It is generally supposed that the crystalline limestones which occur amongst the schists, associated with orthogneisses, in various parts of the world, are altered sedimentary limestones whose accessory minerals and crystalline structure have been developed by simple contact and dynamo-metamorphism; and no doubt many crystalline limestones are of sedimentary origin, and owe their peculiarities to these agencies. In other cases the peculiar mode of occurrence of such rocks or their manner of association with igneous rocks (orthogneisses or nepheline-syenites) has led to the suggestion of other theories.

Kesh, or as it is locally spelled ‘Keash,’ is fifteen miles south of the town of Sligo, and consists of a few scattered buildings, with farms about them. The spot is at the foot of Keishcorran Mountain, an isolated mass of Carboniferous Limestone which rises to 1,183 feet ; and the country which extends south and west from this mountain for miles from Kesh presents an array of gravel eskers and elongated mounds of glacial material, with here and there a small lake or marsh in the hollows between them. Sprinklings of erratic boulders and stones occur up to the very summit of the mountain. These consist principally of red sand-stone, with a few of yellow sandstone and of dyke rocks. It is believed that these rocks could be found in place on the next hill range to the south and south-east of Kesh, around Lough Key, but this point has not been definitely established. Though no continuous deposit of drift was seen on the mountain, these erratic blocks are sufficient to show that it has been overwhelmed by ice.

Elephas meridionalis. Nesti. Portion of right lower m. 3. Falconer, “Fauna Ant. Siv.” (1846), pi. xiv B, figs. 11, lla, and “Pal. Memoirs” (1868), vol. i, p. 446; vol. ii, p. 136. Leith Adams, ibid., p. 196. Forest Bed (?) : Hasbro' Oyster Bed. S. Woodward Coll. 5 [1771].

Ferdinand roemer, who has justly been called the “Father of the Geology of Texas,” was born at Hildesheim, Hanover, on January 5th, 1818. His early education was obtained at the Gymnasium Andreanum of that town, where, under the influence of his teacher, Dr. Muhlert, he developed a great fondness for science, especially in the line of natural history. His love of geology, however, was strongly developed by excursions with his eldest brother, F. A. Roemer, Frederic Hoffmann, and F. A. Quenstedt. Notwithstanding his predilection in this direction, he was induced by his brother, probably with the view of entering a well-established profession, to undertake the study of law. Accordingly, from 1836 to 1839 he was engaged in attending legal instruction at Göttingen, with the exception of the Summer semester of 1838, which was spent at Heidelberg. Still, the attraction of science was well-nigh irresistible. With the keenest pleasure he listened to Hausmann on geognosy, and when at Heidelberg the zoological instruction of Bronn was eagerly sought. His future calling was, however, to be decided in favour of his natural bent. As he was about to present himself for examination in the higher legal course, for political reasons—although he himself was an innocent party—certain difficulties were raised and he withdrew. Thus science gained a brilliant scholar and geology a zealous investigator.