Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:10:42.822Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Capital Market Union and residential capitalism in Europe: Rescaling the housing-centred model of financialization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2023

Rodrigo Fernandez*
Affiliation:
KU Leuven, Belgium
Manuel B. Aalbers
Affiliation:
KU Leuven, Belgium
*
Corresponding author: Rodrigo Fernandez, Department of Geography and Tourism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E Box 2409, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. Email: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This article examines the effects of implementing the proposals of the European Commission to institute a Capital Market Union (CMU) on the diverse landscape of residential capitalism in Europe. The CMU will bypass existing national institutional blockades that left core countries of the Eurozone, namely Germany, France and Italy, largely untouched by the housing-centred financialization that developed in countries like Spain, Ireland, the UK and the Netherlands. It is widely acknowledged that the rise in securitized mortgage debt contributed to the global financial crisis. As part of the CMU, the new European Commission is promoting mortgage securitization throughout the EU and thereby rescaling the political economy of housing finance that was hitherto rooted in national, institutional models. We argue that countries which ‘missed’ the previous housing boom will not be able to prevent future housing-centred financialization. CMU thus signifies a spatial expansion of the debt-led accumulation model.

Type
Article
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits noncommercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2017

References

Aalbers, M.B. (2008) The financialization of home and the mortgage market crisis. Competition and Change, 12(2): 148–66.Google Scholar
Aalbers, M.B. (2015) The great moderation, the great excess and the global housing crisis. International Journal of Housing Policy, 15(1): 4360.10.1080/14616718.2014.997431CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aalbers, M.B. (2016) The Financialization of Housing: A Political Economy Approach. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315668666CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aalbers, M.B. and Christophers, B. (2014) Centering housing in political economy. Housing, Theory and Society, 31(4): 422–28.Google Scholar
Aalbers, M.B. and Engelen, E. (2015) The political economy of the rise, fall, and rise again of securitization. Environment and Planning A, 47(8): 15971605.10.1177/0308518X15599324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aalbers, M.B., Engelen, E. and Glasmacher, A. (2011) ‘Cognitive closure’ in the Netherlands: Mortgage securitization in a hybrid European political economy. Environment and Planning A, 43(8): 1779–95.10.1068/a43321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AFME (2016a) AFME Securitization Data Report: European Structured Finance 2016 Q2. Brussels: Association for Financial Markets in Europe.Google Scholar
AFME (2016b) AFME Securitization Data Report: European Structured Finance 2016 Q3. Brussels: Association for Financial Markets in Europe.Google Scholar
Arundel, R. (2017) Equity inequity: Housing wealth inequality, inter and intra-generational divergences, and the rise of private landlordism. Housing, Theory and Society, 34(2): 176200.10.1080/14036096.2017.1284154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bank of England (2015) A European Capital Markets Union: Implications for growth and stability. Bank of England Financial Stability Paper No. 33.Google Scholar
BIS (2006) Housing finance in the global financial market. CGFS Paper, No 26.Google Scholar
BIS (2011a) The development of securitisation statistics in Ireland. IFC Bulletin No. 34.Google Scholar
BIS (2011b) Report on Asset Securitisation Incentives. Basel: Bank of International Settlements.Google Scholar
BIS (2012) The great leveraging. BIS Working Papers, No 398.Google Scholar
BIS (2013) Mind the Gap? Sources and Implications of Supply Demand Imbalances in Collateral Asset Markets. Basel: Bank of International Settlements.Google Scholar
Boyer, R. (2000) Is a finance-led growth regime a viable alternative to Fordism? A preliminary analysis. Economy and Society, 29(1): 111–45.10.1080/030851400360587CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenner, N., Peck, J. and Theodore, N. (2010) After neoliberalization? Globalizations, 7(3): 327–45.10.1080/14747731003669669CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, B.G. (2017) Securitization and the Global Economy: History and Prospects for the Future. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/978-1-137-34287-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouch, C. (2009) Privatised Keynesianism: An unacknowledged policy regime. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 11(3): 382–99.10.1111/j.1467-856X.2009.00377.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Feliciantonio, C. (2016) Subjectification in times of indebtedness and neoliberal/austerity urbanism. Antipode, 48(5): 1206–27.10.1111/anti.12243CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DNB (2000) Het bancaire hypotheekbedrijf onder de loep. Rapport over de ontwikkelingen op de hypotheekmarkt in de periode 1994-1999 gebaseerd op onderzoek naar de hypothecaire kredietverlening bij Nederlandse financiële instellingen. Amsterdam: De Nederlandsche Bank.Google Scholar
ECB (2016) Survey on the Access to Finance of Enterprises in the Euro Area: October 2015 to March 2016. Frankfurt: ECB.Google Scholar
ECB Monetary and Financial Statistics (n.d.) Available at: <https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/money/fvc/html/index.en.html/>. Accessed 10 November 2016..+Accessed+10+November+2016.>Google Scholar
EMF data (n.d.) Available at: <http://www.hypo.org/Content/default.asp?PageID=414/>. Accessed 20 May 2015..+Accessed+20+May+2015.>Google Scholar
Engelen, E. (2008) The case for financialization. Competition and Change, 12(2): 111–19.Google Scholar
Engelen, E. and Glasmacher, A. (2016) ‘Simple, transparent and standardized’: Narratives, law and interest coalitions in regulatory capitalism. Unpublished working paper. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302536200_Simple_Transparent_and_Standardized_Narratives_Law_and_Interest_Coalitions_in_Regulatory_Capitalism/>. Accessed 8 January 2017..+Accessed+8+January+2017.>Google Scholar
EPRA (2012) Real estate in the real economy: Supporting growth, jobs and sustainability. European Public Real Estate Assocation. Available at: <http://www.epra.com/application/files/8415/0392/6698/INREV_EPRA_Real_Estate_Real_Economy_2016_Report.pdf/>. Accessed 2 October 2017..+Accessed+2+October+2017.>Google Scholar
Eurostat data (n.d.) Available at: <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Housing_statistics/nl#Eigendomssituatie/>. Accessed 9 March 2016..+Accessed+9+March+2016.>Google Scholar
European Commission (2012) Green Paper: Shadow Banking. Brussels 19.3.2012 COM (2012) 102 final.Google Scholar
European Commission (2015a) Green Paper: Building a Capital Markets Union. Brussels 18.2.2015 COM(2015) 63.Google Scholar
European Commission (2015b) Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL laying down common rules on securitization and Creating a European framework for simple, transparent and standardized securitization and amending Directives 2009/65/EC, 2009/138/EC, 2011/61/EU and Regulations (EC) No 1060/2009 and (EU) No 648/2012. Brussells. Available at: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52015PC0472andfrom=EN/>. Accessed 8 January 2017..+Accessed+8+January+2017.>Google Scholar
Fernandez, R. and Aalbers, M.B. (2016) Financialization and housing: Between globalization and varieties of capitalism. Competition and Change, 20(2): 7188.10.1177/1024529415623916CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez, R. and Wigger, A. (2016) Lehman Brothers in the Dutch offshore financial centre: The role of shadow banking in increasing leverage and facilitating debt. Economy and Society, 45(3-4): 407–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fields, D. and Uffer, S. (2016) The financialisation of rental housing: A comparative analysis of New York City and Berlin. Urban Studies, 53(7): 14861502.10.1177/0042098014543704CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finance Watch (2014) A missed opportunity to revive “boring” finance? A position paper on the long term financing initiative, good securitisation and securities financing. Brussels: Finance Watch.Google Scholar
Finance Watch (2016) Have the lessons from the financial crisis been learned? Statement at European Parliament's ECON Committee Public Hearing on Securitisation, 13 June, Brussels. Available at: <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/103512/2016%2006%2013_STS_hearing_FW_opening_statement%20final_Nijdam.pdf/>. Accessed 2 October 2017.. Accessed 2 October 2017.' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Finance+Watch+(2016)+Have+the+lessons+from+the+financial+crisis+been+learned?+Statement+at+European+Parliament's+ECON+Committee+Public+Hearing+on+Securitisation,+13+June,+Brussels.+Available+at:+.+Accessed+2+October+2017.>Google Scholar
Forrest, R. and Hirayama, Y. (2015) The financialisation of the social project: Embedded liberalism, neoliberalism and home ownership. Urban Studies, 52(2): 233–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FSB (2011) Shadow Banking: Scoping the Issues. Basel: Financial Stability Board.Google Scholar
FSB (2015) Global Shadow Banking Monitoring Report 2015. Basel: Financial Stability Board.Google Scholar
Gotham, K.F. (2009) Creating liquidity out of spatial fixity: The secondary circuit of capital and the subprime mortgage crisis. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(2): 355–71.10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00874.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, J. (2008) The Great Risk Shift. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (2005) Neoliberalism: A Brief History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, M. (2012) The Bubble and Beyond: Fictitious Capital, Debt Deflation and Global Crisis. Dresden: ISLET.Google Scholar
IMF (2011) Housing finance and financial stability: Back to basics. In: IMF Global Financial Stability Report 2011. Washington, DC: IMF.Google Scholar
IMF (2011a) Institutional cash pools and the Triffin Dilemma of the U.S. banking system. IMF Working Paper 11/190.10.5089/9781462307265.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IMF (2011b) The nonbank-bank nexus and the shadow banking system. IMF Working Paper 11/289.10.5089/9781463927233.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IMF (2013) Fiscal Monitor: Taxing Times. Washington, DC: IMF.Google Scholar
IMF (2015) Securitization: The road ahead. IMF Staff Discussion Note, SDN/15/01.Google Scholar
Immergluck, D. (2009) Re-forming Mortgage Markets: Sound and Affordable Home Lending in a New Era. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, C. and Murie, A. (2006) The Right to Buy: Analysis and Evaluation of a Housing Policy. Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorda, O., Schularick, M. and Taylor, A.M. (2014) The great mortgaging: Housing finance, crises, and business cycles. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper 2014-23. Available at: <http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/files/wp2014-23.pdf/>. Accessed 29 July 2016.10.3386/w20501CrossRef.+Accessed+29+July+2016.>Google Scholar
Kemeny, J. (1981) The Myth of Home Ownership. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, C.P. and Aliber, R.Z. (2000) Manias, Panics and Crashes. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapavitsas, C. (2013) The financialization of capitalism: ‘Profiting without producing’. City, 17(6): 792805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langley, P. (2006) Securitising suburbia: The transformation of Anglo-American mortgage finance. Competition and Change, 10(3): 283–99.10.1179/102452906X114384CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazzarato, M. (2012) The Making of the Indebted Man: An Essay on the Neoliberal Condition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Martin, R. (2002) Financialization of Daily Life. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
McKinsey. (2013) QE and ultra-low interest rates: Distributional effects and risks. McKinsey Global Institute, November 2013. Available at: <https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/qe-and-ultra-low-interest-rates-distributional-effects-and-risks/>. Accessed 3 October 2017..+Accessed+3+October+2017.>Google Scholar
Mueller, J. (2015) European Capital Markets Union: False promises of growth and risks to financial stability? SOMO Paper, September 2015. Available at: <https://www.somo.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/European-Capital-Markets-Union.pdf/>. Accessed 8 January 2017..+Accessed+8+January+2017.>Google Scholar
OECD (2010) Real house prices in OECD countries: The role of demand shocks and structural and policy factors. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 831.Google Scholar
OECD (2011) Outlook for the securitisation market. OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends, Volume 2011: 118.Google Scholar
Piketty, T. (2014) Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674369542CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polanyi, K. (2001/1944) The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Pozsar, Z., Adrian, T., Ashcroft, A., and Boesky, H. (2012) Shadow Banking. Federal Reserve of New York Staff Report No. 458.Google Scholar
PwC (2016) Securitisation in Luxembourg: A Comprehensive Guide. Luxembourg: PricewaterhouseCoopers.Google Scholar
Rolnik, R. (2013) Late neoliberalism: The financialization of homeownership and housing rights. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(3): 1058–66.10.1111/1468-2427.12062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ronald, R. (2008) The Ideology of Home Ownership: Homeowner Societies and the Role of Housing. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230582286CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ronald, R., Lennartz, C. and Kadi, J. (2015) Homeownership-based welfare in transition. Critical Housing Analysis, 2(1): 5264.10.13060/23362839.2015.2.1.176CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, H.M. (2009) Subprime Nation: American Power, Global Capital, and the Housing Bubble. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, H.M. (2012) Housing, the welfare state, and the global financial crisis: What is the connection? Politics and Society, 40(1): 3558.10.1177/0032329211434689CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, H. and Seabrooke, L. (2008) Varieties of residential capitalism in the international political economy: Old welfare states and the new politics of housing. Comparative European Politics, 6(3): 237–61.10.1057/cep.2008.10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streeck, W. (2016) How Will Capitalism End? Essays on a Failing System. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J.E. (2016) The Euro: How a Common Currency Threatens the Future of Europe. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Stockhammer, E. (2004) Financialisation and the slowdown of accumulation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 28(5): 719–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, A. (2012) Shadow banking and financial instability. Speech given at Cass Business School, 14 March.Google Scholar
UNCTAD (2013) Trade and Development Report, 2013. Geneva: UNCTAD.Google Scholar
Wainwright, T. (2009) Laying the foundations for a crisis: Mapping the historico-geographical construction of residential mortgage backed securitization in the UK. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(2): 372–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wainwright, T. (2015) Circulating financial innovation: New knowledge and securitization in Europe. Environment and Planning A, 47(8): 1643–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walks, A. and Clifford, B. (2015) The political economy of mortgage securitization and the neoliberalization of housing policy in Canada. Environment and Planning A, 47(8): 1624–42.10.1068/a130226pCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wijburg, G. and Aalbers, M.B. (2017) The alternative financialization of the German housing market. Housing Studies, 32(7): 968–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar