Literature has shown that early childhood experiences, especially those related to feelings of threat or safeness play a key role in emotional and social subsequent development.

1. (1) examine the impact of early memories of warmth and safeness on quality of attachment in adolescents;

2. (2) Explore the relationship between early positive memories, self-compassion and psychopathology (depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms);

3. (3) Explore the relative contribution of emotional memories and self-compassion in the prediction of depressive and anxiety symptoms.

651 adolescents (330 boys, 50.7%) aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.89, SD = 1.99), completed the early memories of warmth and safeness scale (EMWSS), self-compassion scale (SCS), attachment questionnaire (AQ-C) and anxiety, depression and stress scales (DASS-21).

Memories of warmth and safeness showed negative moderate correlations with anxiety and depressive symptoms, and positive moderate association with self-compassion. Additionally, positive emotional memories in childhood revealed adequate discriminant validity for attachment style. Adolescents classified with a secure attachment style showed significantly more early memories of warmth and safeness than those teenagers with insecure attachment (ambivalent or avoidance). Early positive memories and self-compassion have a significant and an independent contribution on the prediction of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescent community.

The present study shows that the recall of emotional memories in childhood (e.g., feelings of warmth and safeness) is associated with self-compassion, as an emotion regulation process. So, these two variables may function as protective factors in the development of depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescence.

To demonstrate whether the communication between two SD rats base on the similar genetic basis or the same living environment, who separated (including visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory and tasting inputs)from each other, occurs.

One SD rat (RECEIVER) was examined by EEG spectral analysis and ECG analysis under anesthesia while the other SD rat (SENDER) received optimal stimuli or malignant stimuli. The course was conducted in the shielded and the unshielded. Compare the EEG and ECG of RECEIVER between the stimulation state and resting state of SENDER.

This study show no significant difference in EEG (index: percentile weight and average weight of EEG on frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus of each frequency band) and ECG (index: R, PR segment, ST segment, QRS segment, QT segment) of RECEIVER during the time that the SENDER suffered from malignant stimulation, experienced optimal stimulation and of resting state.

The communication of SD rats, not through common five sense organ may not exist, even though the same genetic basis or the common living surrounding.The optimal stimuli and the malignant stimuli of SENDER cannot influence the EEG of Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus and ECG on RECEIVER. There is no sufficient evidence for the existence of this communication of animal.

Deinstitutionalization in Crete, as part of the psychiatric reform, resulted in the closure of the only psychiatric hospital of the island in 2006.

To explore the trends of yearly involuntary admissions in the Psychiatric Department of the University Hospital of Crete (PD/UHC) (2008-2011), the only inpatient public unit to receive involuntary admissions in a region of 400,000 residents, and the profile of the patients admitted.

To find possible associations between the closure of the Psychiatric Hospital in Crete and the number of involuntary admissions.

We examined the records of total and involuntary admissions in PD/UHC between 2008–2011. In a subset of 400 inpatients admitted between Nov/2011 and Aug/2012, sociodemographic/psychopathology parameters were also examined. Statistical analysis was conducted with chi-square and regression analysis models.

Yearly involuntary admissions have increased by 245% during a period of 4 years, with the number of total admissions having increased by 22%. Within the subset of patients admitted during the last year, involuntary admissions account for the 47% of total admissions. Mean age of patients was 41.3 ± 1.38 years. Chi-square tests showed that male gender, aggression and positive psychotic symptoms at admission, absence of spouse/children are associated with involuntary admissions. Multivariate analysis revealed significant correlations for male gender and aggression.

Deinstitutionalization, i.e. closure of the only psychiatric hospital in Crete, has resulted in a significant and marked increase of involuntary admissions, a fact that also reflects the lack of community services and infrastructure.

64.3 of the patients were women, and were in average 49.1 years old. Most of the patients (46.3%) have an illness duration of one to five years. During the year before rehabilitation treatment 50.6% of the patients were between 3 and 6 month incapable to work and 28.7 more then 6 month. At admission 54.6 were not fit for work. Mean treatment duration was 39.7 (± 10.5) days. 52.0% had a moderate to severe depressive disorder, showing 32.3% comorbid anxiety disorder. After rehabilitation treatment 58.9% had no more depressive symptoms, 15.6% had mild and 25.4% a moderate to severe depression (effect size (ES) .05). During rehabilitation treatment patients improve their psychosocial functioning (GAF) from 59.3 to 70.3 (ES .03) and show a reduction of their physical (1.65 to 1.28; ES .01), psychological (2.32 to 1.54; ES .03) and social stress (2.01 to 1.38; ES .02).

Overall, it can be assumed that the rehabilitation of psychological depressive disorders has a high degree of effectiveness and could be an alternative to acute inpatient treatment.

Depression is common in the elderly with a significant impact on the quality of life, and increased risk for developing dementia. However, the underlying structural brain changes are not well established.

To investigate neuroanatomical correlates of depressive symptoms in elderly people with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

621 subjects with (n = 395) and without (n = 226) MCI selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database were included in the study. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) with a cut-off point of 6 was used to evaluate depression. All subjects had T1 3D MRI images acquired at multiple ADNI sites using a standardized MRI protocol. Image post-processing included steps for brain segmentation and cortex reconstruction, and was performed using the software Freesurfer. General linear modeling was used to investigate depression-associated brain differences in patients with and without MCI (using age and gender as nuisance covariates).

No depression-associated differences in cortical thickness were observed in subjects without MCI, whereas MCI subjects with depressive symptoms revealed significant thinning in right parahippocampal, middle temporal, left parahippocampal and entorinal gyri compared to non-depressed MCI patients.

We found that depressive symptoms in elderly patients with MCI are associated with more severe atrophy in medial temporal area, suggesting a possible contribution of Alzheimer's pathology in the pathogenesis of depression in this group.

Although in Germany a very well developed healthcare system for mental disorders exists, there is empirical evidence of under diagnosis and under treatment. There is also evidence that a carefully planned integrated care model of inand outpatient treatment is a promising way to achieve improvements in care.

Within the framework of the Freiburger Model of integrated care for depressive disorders a network of psychiatrists, primary care physicians and a university medical center a coordinated treatment for patients was initiated. Complementary to an evidence-based outpatient treatment the department of Psychiatry offers a complex treatment where patients can use different inpatient measures during outpatient treatment. Patients with a chronic depression could use a specific treatment program. To analyze the effects a continuous project evaluation was conducted.

40 physiciansincluded 227 patients. Unipolar depressions constitute the most frequent disorders. Most depression. Most having a recurrent depressive disorder (61.0%) show a moderate depression (57.7%) and 36.3% a severe. Over two thirds (74.9%) are treated exclusively by general practitioners. According to physicians’ ratings, 57.6% of patients were remitted or showed subsyndromal symptoms in the eighth treatment week. After 16 weeks, it raised to 70.3%. According to the PHQ, 58.6% of patients were remitted or showed minimal symptoms.

As a concrete implementation of an intersectorial and interdisciplinary framework concept for an integrated care of depressive disorders the Freiburger Model offers a evidence based model to assure in- and outpatient treatment by improving collaboration care through defined interfaces and clinical pathways.

Research has suggested that individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) are twice as likely to suffer from depression, compared with the general population. In addition, women with DM show increased risk for developing depression or depressive symptoms

To compare the self evaluation DM patients with depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS).

To reveille the possible gender differences, regarding depression anxiety and stress in DM.

272 DM patients (74(27.2%) males / 198(72.8%) females), in two outpatients’ clinics in Athens-Greece took part in the study. DASS was used for the evaluation of depression. Statistical analysis was were performed with SPSS-16.0.

Women had a significantly higher mean score (MA = 6.9 ± 7.2) in anxiety and depression (MD = 8.1 ± 7.4) than men (MA = 4.8 ± 4.6) and (MD = 4.7 ± 5.6), (T = -2.543 p < .05) and (T = -2.812 p < .05) respectively. Women had also a significant difference concerning depression comorbidity, with more women (21,2%) suffering from depressive disorder than men (5,4%), chi square test = 9.578 p < .05.

Analysis revealed that female gender is a significant risk factor for negative feelings and depressive comorbidity among patients with DM.

Discontinuation of antipsychotic medication occurs in 40-55% of patients following first episode psychosis. It is only recently that the impacts of short periods of nonadherence in first episode psychosis are being understood.

To study the impact of short periods of interruptions in antipsychotic treatment in first episode psychosis.

127 consecutive cases of first episode non-affective psychosis (F20-29 ICD-10) presenting to a specialist first episode psychosis service in South East London. Patients were interviewed at baseline by a researcher using the PANSS and other symptom scales at the start and at 18 months. Clinical notes were analysed using operational criteria set for recovery, exacerbation and relapse. Medication utilisation assessed using patient report and clinical notes to identify interruptions of ≥ 1 month in treatment.

58% (n = 73) patients had a treatment break due to non-adherence in the follow up period. 18 patients had treatment break before first recovery and their time to recovery was significantly prolonged than those without a break (mean 210 days Vs 127 days, t = 2.9, P = 0.01). The odds of relapse was 5.4 for those with treatment break (≥ 1 month) compared to those without break (p = 0.0001, CI 2.1–11). About 40% relapses occurred in first month of treatment break and mean time to relapse was 3 months.

Antipsychotic treatment should be uninterrupted in the early stages of psychosis and periods of even short breaks in treatment carries risk of adverse outcome like longer time to recover and high risk of immediate relapse.

To estimate the heritability of mental health of children by using a twin design method of quantitative genetic analysis. To analysis the influences of family environment on children mental health.

Using cross-sectional design twins aged 6–16 years were recruited. Using SDQ(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire)which was examined by parents (>=11)to evaluate the children mental health. The general questionnaire, FADGFS (General Functioning Scale of the MacMaster Family Activity Device), SLE (stressful life events), FSQ (Family Stresses Questionnaire), FLQ (Family Life Questionnaire), EFQ (Everyday Feelings Questionnaire) were used to collect information about family environment from parents. Zygosity was determined by the DNA picked up from cheek mucosa of twins children. Holzinger analysis was employed to estimate the heritability of mental health.

122 pairs of twins (103 pairs DNA were picked up successfully, including 54 MZ and 49 DZ twin pairs.Heritability of mental health: emot (emotion): 0.86, hyper (hyperactivity): 0.75, total: 0.61, cond (conduct): 0.4, proso (prosocial): 0.12, peer (peer): −0.97. In twins family the score of FAD-GFS was significantly correlated with proso (r = −0.200), the score of FSQ, EFQ was significantly correlated with total (r = 0.206, −0.304), FLQ(include three factor) was significantly correlated with total, proso (r = − 0.472, 0.389; r = −0.277,.247; r = −0.298,0.364), the score of father authoritative parenting style was significantly correlated with total, proso r = −0.244,0.207 the score of mather authoritative parenting style was significantly correlated with total, proso r = −0.437, 0.342. The score of family cohesion was significantly correlated with total proso (r = −0.315,0.432), the score of family adaptability was significantly correlated with total, proso r = −0.359, 0.357.

Emotional problems were influenced by genetic factors most followed by inattention-hyperactivity problems and total difficulties environment factors play a main role in conduct problems and prosocial degree while peer problems were only influenced by environment factors. Each aspect of family environment influence children mental health differently.

Difficulties in diagnostics of mild depressions are related to clinical interpretation of thought structure and content within depressive triad. Whereas nonverbal (motor) and affective components are similar to variations of normal sadness in healthy individuals, associative component reveals the most sensitive psychopathological finding being represented in definite language changes.

124 patients and 77 healthy controls, including 35 with normal sadness reactions, were observed. Speech (superficial, deep levels, Russian language) was studied using standardized psycholinguistic procedures. Statistical data evaluation included descriptive methodics, nonparametric analysis, mathematic modeling (discriminate analysis).

Three clinical groups were formed upon to psychopathological subtypes (anxious, asthenic-hypodynamic, melancholic mild depressions). Leading hypotymic affect correlated with content of affective component, semantics of associative component, pronounced component of depressive triad and direction of the prevailing time representation.

Lexical-stylistic sublevel of speech demonstrated verbosity, narration dominated over reasoning, signs of oral speech, increased number of phraseologisms, tautologies, lexical and semantic repetitions, metaphors, comparisons, inversions, ellipsis. Lexical-grammer sublevel contained more pronouns of all types with the prevalence of personal pronouns, imperfective verbs in preferential past tense. Syntax-stylistic sublevel represented the prevalence of simple sentences (truncated, impersonal), inversive word order. Component analysis of speech demonstrated the qualitative distortion and reduction of semantic component.

Disruptions in structure and semantics of speech related to the most clinically pronounced thought disorder were presented in melancholic depression. Superficial level of speech was damaged mostly in asthenic-hypodynamic depression. Speech was similar to healthy controls and demonstrated the highest among subgroups cognitive adaptability level in anxious subtype.

To analyze process and outcome quality of inpatient depression treatment depending on German language proficiency.

Documentation of patients in 24 psychiatric hospitals in Baden-Württemberg (South Germany). The following three groups were matched according to age, gender, and education: native German speakers, non-native speakers with good German proficiency, and non-native speakers with limited German proficiency (67 in each group).

Germans received more group psychotherapy than the other two groups (p = .003). No differences were found regarding pharmacotherapy. Non-native speakers with limited German proficiency were discharged an average of 19 days earlier than German speakers and 7 days earlier than non-native speakers with good German proficiency (p = .02). Compared to Germans, twice as many non-native patients with good German proficiency and nearly four times as many patients with limited German proficiency were discharged with depressive symptoms (p = .006).

Results confirm the significance of linguistic factors for the effectiveness of treatment of depressive patients and show a direct impact of linguistic factors on length of hospitalization.

To analyze the status quo of outpatient treatment of depression from general practitioner's, psychiatrist's and psychotherapist's point of view.

Pooled analysis of the outpatient treatment of depression of general practitioners (n = 180), psychiatrists (n = 71), and psychotherapists (n = 160). Survey performed to uncover the clinical process the clinical process, the perceived obstacles, and subjective responsibilities.

The diagnosis of all three groups was based primarily on their clinical impression, rather than on formal diagnosis criteria. The cooperation with the medical-psychotherapeutic sector was assessed more favorably than cooperation with the psycho-social sector.

Needs for improvements particularly regarding diagnoses and an interdisciplinary cooperation.

To ensure an adequate health care of migrants, differentiated information on the association of cultural background and migration related factors and psychosomatic complaints are necessary.

Cross-sectional questionnaire based survey regarding psychosomatic complaints of migrants from Turkey (n = 77), Italy (n = 95), and Spain (n = 67) and ethnic German resettled from the states of the former Soviet Union (n = 196). Questionnaires distributed by non-health specific counselling agencies of welfare associations.

The cultural background was a relevant factor for psychosomatic complaints, showing Turkish and ethnic German resettled migrants a higher likeliness, also compared to a sample of age corresponding Germans. Whereas Spanish and Italian migrants showed a lower risk for psychosomatic complaints. Also gender, feeling unwell in Germany and fatalism showed a significant association with psychosomatic complaints.

Migrants in Germany do not have per se a higher risk for psychosomatic complaints. A distinct differentiation by cultural background is necessary.

Recently the cognitive profile of restrictive anorexia nervosa patients, particularly visuospatial and constructive abilities, raised the interest of researchers as a maintenance factor of the disorder. This study focuses specifically on the impairment of these complex executive functions.

Only patients hospitalized in our department for restrictive anorexia nervosa restrictive type (AN-R) could participate in the study. They had to fulfill self-report questionnaires assessing anxiety and depression and had to achieve a battery of neuropsychological tests (the Rey Complex Figure (RCF), the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT) and the span test).

21 patients participated in the study. The average age was 20.62 years (σ = 5.39) and body mass index (BMI) was 14.67 (σ = 0.93). In this sample, the distribution of the copy of the RCF corresponds to the normal distribution for age 7 to 12 years. Visual memory (recall of the RCF) is impaired. The inhibition score of the HSCT is higher than normal. The mean score on the span task is at −0.68 standard derivation. Only the inhibition score of the HSCT is positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.46).

These results highlight a lack of visuospatial and visuoconstructive capacities and a lack of cognitive inhibition in patients with AN-R. These results can be integrated in an impairment of central coherence. Therapeutic perspectives that emerge would focus on the central coherence, i.e cognitive remediation. It is then necessary to improve knowledge on the cognitive profile.

Investigation of the relationship between the HPA axis function, depression and family history of alcohol problem (FHA).

40 abstinent, alcohol dependent patients (9 females and 31 males) of inpatient treatment program were tested during the hospitalization with questionnaires (including family history of alcohol problem (FHA) and depressive symptoms measured by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)) and with dexamethasone (DEX) suppression test.

22,5% of subjects had abnormal results of DEX test.

There was significant (p < 0,05) correlation between DEX test and depressive symptoms among alcohol dependent subjects with positive FHA. There was no such correlation in negative FHA group. Abnormal DEX test was connected with higher scores in BDI.

There are correlations between depression, HPA-axis function and family history of alcohol problem.

Fatigue is of great clinical and investigational importance. It is a prevalent symptom in the general population and it is a central symptom in many diseases, while fatigue is considered a normal occurrence in daily life, it is also a symptom associated with a variety of physiological and psychological conditions.

To compare levels of the various aspects of fatigue with sociodemografic characteristics in order to build a model explaining fatigue in general population.

To see if negative emotions are significant predictors of fatigue.

We conducted a survey in a random sample of 712 healthy adults (534 women and 169 men), using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20). Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 16 for windows. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to look for independent associations between the five domains of the MFI and the variables of interest.

In general fatigue, stress (b = .217 p < .05) and satisfaction with life (b = -.143 p < .05) along with sex, education and PCS12 explained 47% of the variance. In reduced motivation stress (b = .246 p < .05) and depression (b = .266 p < .05) explained 34% of the variance. In mental fatigue, reduced activity and physical fatigue, only sociodemografic characteristics and health related quality of life had significant effect in the models.

A small part of fatigue in general population is explained from negative emotions, but a larger amount of the variance is explained by sex, education and age. Also limitations in day activities pay a significant role in the model of fatigue.

A relative decline in systolic blood pressure has been found to occur prior to and around the clinical onset of dementia but the reasons for this remain unclear.

In a large series of surveys carried out using identical methodology in populations with relatively low mean blood pressures we investigated the consistency of the association between dementia, dementia severity and resting blood pressure.

The analysed sample comprised 15,022 participants from eleven cross-sectional surveys carried out in seven low and middle income countries (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Peru, Venezuela, Mexico, China and India). Associations between dementia status (ascertained through a detailed assessment with extensive cross-cultural validation) and resting blood pressure were described for each sample and then compared in meta-analyses.

In age- and sex-adjusted linear regression analyses, there was a high level of between-site heterogeneity in these associations (I-squared 60.2% for dementia and SBP). The only site with significant and consistent associations was Cuba (n=2944), the sample with highest mean systolic blood pressure, where dementia was associated with 7.9mmHg lower systolic blood pressure (95% CI 4.7-11.1) and 2.6mmHg lower diastolic blood pressure (95% CI 0.9-4.2). In general, associations between dementia and lower blood pressure were weak or absent in these surveys.

The association between dementia and low blood pressure, generally observed in Western settings was not observed in these populations with lower hypertension prevalence. These findings do not support a hypothesis that lower blood pressure in dementia is purely secondary to underlying neurodegeneration.