Process in the Global Era.” In Democracy With(out) Nations? Old and New Foundations for Political Communities, edited by Filibi, Igor, Cornago, Noé and Frosini, Justin O., 49–82. Bilbao: University of the Basque Country/CCSDD Johns Hopkins Bologna Center.Google Scholar
Coleman, Andrew. 2010. “Determining the Legitimacy of Claims for Self-Determination: A Role for the International Court of Justice and the Use of Preconditions.” St Antony’s International Review 6(1):57–78.Google Scholar
Connolly, William. E. 2005. Pluralization. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Constantinou, Costas M. and Derian, James Der eds. 2010. Sustainable Diplomacies. Houndmills: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantinou, Costas M. 1996. On the Way to Diplomacy. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, James M. 1999. “State of the Nation: Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Evolution of the Right of Self-Determination in International Law.” Behavioral Sciences and the Law 17:607–43.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copp, David. 1998. “International Law and Morality in the Theory of Secession.” The Journal of Ethics 2:219–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtois, Stephane. 2004. “Démocratie délibérative et secession.” Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique 37(4):811–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crameri, Kathryn. 2015. “Do Catalans Have the Right to Decide? Secession, Legitimacy and Democracy in Twenty-First Century Europe.” Global Discourse 3:1–17.Google Scholar
Crawford, James. 2007. The Creation of States in International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuneen, Chris. 2012. “Restorative Justice and the Politics of Decolonization.” In Restorative Justice: Theoretical Foundations, edited by Elmar, G., Weitekamp, M. and Kerner, Hans-Jürgen, 32–49. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cunill, Carolina. 2012. “La negociación indígena en el Imperio ibérico: aportes a su discusión metodológica.” Colonial Latin American Review 21(3):391–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahbour, Omar. 2003. Illusion of the Peoples: A Critique of National Self Determination. New York, NY: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Daniels, Christine and Kennedy, Michael V. eds. 2002. Negotiated Empires: Centers and Peripheries in the Americas, 1500–1820. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Davies, John and Kaufman, Edward. 2003. Second Track/Citizens’ Diplomacy: Concepts and Techniques for Conflict Transformation. London: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
De Miguel, Josu. 2006. “Variaciones contemporáneas del derecho de autodeterminación: el ‘derecho a decidir’ y la propuesta de reforma del estatuto de autonomía del País Vasco.” Anuario da Facultade de Dereito da Universidade da Coruna 10:261–78.Google Scholar
Der Derian, James. 1987. On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Estrangement. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Der Derian, James. 1996. “Hedley Bull and the Idea of Diplomatic Culture.” In International Society after the Cold War: Anarchy and Order Reconsidered, edited by Fawn, Rick and Larkins, Jeremy, 84–100. Houndmills: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dugard, John. 2013. The Secession of States and Their Recognition in the Wake of Kosovo. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisner, Michael. 1992. “A Procedural Model for the Resolution of Secessionist Disputes.” Harvard International Law Journal 33:407–25.Google Scholar
Elliot, J. H. 1992. “A Europe of Composite Monarchies.” Past and Present 137:48–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabry, M. 2015. “The Right to Self-determination as a Claim to Independence in International Practice.” Ethnopolitics 145:498–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fawn, Rick and Richmond, Oliver P.. 2009. “De Facto States in the Balkans: Shared Governance versus Ethnic Sovereignty in Republika Srpska and Kosovo.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 3(2):205–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazal, Tanisha. 2007. State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ferreres Comella, Victor. (2014) “The Spanish Constitutional Court Confronts Catalonia’s ‘Right to Decide’ (Comment on the Judgment 42/2014).” European Constitutional Law Review 10(3):571–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flint, C. and Taylor, P. J.. 2007. Political Geography: World-Economy, Nation-State, and Locality. New York, NY: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2004. Sécurité, Territoire, Population: Cours au Collège de France, 1977–1978. Paris: Gallimard-Seuil.Google Scholar
Franck, Thomas M. 1992. “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance.” American Journal of International Law 86(1):57–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, Duncan. 2013. Statehood and Self-Determination: Reconciling Tradition and Modernity in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, R. 2015. “Between Accommodation and Contestation: The Political Evolution of Basque and Catalan Nationalism.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 21(1):3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Thomas D. 1999. The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution. Westport, CT: Praeger Greenwood.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel. 2009. “La diplomatie constitutive dans le Nouveau Royaume de Grenade (1808–1810).” Nuevo Mundo-Mundos Nuevos. Article available at: <http://nuevomundo.revues.org/index49103.html>.CrossRef.>Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel. 2007. “Constitutive Diplomacy in the Nuevo Reino de Granada 1810–1816.” Historia Crítica 33:38–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haljan, David. 2014. Constitutionalising Secession. Oxford: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Hannum, Hurst. 2011. Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights. Temple, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hexiu, Q. (2008) “The Two Systems of Diplomacy of Late Qing China: External Relationship, Modernization and Transitional Phase.” Journal of Northeast Asian History 5(1):21–44.Google Scholar
Heraclides, Alexis. 1991. The Self-Determination of Minorities in International Politics. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Horgan, G. W. 2004. “Inter-Institutional Relations in the Devolved Great Britain: Quiet Diplomacy.” Regional and Federal Studies 14(1):113–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayasuriya, Kanishka. 2005a. Reconstituting the Global Liberal Order: Legitimacy and Regulation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jayasuriya, Kanishka. 2005b. “Breaking the Westphalian Frame: Regulatory State, Fragmentation and Diplomacy.” In Diplomacy and Developing Nations: Post-Cold War Foreign Policy-Making Structures and Processes, edited by Robertson, J. and East, M., 39–54. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jayasuriya, Kanishka. 2004. “Capacity Beyond the Boundary: New Regulatory State, Fragmentation and Relational Capacity.” In Challenges to State Policy Capacity: Global Trends and Comparative Perspectives, edited by Painter, Martin and Pierre, Jon, 19–38. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jones, Peter. 2015. Track Two Diplomacy in Theory and Practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jovanović, Miodrag. 2008. “Consensual Secession of Montenegro: Towards Good Practice?” In On the Way to Statehood: Secession and Globalization, edited by Pavković, Aleksandar and Radan, Peter, 133–48. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Kármán, Gábor. 2013. “Sovereignty and Representation: Tributary States in the Seventeenth-century Diplomatic System of the Ottoman Empire.” In The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, edited by in Kármán, G. and Kuncevic, L., 155–85. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, Michael. 2009. The Independence of Scotland: Self-government and the Shifting Politics of Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keene, Edward. 2002. Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingston, Paul and Spears, Ian eds. 2004. States-Within-States: Incipient Political Entities in the Post-Cold War Era, 189–93. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenigsberger, H. G. 1978. “Monarchies and Parliament in Early Modern Europe: Dominium Regale or Dominium Politicum et Regale.” Theory and Society. 5:191–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohen, Marcelo. 2006. “Introduction.” In Secession: International Law Perspectives, edited by Kohen, Marcelo, 1–20. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolliarakis, Giorgios. 2015. “Recognition as a Second-Order Problem in the Resolution of Self-Determination Conflicts.” In Recognition in International Relations: Rethinking a Political Concept in a Global Context, edited by Daase, Christopher, Fehl, Caroline, Geis, Anna and Kolliarakis, Georgios, 178–98. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolsto, Pal. 2006. “The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States.” Journal of Peace Research. 43(6):723–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koskenniemi, Martti. 1991. “The Effect of Rights on Political Culture.” In The EU and Human Rights, edited by Alston, Philip, 99–116. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Koskenniemi, Martti. 1994. “National Self–Determination Today: Problems of Legal Theory and Practice?” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 43(1):241–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koskenniemi, Martti. 2006. From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacoste, Pablo. 2010. “Las relaciones entre Chile y Argentina: el aporte histórico y el papel de algunos de los actors subnacionales no estatales.” In La política internacional subnacional de América Latina, edited by Maira, Luis, 329–57. Buenos Aires: Libros del Zorzal.Google Scholar
Laoutides, Costas. 2015. Self-Determination and Collective Responsibility in the Secessionist Struggle. Burlington: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Lechner, Sylviya. 2006. “What Difference Does Ius Inter Gentes Make? Changing Diplomatic Rights and Duties and the Modern European States-System.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 1(3):35–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levaggi, Abelardo. 1993. “Los tratados entre la Corona y los Indios, y el plan de Conquista Pacífica.” Revista Complutense de Historia de América 19:81–91.Google Scholar
Li, Jiei. 2002. “State Fragmentation: Towards a Theoretical Uniderstanding of the Territorial Power of the State.” Sociological Theory 20(2):139–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez-Jacoiste, Eugenia. 2016. “Autonomy and Self-Determination in Spain: Catalonia’s Claims for Independence from the Perspective of International Law.” In Autonomie und Selbstbestimmung: In Europa und im internationalen Vergleich, edited by Hilpold, Peter, 218–41.Vienna: Facultas Verlag.Google Scholar
MacLeod, G. 2001. “New Regionalism Reconsidered: Globalization and the Remaking of Political Economic Space.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25:804–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maia, J. Nelson Bessa and Flávio Sombra Saraiva, J.. 2012. “A paradiplomacia financiera no Brasil da Republica Velha 1890–1930.” Revista Brasileira de Politica Internacional 25(1):106–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martín y Pérez de Nanclares, José. 2015. “Legal Considerations Regarding a Hypothetical Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Catalonia: A Legally Unfeasible Political Scenario.” Spanish Yearbook of International Law 19:35–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthew, Laura E. and Oudijk, Michel R. eds. 2007. Indian Conquistadors: Indigenous Allies in the Conquest of Mesoamerica. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Mattingly, Garret. 1995. Renaissance Diplomacy. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
McEwen, Nicola. 2016. “Disunited Kingdom: Will Brexit Spark the Disintegration of the UK?” Political Insight, 7(2):22–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCorquodale, Richard. 1994. “Self-Determination: A Human Rights Approach.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 43(4):857–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGarry, John. 2008. “Conclusion: Power-sharing Theory: Lessons from the Complex Power-sharing Project.” In Settling Self-Determination Disputes: Complex Power-Sharing in Theory and Practice, edited by Weller, M. and Metzger, B., 691–719. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
McMillan, Kevin. 2010. “European Diplomacy and the Origins of Governmentality.” In Security and Global Governmentality: Globalization, Governance and the State, edited by Larrínaga, Miguel de and Doucet, Marc G., 23–43. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Miller, Russell A. 2003. “Self-Determination in International Law and the Demise of Democracy?” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 41:601–30.Google Scholar
Minto, R., Hunt, J., Keating, M. and Gowan, L.. 2016. “A Changing UK in a Changing Europe: The UK State between European Union and Devolution.” The Political Quarterly 87:179–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 2006. Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Ovando, Cristian and González, Sergio. 2014. “La relación bilateral chileno-boliviana a partir de las demandas tarapaqueñas: aproximación teórica desde la paradiplomacia como heterología.” Estudios internacionales 46:35–64.Google Scholar
Paul, Darel E. 2005. Rescaling International Political Economy: Subnational States and the Regulation of the Global Political Economy. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pazartzis, Photini. 2006. “Secession and International Law: The European Dimension.” In Secession: International Law Perspectives, edited by Weller, M. and Metzger, B., 355–72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, M. J. 1997. Recognition of Governments: Legal Doctrine and State Practice 1815–1995. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 1998. “Self-Determination in Practice.” In National Self-Determination and Secession, edited by Moore, Margaret, 79–102. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picciotto, Sol. 1997. “Fragmented States and International Rules of Law.” Social and Legal Studies 6(2):259–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picciotto, Sol. 2008. “Regulatory Networks and Multi-Level Global Governance.” In Responsible Business: Self-governance and the Law in Transnational Economic Transactions, edited by Dilling, O., Herberg, M. and Winter, G., 315–41. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Pigman, Geoffrey A. and Deos, Anthony. 2008. “Consuls for Hire: Private Actors, Public Diplomacy.” Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 4(1):85–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomerance, Michla. 1984. “Self-Determination Today: The Metamorphosis of an Ideal.” Israel Law Review 19(3):310–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafols, Pons, Xavier, F.. 2014. “Legalidad internacional y derecho a decidir.” Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales 27:1–87. Article available at: <http://www.reei.org/index.php/revista/num27/articulos/>.Google Scholar
Reno, William. 2001. “How Sovereignty Matters: International Markets and the Political Economy of Local Politics in Weak States.” In Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global–Local Networks of Power, edited by Callaghy, Thomas M., Kassimir, Ronald and Latham, Robert, 197–215. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ridao i Martín, J. 2014. ‘‘La juridificación del derecho a decidir en España: la STC 42/2014 y el derecho a aspirar a un proceso de cambio político del orden constitucional.’’ Revista de Derecho Político 91:91–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roach, S. C. 2007. “A Constitutional Right to Secede? Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State.” International Studies Perspectives 8(4):446–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roepstorff, Kristina. 2012. The Politics of Self-determination: Beyond the Decolonisation Process. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadler, David. 1992. The Global Region: Production, State Policies and Uneven Development. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Sending, Ole Jacob, Pouliot, Vincent and Neumann, Iver B.. 2015. “Introduction.” In Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics, edited by Jacob Sending, Ole, Pouliot, Vincent and Neumann, Iver B., 1–31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seshagiri, L. 2010. “Democratic Disobedience: Reconceiving Self-Determination and Secession at International Law.” Harvard International Law Journal 51(2):553–98.Google Scholar
Seymour, M. 2007. “Secession as a Remedial Right.” Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 50(4):395–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simeon, Richard. 1972. Federal-Provincial Diplomacy: The Making of Recent Policy in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Sterio, Milena. 2013. The Right to Self-Determination under International Law: ‘‘Selfistans’’, Secession and the Rule of the Great Powers. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stewart, Frances. 2006. “Global Economic Influences and Policies towards Violent Self-Determination Movements.” In Globalization, Violent Conflict and Self-Determination, edited by Fitzgerald, Valpy, Stewart, Frances and Venugopal, Rajesh, 20–47. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajadura, Javier. 2013. “El ‘derecho a decidir’, el Estado del Derecho y la democracia.” Cuadernos de Alzate 46:231–44.Google Scholar
Talmon, Stefan. 1998. Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Tancredi, Antonello. 2006. “A Normative ‘Due Process’ in the Creation of States through Secession.” In Secession: International Law Perspectives, edited by Kohen, Marcelo, 163–88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thornberry, Patrick. 1991. International Law and the Rights of Minorities. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tierney, Stephen. 2007. “We the Peoples: Balancing Constituent Power and Constitutionalism in Plurinational States.” In The Paradox of Constitutionalism, edited by Loughlin, Martin and Walker, Neil, 229–45. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tully, James. 1995. Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdez, Jorge. 2001. Deliberative Democracy: Political Legitimacy and Self- Determination in Multicultural Societies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Vidmar, Jure. 2010. “Remedial Secession in International Law: Theory and Lack of Practice.” St Antony’s International Review 6(1):37–56.Google Scholar
Vigevani, Tullo. 2006. “Problemas para a atividade internacional das unidades subnacionais.” Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais 21(62):127–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilajosana, J. M. 2014. “The Democratic Principle and Constitutional Justification of the Right to Decide.” Catalan Social Sciences Review 4:57–80.Google Scholar
Von Thiessen, H. 2010. “Switching Roles in Negotiation.” In Paroles de négotiateurs: l’entretien dans la pratique diplomatique de la fin du Moyen Age à la fin du XIXe siécle, edited by Andretta, S., Pequignot, S., Schaub, M. K., Waquet, J. C. and Windler, C., 151–72. Rome: Ecole Francaise de Rome.Google Scholar
Weinstock, Daniel. 2000. “Towards a Proceduralist Theory of Secession.” Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 13(2):251–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weller, Marc. 2008. “Preface.” In Settling Self-determination Disputes: Complex Power-sharing in Theory and Practice, edited by Weller, M. and Metzger, B., ix–x. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weller, Marc. 2009. Escaping the Self-Determination Era. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellman, Christopher H. 2005. A Theory of Secession: The Case for Political Self-Determination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Richard. 1991. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region 1650–1815. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, Antje. 2008. The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, Antje. 2014. A Theory of Contestation. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. W. 1929. “Secessionist Diplomacy of Yucatan.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 9(2):132–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, Stefan and Rodt, Annemarie. 2013. “Self-Determination after Kosovo.” Europe-Asia Studies 65(5):799–822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar