Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T10:45:59.154Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Using manure for improving nitrogen fertilization and maize yield

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2021

Xucun Jia ,
Qinglong Yang ,
Shu-Ting Dong ,
Ji-Wang Zhang ,
Bin Zhao  and
Peng Liu Open the ORCID record for Peng Liu [Opens in a new window]
Xucun Jia
Affiliation:
College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
Qinglong Yang
Affiliation:
College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
Shu-Ting Dong
Affiliation:
College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
Ji-Wang Zhang
Affiliation:
College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
Bin Zhao
Affiliation:
College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
Peng Liu*
Affiliation:
College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Manure and chemical fertilizers have different effects on soil properties, the nitrogen cycle, and crop yield. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilizer applications under the same N input on soil physicochemical properties and soil bacterial communities and to explain the contributions of soil properties to grain yield. Manure substitution of chemical fertilizer was conducted in leaching monitoring systems. The study began in 2009 and sampling was carried out in 2014 and 2016. Three fertilizer treatments with the same total N, P, and K application rates and one control treatment were designed as follows: (1) CK, without nitrogen fertilizer; (2) 100%U, whole nitrogen coming from urea; (3) 100%M, whole nitrogen coming from composted cattle manure; and (4) 50%U + 50%M, half nitrogen from composted cattle manure and half nitrogen from urea. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was positively correlated with total N (TN), NO3−–N, and NH4+–N contents, the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, and the Shannon diversity index of bacteria, whereas SOC content was not significantly correlated with grain yield. NO3−–N content was positively correlated with grain yield. Substituting half the amount of chemical fertilizer with manure as a nitrogen source improved soil stability, increased bacterial diversity, and enhanced nitrogen supply, while reducing nitrogen loss from ammonia volatilization and nitrogen leaching. Substituting half the amount of chemical fertilizer with manure as a nitrogen source was a more sustainable way to increase grain yield through a sustainable nitrate supply and to reduce N loss.

Keywords

Manure substitutionSoil organic carbonSoil aggregate stabilitySoil bacterial communityNitrogen flow
Type
Research Article
Information
Experimental Agriculture , Volume 56 , Issue 6 , December 2020 , pp. 901 - 914
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abiven, S., Menasseri, S. and Chenu, C. (2009). The effects of organic inputs over time on soil aggregate stability–A literature analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.09.015 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco–Canqui, H., Hergert, G.W. and Nielsen, R.A. (2015). Cattle manure application reduces soil compactibility and increases water retention after 71 years. Soil Science Society of America Journal 79, 212–223. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.06.0252 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blatt, C.R. (1991). Comparison of several organic amendments with a chemical fertilizer for vegetable production. Scientia Horticulturae 47, 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304–4238(91)90001–F CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brar, B.S., Singh, K., Dheri, G.S. and Balwinder–Kumar, (2013). Carbon sequestration and soil carbon pools in a rice–wheat cropping system: effect of long–term use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manure. Soil and Tillage Research 128, 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.10.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronick, C.J. and Lal, R. (2005). Soil structure and management: A review. Geoderma 124, 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, A., Zhang, W., Xu, M., Wang, B., Wen, S. and Shah, S.A.A. (2018). Soil fertility and crop yield after manure addition to acidic soils in South China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 111, 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705–018–9918–6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, C., Zhang, J., Lu, M., Qin, C., Chen, Y., Yang, L., Huang, Q., Wang, J., Shen, Z. and Shen, Q. (2016). Microbial communities of an arable soil treated for 8 years with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Biology and Fertility of Soils 52, 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374–016–1089–5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, H., Deng, A., Zhang, W., Li, W., Qiao, Y., Yang, T., Zheng, C., Cao, C. and Chen, F. (2018). Long-term inorganic plus organic fertilization increases yield and yield stability of winter wheat. Crop Journal 6, 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2018.06.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Z., Hou, H., Zheng, Y., Qin, H., Zhu, Y., Wu, J. and Wei, W. (2012). Influence of fertilisation regimes on a nosZ-containing denitrifying community in a rice paddy soil. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92, 1064–1072. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4533 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cui, Z., Wang, G., Yue, S., Wu, L., Zhang, W., Zhang, F. and Chen, X. (2014). Closing the N–use efficiency gap to achieve food and environmental security. Environmental Science and Technology 48, 5780–5787. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5007127 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Degens, B.P. (1997). Macro–aggregation of soils by biological bonding and binding mechanisms and the factors affecting these: A review. Australian Journal of Soil Research 35, 431–459. https://doi.org/10.1071/S96016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, W., Zhang, X., Wang, H., Dai, X., Sun, X., Qiu, W. and Yang, F. (2012). Effect of different fertilizer application on the soil fertility of paddy soils in red soil region of Southern China. PLoS ONE 7, e44504. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044504 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erktan, A., Cécillon, L., Graf, F., Roumet, C., Legout, C. and Rey, F. (2016). Increase in soil aggregate stability along a Mediterranean successional gradient in severely eroded gully bed ecosystems: Combined effects of soil, root traits and plant community characteristics. Plant and Soil 398, 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104–015–2647–6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fadrosh, D.W., Ma, B., Gajer, P., Sengamalay, N., Ott, S., Brotman, R.M. and Ravel, J. (2014) An improved dual-indexing approach for multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Microbiome 2, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049–2618–2–6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fan, F., Yang, Q., Li, Z., Wei, D., Cui, X.A. and Liang, Y. (2011). Impacts of organic and inorganic fertilizers on nitrification in a cold climate soil are linked to the bacterial ammonia oxidizer community. Microbial Ecology 62, 982–990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248–011–9897–5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, J., Xiao, J., Liu, D., Ye, G., Luo, J., Houlbrooke, D., Laurenson, S., Yan, J., Chen, L., Tian, J. and Ding, W. (2017). Effect of application of dairy manure, effluent and inorganic fertilizer on nitrogen leaching in clayey fluvo-aquic soil: A lysimeter study. Science of the Total Environment 592, 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.060 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowler, D., Coyle, M., Skiba, U., Sutton, M., Cape, J., Reis, S., Sheppard, L., Jenkins, A., Grizzetti, B., Galloway, J., Vitousek, P., Leach, A., Bouwman, A., Butterbach–Bahl, K., Dentener, F., Stevenson, D., Amann, M. and Voss, M. (2013). The global nitrogen cycle in the Twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0164 Google ScholarPubMed
Garcia–Gil, J.C., Ceppi, S.B., Velasco, M.I., Polo, A. and Senesi, N. (2004). Long–term effects of amendment with municipal solid waste compost on the elemental and acidic functional group composition and pH–buffer capacity of soil humic acids. Geoderma 121, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.11.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geisseler, D. and Scow, K.M. (2014). Long–term effects of mineral fertilizers on soil microorganisms–a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 75, 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.03.023 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentile, R.M., Vanlauwe, B. and Six, J. (2013). Integrated Soil Fertility Management: Aggregate carbon and nitrogen stabilization in differently textured tropical soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 67, 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.08.016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golchin, A., Oades, J.M., Skjemstad, J.O. and Clarke, P. (1994). Soil structure and carbon cycling. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 1043–1068. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9941043 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, L., Liu, P., Shao, L., Wang, J., Dong, S., Zhao, B., So, H., Sun, W., Zhang, J. and Zhao, B. (2014). A lysimeters study of Chinese wheat and maize varieties: I. The lysimeters–rain shelter facility and the growth and water use of wheat. Soil and Tillage Research 144, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.06.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, L., Wu, G., Li, Y., Li, C., Liu, W., Meng, J., Liu, H., Yu, X. and Jiang, G. (2016). Effects of cattle manure compost combined with chemical fertilizer on topsoil organic matter, bulk density and earthworm activity in a wheat–maize rotation system in Eastern China. Soil and Tillage Research 156, 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.10.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, J., Duan, Y., Xu, M., Zhai, L., Zhang, X., Wang, B., Zhang, Y., Gao, S. and Sun, N. (2017). Nitrogen mobility, ammonia volatilization, and estimated leaching loss from long–term manure incorporation in red soil. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 16, 2082–2092. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095–3119(16)61498–3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iqbal, S., Arif, M., Thierfelder, C., Yasmeen, T. and Li, T. (2019). Reducing nitrogen losses and increasing maize productivity in organic manures-amended soils by increasing the ridge to furrow proportion. Experimental Agriculture 55, 428–442. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479718000091 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jia, X., Shao, L., Liu, P., Zhao, B., Gu, L., Dong, S., Bing, S., Zhang, J. and Zhao, B. (2014). Effect of different nitrogen and irrigation treatments on yield and nitrate leaching of summer maize (Zea mays L.) under lysimeter conditions. Agricultural Water Management 137, 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.02.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, C., Brown, B.D. and Engel, R. (2013). Factors affecting nitrogen fertilizer volatilization. Montana State University Extension (EBO208), pp. 1–5. http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility Google Scholar
Ju, X.T., Kou, C.L., Zhang, F.S. and Christiel, P. (2006) Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination: Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain. Environmental Pollution 143, 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemper, W.D. and Rosenau, R.C. (1986). Aggregate stability and size distribution. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods 5, 425–442. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c17 Google Scholar
Lee, J. (2010). Effect of application methods of organic fertilizer on growth, soil chemical properties and microbial densities in organic bulb onion production. Scientia Horticulturae 124, 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.01.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, D., Chen, L., Xu, J., Ma, L., Olk, D.C. and Zhao, B. (2018). Chemical nature of soil organic carbon under different long–term fertilization regimes is coupled with changes in the bacterial community composition in a Calcaric Fluvisol. Biology and Fertility of Soils 54, 999–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374–018–1319–0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, R., Tao, R., Ling, N. and Chu, G. (2017). Chemical, organic and bio–fertilizer management practices effect on soil physicochemical property and antagonistic bacteria abundance of a cotton field: Implications for soil biological quality. Soil and Tillage Research 167, 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.11.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, C., Li, F., Zhou, L., Zhang, R., Jia, Y., Lin, S., Wang, L., Siddique, K. and Li, F. (2013). Effect of organic manure and fertilizer on soil water and crop yields in newly–built terraces with loess soils in a semi–arid environment. Agricultural Water Management 117, 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.11.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, S., Lepo, J.E., Song, H.X., Guan, C.Y. and Zhang, Z.H. (2018). Increased rice yield in long–term crop rotation regimes through improved soil structure, rhizosphere microbial communities, and nutrient bioavailability in paddy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 54, 909–923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374–018–1315–4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mocali, S., Galeffi, C., Perrin, E., Florio, A., Migliore, M., Canganella, F., Bianconi, G., Di, M.E., Dell’Abate, M., Fani, R. and Benedetti, A. (2013). Alteration of bacterial communities and organic matter in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) supplied with soil and organic fertilizer. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 97, 1299–1315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253–012–3906–6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moharana, P.C., Sharma, B.M. and Biswas, D.R. (2012). Long–term effect of nutrient management on soil fertility and soil organic carbon pools under a 6–year–old pearl millet–wheat cropping system in an Inceptisol of subtropical India. Field Crops Research 136, 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murugan, R. and Kumar, S. (2013). Influence of long–term fertilisation and crop rotation on changes in fungal and bacterial residues in a tropical rice–field soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 49, 847–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374–013–0779–5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, B., Lam, S.K., Mosier, A., Luo, Y. and Chen, D. (2016). Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation strategies: A global synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 232, 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.08.019 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinheiro, E.F.M., Pereira, M.G. and Anjos, L.H.C. (2004). Aggregate distribution and soil organic matter under different tillage systems for vegetable crops in a Red Latosol from Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research 77, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2003.11.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rashid, M., Mujawar, L., Shahzad, T., Almeelbi, T., Ismail, I. and Oves, M. (2016). Bacteria and fungi can contribute to nutrients bioavailability and aggregate formation in degraded soils. Microbiological Research 183, 26–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regelink, I.C., Stoof, C.R., Rousseva, S., Weng, L., Lair, G.J., Kram, P., Nikolaidis, N.P., Kercheva, M., Banwart, S. and Comans, R.N.J. (2015). Linkages between aggregate formation, porosity and soil chemical properties. Geoderma 247, 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, M. and Newell-Price, P. (2013). Manure management practices applied to a seven-course rotation on a sandy soil: Effects on nitrate leaching. Soil Use and Management 29, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12024 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, M.X., Yang, L.Z., Yao, Y.M., Wu, D.D., Wang, J., Guo, R. and Yin, S. (2007). Long-term effects of fertilizer managements on crop yields and organic carbon storage of a typical rice-wheat agroecosystem of China. Biology and Fertility of Soils 44, 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374–007–0194-x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P., Haberl, H., Popp, A., Erb, K., Lauk, C., Harper, R., Tubiello, F., De Siqueira Pinto, A., Jafari, M., Sohi, S., Masera, O., Böttcher, H., Berndes, G., Bustamante, M., Ahammad, H., Clark, H., Dong, H., Elsiddig, E., Mbow, C., Ravindranath, N., Rice, C., Robledo, A.C., Romanovskaya, A., Sperling, F., Herrero, M., House, J. and Rose, S. (2013). How much land based greenhouse gas mitigation can be achieved without compromising food security and environmental goals?. Global Change Biology 19, 2285–2302. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12160 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorup–Kristensen, K., Dresbøll, D.B. and Kristensen, H.L. (2012). Crop yield, root growth, and nutrient dynamics in a conventional and three organic cropping systems with different levels of external inputs and N recycling through fertility building crops. European Journal of Agronomy 37, 66–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2011.11.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, J., Lou, Y., Gao, Y., Fang, H., Liu, S., Xu, M., Blagodatskaya, E. and Kuzyakov, Y. (2017). Response of soil organic matter fractions and composition of microbial community to long–term organic and mineral fertilization. Biology and Fertility of Soils 53, 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374–017–1189–x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J. and Befort, B.L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 20260–20264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tisdall, J.M. and Oades, J.M. (1982). Organic matter and water‐stable aggregates in soils[J]. Journal of Soil Science 33, 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1982.tb01755.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tripathi, R., Nayak, A., Bhattacharyya, P., Shukla, A., Shahid, M., Raja, R., Panda, B., Mohanty, S., Kumar, A. and Thilagam, V. (2014). Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41–years long–term fertilizer experiment in tropical rice–rice system. Geoderma 213, 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.031 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tu, J., Qiao, J., Zhu, Z., Li, P. and Wu, L. (2018). Soil bacterial community responses to long-term fertilizer treatments in Paulownia plantations in subtropical China[J]. Applied Soil Ecology 124, 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.036 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volikov, A., Kholodov, V., Kulikova, N., Philippova, O., Ponomarenko, S., Lasareva, E., Parfyonova, A., Hatfield, K. and Perminova, I. (2016). Silanized humic substances act as hydrophobic modifiers of soil separates inducing formation of water–stable aggregates in soils. Catena 137, 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.09.022 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J., Zhu, B., Zhang, J., Müller, C. and Cai, Z. (2015). Mechanisms of soil N dynamics following long–term application of organic fertilizers to subtropical rain–fed purple soil in China. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 91, 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.039 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Z.H., Liu, X.J., Ju, X.T., Zhang, F.S. and Malhi, S.S. (2004). Ammonia volatilization loss from surface-broadcast urea: comparison of vented-and closed-chamber methods and loss in winter wheat–summer maize rotation in North China Plain. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35, 2917–2939. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200036499 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xia, L., Lam, S., Yan, X. and Chen, D. (2017). How does recycling of livestock manure in agroecosystems affect crop productivity, reactive nitrogen losses, and soil carbon balance?. Environmental Science & Technology 51, 7450–7457. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06470 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xie, H., Li, J., Zhang, B., Wang, L., Wang, J., He, H. and Zhang, X. (2015). Long–term manure amendments reduced soil aggregate stability via redistribution of the glomalin–related soil protein in macroaggregates. Scientific Reports 5, e14687. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14687 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xin, X., Zhang, J., Zhu, A. and Zhang, C. (2016), Effects of long–term (23 years) mineral fertilizer and compost application on physical properties of fluvo–aquic soil in the North China Plain. Soil and Tillage Research 156, 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.10.012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeomans, J.C. and Bremner, J.M. (1988). A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 19, 1467–1476. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628809368027 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhalnina, K., Dias, R., de Quadros, P., Davis–Richardson, A., Camargo, F., Clark, I., McGrath, S., Hirsch, P. and Triplett, E. (2015). Soil pH determines microbial diversity and composition in the park grass experiment. Microbial Ecology 69, 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248–014–0530–2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, Z., Ge, T., Gunina, A., Li, Y., Zhu, Z., Peng, P., Wu, J. and Kuzyakov, Y. (2019). Carbon and nitrogen availability in paddy soil affects rice photosynthate allocation, microbial community composition, and priming: Combining continuous 13C labeling with PLFA analysis. Plant and Soil 445, 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104–018–3873–5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, M., Zhu, B., Brüggemann, N., Bergmann, J., Wang, Y. and Butterbach-Bahl, K. (2014). N2O and CH4 emissions, and NO3- leaching on a crop-yield basis from a subtropical rain-fed wheat-maize rotation in response to different types of nitrogen fertilizer. Ecosystems 17, 286–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021–013–9723–7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, P., Sheng, H., Li, Y., Tong, C., Ge, T. and Wu, J. (2016a). Lower C sequestration and N use efficiency by straw incorporation than manure amendment on paddy soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 219, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.12.012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, M., Zhu, B., Brüggemann, N., Dannenmann, M., Wang, Y. and Butterbach–Bahl, K. (2016b). Sustaining crop productivity while reducing environmental nitrogen losses in the subtropical wheat–maize cropping systems: A comprehensive case study of nitrogen cycling and balance. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 231, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.022 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, Z.L. and Jin, J.Y. (2013). Fertilizer use and food security in China. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 19, 259–273. (Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Jia et al. supplementary material

Table S2

Download Jia et al. supplementary material(File)
File 20.9 KB
Supplementary material: File

Jia et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Jia et al. supplementary material(File)
File 16.1 KB
Supplementary material: File

Jia et al. supplementary material

Figure S2

Download Jia et al. supplementary material(File)
File 277.9 KB
Supplementary material: File

Jia et al. supplementary material

Figure S1

Download Jia et al. supplementary material(File)
File 300.7 KB
Supplementary material: File

Jia et al. supplementary material

Table S3

Download Jia et al. supplementary material(File)
File 18.7 KB