Haphephobia is a morbid fear of being touched or touching. The symptoms of Haphephobia are very similar to other specific phobias.

Presentation of a case of haphephobia due to childhood sexual abuse

Mrs. X., A 22-year-old Bangladeshi female, presents to the psychiatric consult service with an intense fear of being touched by her husband. She told that whenever her husband comes closer to her, her heart starts to pound fast, she feels discomfort in the chest, a burning sensation on her whole body, and loses control over the environment. Furthermore, she can’t sleep properly for the fear of being touched. Her in-laws’ parents concluded that some ‘evil spirits’ might cause the symptoms. So her husband brought her to a Psychiatrist. On an in-depth assessment session, ensuring all the confidentiality issues, she told the Psychiatrist that she has a history of brutal sexual abuse followed by the threat to kill her by her stepfather at the age of fourteen.

After a thorough medical workup and history gathering, her consultant psychiatrist could elucidate the source of the presenting picture and told her that she developed haphephobia, and suggested taking psychotherapy along with prescribed medicines.

Fear of being touched is a particularly difficult fear to cope with. Patients with haphephobia after sexual assault should be handled very cautiously by the experts keeping confidentiality issues in mind. Cognitive-behavior therapy, Exposure therapy, Virtual reality exposure therapy, practicing mindfulness, using daily coping strategies, and medications like beta-blockers, anxiolytics, antidepressants can help a person to overcome haphephobia.

No significant relationships.

Contemporary in Ukraine the special priority has been the somatoform disorders increase. The most significant complications belong to the patient’s self-evaluation of the influence of the disease on their social functioning, influence essential part of the self-evaluation of the disease and the important point of therapeutic personality accomodate intervention.

Develop the stages of personalized models of psychotherapy

On the basis of the examined 270 somatoform disorders patients and 190 ischemic cardial disease patients we have elaborated a formal test that allows to evaluate quantitatively the influents of the disease on various spheres of patients´ social status.

It was absolutely unrespectable the common for ischemic cardial and somatoform disorders patients rise of significance of personal individual, common life factors in cases of aggravation of the main disease course. We created the personification accomodate psychotherapy system consist with CBT, suggestive and autosuggestive implementations. Elucidation of peculiarity of personal perception of the disease served as basis of elaboration of psychotherapy system, consulting, psychological support for patients with high-effectiveness 1,5 - 3 years catamnes in 85% patients.

The retrospective results showed the necessity the personification oriented models of psychotherapy, parted on stages. On the first stage - sedative-adapting the receptions of CBT and suggestive psychotherapy are used. There is group therapy on second stage. On the third stage-supportive elements of the autogenic training mastered.

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It’s well known the challenge of differential diagnosis between Obssesive compulsive disorder and autism since their symptoms (intrusive, recurrent thoughts and repetitive behaviours) often overlap.

We report a case of a 14 years old boy diagnosed of ASD who was hospitalized for the first time due to difficult management of repetitive behaviours that made him incapable of doing basic activities without help. To interrupt them led to anxiety, aggressive responses and to insistence on sameness behaviours. Only with this information and with the literature research we made, anyone could tell the problem was probably an ASD symptom. However, during his evolution it was difficult to know whether this behaviour was due to ASD or OCD: after adjusting the medication, and when he started trusting his therapists, he told us about a theory he believed so he could explain the uncomfortable ideas that crossed his mind more than often, so he used those behaviours as an anxiety-reduction technique. This new situation was the fuel to make the present review.

To report a case.

The results are included in the “conclusions” section.

Although there is an ongoing debate concerning the nature of the symptoms in ASD versus those observed in OCD, there are commonly used criteria to differentiate them according to the articles we reviewed:

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Anxiety disorders represent one of the most common mental disorders following a chronic course.

The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence, incidence and clinical characteristics of these disorders.

We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study about 436 outpatients fulfilling the DSM-V diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorder and followed in the department of psychiatry of Monastir (Tunisia) between 1998 and 2017. Selective mutism and separation anxiety were excluded for lack of cases.

The overall prevalence was 5.51%. Panic Disorder was the most prevalent anxiety disorder subtype (3.2%). The incidence of anxiety disorders in the last years has increased from 3.31% in 1998 to 7.5% in 2017. The mean age at diagnosis was 37.76±12.87 years [16-77]. Female gender was the most prevalent in overall anxiety disorders with a sex ratio of 0.78, however, a significant male predominance was recorded in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) with a sex ratio of 1.85. Generalized Anxiety Disorder patients were more likely to have low educational level (OR= 1.879), to be laborers (OR=2.55), to be married (OR=2.418) and to have children (OR=2.564) whereas SAD patients were more likely to have higher education (OR=9.118), to be students (OR=5.565), to be single (OR=11.325) and have no children (OR=7.464).

This study highlignts the frequency of anxiety disorders and the fact that being a middle-age married woman with kids make oneself more prone to have an anxiety disorder. Specific attention should be paid to these anxiety disorders with early preventive programs.

No significant relationships.

Contemporary anxiety disorders are the main medical problem.

On the basis of complex psychopatological, pathopsychological research, were obtained reasons and conditions of formation, psychopathological structure, syndrome peculiarities, emotional disfunctions of patients on episodic paroxismal and generalized anxiety disorders and mixed anxiously depressed disorders.

The basic method was a group psychotherapy with the elements of rational, positive, suggestive and family psychotherapy. In relation to disfunctions of emotional sphere, CBT was used for the phobic-depressive and anxious-depressive syndroms.

180 anxiety disorders patients were examined, by the stationary course of treatment.Decrease of general level of anxiety and internal anxiety was obtained for most patients. No spontaneous emergence of fear was practically observed. While active interviewing, patients stated that their former worries and fears have lost actuality and apparent emotional colouring become. Considerable reduction of symptomatic of the depressed circle also took place, patients started to feel joy and optimism.

To correct emotional disfunction of patients with episodic paroxismal disorders, generalized anxiety disorders and mixed anxiously depressed disorders, psychotherapeutic correction system is optimal to use, which is built based on stepwise and multimodal principles.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common disorder characterized by a preoccupation with non-existent or slight defects in appearance. It was first described in 1886 by Morselli as dysmorphophobia.

This work reviews the current available data on BDD and its treatment options and describes a clinical case that reports an improvement in symptomatology after surgery.

Non-systematic review of the literature with selection of scientific articles published in the past 10 years; by searching Pubmed and Medscape databases using the combination of MeSH descriptors. The following MeSH terms were used: “body dysmorphic disorder”, “dysmorphophobia”. Clinical file consultation.

The usual treatment involves a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Antidepressant medication, mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used. If the symptoms do not improve, a different SSRI can be considered or clomipramine, venlafaxine or second-generation antipsychotics can be useful.

The role of surgery remains controversial, several studies indicating that the symptoms typically worsen after an aesthetic procedure because the preoccupation shifts to a different body area. However a recent study reported 32 of the 41 patients that underwent surgery were highly satisfied with the outcome. In our clinical case, our patient, a 20-year-old female with non-delusional dysmorphic ideas about her nose initiated treatment with paroxetine with poor response and was, against medical opinion, submitted to a rhinoplasty. Three weeks after the surgery there was an improvement in preoccupation about her nose. More research should be made to clarify the role of surgery in this disorder that often lacks adequate therapeutical response.

No significant relationships.

The covid-19 pandemic is a difficult global phenomenon that causes a lot of anxiety and uncertainty. This situation has involved reactions of fear. Healthcare professionals are necessarily in contact with patients, but may find themselves torn between the duty to care and the duty to protect themselves and their relatives.

To assess perceived stress among medical residents in Tunisia

We conducted a descriptive study among a representative sample of residents working at a teaching hospital in Tunis during the first half of 2021 in different departments. We prepared a questionnaire for the study divided in two parts: socio-demographic data; professional data (function, practice setting); data related to contact with covid-19 patients ; questions on fear of covid-19 contamination and the Perceived stress scale (10items)

Our sample consists of 100 residents in 10 different specialties, including 70 in services with direct contact with Covid-19 patients. Stress management is rated good for 30 residents, average for 40 residents and poor for 30 residents. This management depends on the number of guards, the number of patients examined, the technical platform available and especially the period of the pandemic.

Medical residents are in the front line in university hospitals in tunisia. The stress to which they are subjected depends on the working conditions and coping skills of each of them.

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Pediatric epilepsy is a debilitating disease that impacts not only children with epilpsy but also persons arround them. It is often considered as a source of anxiety for family caregivers.

Assess the level of anxiety in caregivers of children with epilepsy and to identify factors related to it.

We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study between July and October 2020. It included caregivers of children with epilepsy hospitalized in the pediatric neurology department of Sfax. We used the STAI-Y scale to assess the level of state anxiety (STAI-AE).

Forty four womens participated in our study. Low socio-economic level was found in 31.8% of cases. The average age of children was 4.9 years. The mean duration of epilepsy was 2.2 years. It was comorbid with an autism spectrum disorder or an intellectual disability in 15.9% of cases. In 70.5% of the cases, the children were dependent on their caregivers in their daily lives. The level of anxiety was moderate in 27.3% and high to very high in 13.6% of them. A higher state-anxiety score was correlated with a longer duration of epilepsy (p=0.033), a lower familial socioeconomic level (p=0.013) and a higher number of children in family (p=0.048).

Pediatric epilepsy is associated with significant level of anxiety in family caregivers. This anxiety increases with the duration of the disease and with the presence of socioeconomic and family difficulties. Thus, psychosocial support for caregivers should be integrated into a global approach of the disease.

No significant relationships.

Chronic functional gastro-intestinal disorders can affect cognitive functioning of patients (1). Wong et al (2) showed attentional and executive function impairment, Aizawa et al. (3) found impairment of cognitive plasticity and activity of frontal and temporal arias of brain during performing tests in these patients.

Assessing of cognitive functioning of the female patients with chronic functional constipation.

42 Rome IV adult female patients with chronic functional constipation and 26 adult normative female volunteers were tested with Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS).

Both groups were comparable by age (patients’ group 29,5±6,1, volunteers’ group 28,5±9,6, ns) In both groups subjects demonstrated normal level of cognitive functioning but the scores of the patients were closer to the lower level than the scores of the volunteers. The difference was significant in composite scores and in several other scores (Tab.1). Table1.

The findings of the study once more indicate some link between gastrointestinal dysfunction and cognitive functioning. Even these slight decrease in some aspects of cognition from normal population could have negative impact on everyday functioning. The origin of this link is still under question.

No significant relationships.

Anxiety disorders (ADs) are pervasive, detrimental, and associated with numerous psychiatric disorders; however, their etiology and effective treatment strategies are not yet fully explored.

We aimed to study whether the symptom severity of ADs is related to mindfulness and metacognition among adults. In addition, we wanted to compare metacognition and mindfulness between patients with ADs and healthy controls (HC).

Two hundred participants were enrolled in this study. Structured clinical interview, sociodemographic form, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FFMQ-S), Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) were administered. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted to compare the groups in terms of mindfulness and metacognition. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to measure the association between anxiety symptom severity, mindfulness, and metacognition.

The main finding indicates that Positive Beliefs about Worry are associated with reduced symptom severity of ADs. Furthermore, the results suggest that HC have more Positive Beliefs about Worry and Nonjudging of Inner Experience compared to patients with ADs, who use Negative Beliefs about Uncontrollability and Danger and Need to Control Thoughts to a greater extent.

This study suggests that dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs may influence symptom severity of ADs among adults. We advise that focusing on reducing maladaptive metacognitions may be beneficial while treating ADs in adults

No significant relationships.

Mass hysteria also called mass psychogenic illness (MPI), defined as a social phenomenon, consists of collective anxiety due to a perceived threat and can culminate in a cascade of symptoms suggestive of organic disease without an identifiable cause. Its history dates back to the 14th century and impacts people from all cultures and regions of the world. Before the 20thcentury, MPI emerged across Europe, often in socially isolated convents, in highly stressful environments.

The aim of this study is to explore the available literature on mass hysteria phenomena in Portugal, historical origins, applications and eventual position in modern psychiatric semiology.

Non-systematic review of literature published in Medline/Pubmed. Search terms included: mass hysteria, nocebo, groupthink, emotional contagion.

In Portugal two great phenomena of mass hysteria were described. In 1917, the “sun miracle” occurred, where thousands of individuals reported having seen the sun rotating in the sky and changing its size and colours. Years later, more than 300 students from 14 schools described the same symptoms: dizziness, dyspnea and rash, without an identifiable cause. In common these young people had “sugar strawberries”. In May 2006, the young people in the television series were infected with a vírus, and clinical picture was similar to that presented by young people in real life. For the first time, a fictional illness on television triggered an illness in real life.

More studies should be carried out on these phenomena as their early recognition can have a tremendous impact on the ease of identification, diagnosis and treatment.

No significant relationships.

Conversion disorder (a term that describes what was previously called hysteria) refers to motor or sensory symptoms, or both, that resemble a neurological disease, but that do not originate from or cannot be explained by a known physical disease.

To find reliable tools that can guide the difficult diagnosis of conversion disorder.

Bibliographic review

The exact prevalence of the disorder is unknown. It is estimated that approximately 5% of referrals to neurology are for this disorder. Approximately one third of patients referred to the neurologist have symptoms that cannot be explained by an organic disease. Involuntary movements are the most common motor manifestations of the conversive syndrome, being tremor one of the most frequent manifestations. The first differential diagnosis of conversion disorder is neurological disease. It is currently not necessary for the diagnosis to assess whether or not the symptoms are produced intentionally, as the assessment of conscious intentionality is unreliable. The neurological examination is the fundamental tool for the diagnostic approach, being even more enlightening than the complementary tests. Hoover’s sign, Babinski’s combined leg flexion, plantar flexion of the ankle, tremor and its distraction and synchronisation manoeuvres, as well as the clinical differences between epileptic seizures and non-epileptic seizures of psychogenic origin, are some of the reliable tools for a correct diagnosis.

The diagnosis of the disease should be one of exclusion. There must be clinical data showing clear evidence of incompatibility with a neurological disease and conversion symptoms do not correspond to known physiological mechanisms and anatomical pathways.

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Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) consist of paroxysmal changes in responsiveness, movements, or behaviour that superficially resemble epileptic seizures.

Presentation of a clinical case of a PNES in a patient with a diagnose of secondary epilepsy, illustrating the relevance of an adequate evaluation, differential diagnosis, and intervention.

Description of the clinical case, with brief literature review and discussion. A search was conducted on PubMed and other databases, using the MeSH terms “nonepileptic seizure”, and “epileptic seizure”.

We report the case of a 45-year-old female patient, brought to the emergency department because of tonic axial and limb nonsynchronous movements, closed eyes, long duration, with immediate awareness, no desaturation, tongue bite, facial flushing, dyspnoea or sphincter incontinency. She was medicated with clonazepam 1 mg and levetiracetam 1000 mg ev. TC-CE had no acute alteration. Bloodwork had no other major alteration except valproic acid below therapeutic levels (her usual medication, along with other antiepileptic drugs, antidepressant and antipsychotic). The antecedents of the patient: mild intellectual disability and an accidental traumatic brain injury in infancy, with secondary epilepsy. She was transferred to Psychiatry department. No electroencephalogram (EEG) was realized, because she had a recent one confirming PNES, and many other emergency observations with the diagnosis of PNES.

This clinical case showcases the diagnostic difficulties that clinicians face when there is an overlap in symptoms, emphasizing the need to combine patient history, witness reports, clinician observations, and ictal and interictal EEG to help distinguish these different clinical identities.

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Functional neurological disorders (FNDs), also known as “conversion disorder”, consist in the appearance of neurological symptoms that do not correspond to any medical condition and produces an impairment in social, occupational and other areas in the patient’s life. This disorder can represent up to 30% of neurologist’s consultation. We introduce the case of a 23-year-old man who attended the emergency services due to fainting and was finally diagnosed with FND.

To summarize the difficulties of making a diagnosis of FND and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach.

A narrative review through the presentation of a case.

The patient presented many absence seizures during his stay in the hospital. These episodes were characterized by non-reactivity, dysarthria, tremors, tachycardia and hyperventilation. The neurological examination and imaging tests didn’t show any pathological findings. During the psychiatric interview he revealed he had lived a severe conflict with his brothers the previous week and he was being excluded within his family. Furthermore he didn’t have any social support besides his mother in the city he was living, leading this situation to an incrementation of anxiety. Due to the absence of any abnormalities in the examination and recent psychological conflict that was affecting him, FND diagnose was made.

Very frequently the absence of a clear psychological trigger and the presence of neurological alterations can hinder the study of the patient. This makes necessary a multidisciplinary approach and the knowledge of signs that can help to carry out an accurate diagnosis.

No significant relationships.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), the most common conversion disorder, are episodic alterations in behaviour that resemble epileptic seizures without its characteristic EEG changes. PNES presumably reflect a physical manifestation of underlying psychological distress and can be as disabling as epilepsy. Standardized treatment approaches for PNES care are lacking.

Our aim is to review the literature for therapeutic interventions in PNES.

A literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE database for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect(s) of specific intervention(s) in patients with PNES. Search terms were “psychogenic-nonepileptic-seizures” and selection was based on the abstracts of all the studies retrieved. Priority outcome was frequency of PNES.

We identified 8 eligible RCTs. Samples ranged from 19 to 82 patients. Follow-up periods varied from 6 weeks to 18 months. Regarding reduction of PNES frequency, several interventions were effective: motivational interviewing combined with psychotherapy; cognitive behavioural therapy informed psychotherapy (CBT-ip); combination of CBT-ip and sertraline; immediate withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs after PNES diagnosis; a standardized diagnostic approach associated with psychiatric inpatient consultation. Treatment with sertraline alone and brief educational interventions didn’t reduce PNES frequency significantly. Beside PNES rate reduction, most interventions conveyed some type of benefit such as improvement in quality of life, mood or functionality.

The majority of the beneficial interventions included a structured communicational approach and/or psychotherapeutic treatment. Our analysis highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary strategy that includes psychotherapy. Further studies with larger samples and longer follow-up periods are needed to robustly inform evidence-based treatment for PNES.

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Therapies focused on exposure like prolonged exposure (PE) or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) dominate the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There are many patients with PTSD who are not fully responding with exposure-therapies. or don’t want exposure therapies at all. Many patients don’t like to be confronted with elements of their traumatic experience. IPT has proven to be highly efficient in e.g. depression and bulimia and is promising as a treatment for PTSD while NOT using exposure. IPT aims to repair the damage trauma does to interpersonal trust and social functioning.

Learn more about IPT. Learn more about the way IPT is used in the treatment for patients with PTSD (adaptations).

Literature review focused on IPT for PTSD.

Among the consequences of PTSD are affective numbing, interpersonal hypervigilance, and social withdrawal (1). Numbness, an avoidance particularly of negative affect, makes it hard to read one’s interpersonal environment. Thus in adapting IPT for PTSD, we devote the early part of treatment to affective reattunement: helping patients to identify their emotions and to recognize them as helpful social signals. Once patients can read their feelings, they can put them to use to handle relationships better, deciding whom they can trust and whom they can’t. IPT for PTSD tends to focus on role transitions, which are usually inherent having been traumatized (2).

In the past there has been several kinds of research that show that group IPT and individual IPT reduce PTSD and depression in traumatized patients with PTSD.

No significant relationships.

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought with it far-reaching consequences that affect the mental health of a significant population. Those suffering from somatic symptom disorder (SSD) present a significant focus on physical symptoms, with excessive thoughts and behaviours, to an extent that results in major distress and dysfunction. Aggravation of SSD could be associated with various stressors, including the current pandemic, and culminate in an increased severity of the base presentation.

The authors present the case of an elderly man with previous diagnosis of SSD which began to aggravate and evolve into a depressive psychotic state, precipitated by the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The authors conducted a non-systematized literature review with focus on those articles most pertinent to the topic in question as well as presenting a clinical case as compliment.

With the pandemic overwhelming the globe, the literature has demonstrated a significant correlation with aggravation of mental health and psychiatric cases. The patient in question was previously followed in consultation for SSD. With the pandemic acting as precipitating stressor, the patient demonstrated a significant aggravation in his base presentation with the development of psychotic depression. He was subsequently hospitalized with implementation of psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological methods, with remission of the psychotic state, with poor response of the SSD.

External stressors are an important influence on psychiatric disorders. Whenever potential life stressors, especially those that exert influence on a global scale, the psychiatrist should be attentive to the possibility of significant aggravation of a stabilized clinical picture and offer support.

No significant relationships.

The term hypertension means super-stress - psychoemotional. It is generally accepted that this condition is more inherent in men.

Study psychological features of arterial hypertension patients depending on severity.

Examined 102 men, ages 31 to 62; the average age was 46.4 ± 0.32 years. Of these, with stage I AG 46 patients (1 group), with stage I AG 45 (2 group), with stage III AG 11 (3 group). Psychological status of patients was examined using the MMPI test.

The averaged personality profile of patients showed that a profile exceeding 80 T points is typical for all comparison groups: 82,6%, 73,3%, 81,8%, in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The first profile type in frequency was the profile with a leading peak on the first scale in combination with a moderate rise on the right scales: seventh-eighth: 63.7% of the total number of surveyed. This profile reflected mainly depressive tendencies. The second most frequent profile reflected alarming trends: an increase on the 2nd scale with the main peak at 7. Persons with depressive manifestations were characterized by a focus on compliance with the normative criteria of the social environment, with anxious manifestations, personal characteristics were manifested by hostility, irritability, chronic social maladaptation

Thus, the psychoemotional conditions identified are characterized by frustration, high levels of anxiety, interpersonal disorders, reduced performance, which may be considered mental health disorders

No significant relationships.

The study of the personal characteristics of patients with SD2 continues to be an urgent problem.

Study the features of the psychoemotional status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The study included 62 patients with T2DM (HbA1c 7,3±1,3%) and visceral obesity (Grade 2) were included mean age 56.1 ± 2.4; BMI: 34.8 ± 2.3.. Research methods: the Beck test, the Hamilton scale, the Spielberger-Hanin questionnaire

Clinical signs of anxiety-depressive disorders were detected in (47) 75.8% of patients. - 1 group, 15 patients - 2 comparison group (without affective disorders). Beck’s test: 23.5 + 0.5 against 10.6 ± 0.3 and Hamilton’s shock 22.4 ± 0.4 against 7.9 + 0.2 revealed a reliable difference between groups (p < 0,001). In both groups of patients on the Spielberger-Hanin scale, moderate reactive anxiety was identified: 44.9 ± 0.7 versus 36.7 ± 0.5 point, which is significantly higher (p < 0,001) in patients of the 1 group. The level of personal anxiety 56.0 ± 0.5 versus 37.5 ± 0.4 points, which also revealed a reliable difference between groups (p < 0,001).

The findings suggest a high incidence of anxiety-depressive disorders in patients of patients with T2DM and visceral obesity, which should be considered in pathogenetic therapy for these patients.

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Conversion is the transformation of a conflict (unconscious) into a somatic symptom or a “non-verbal way of expressing psychological discomfort”, through somatizations. The disorder suggests a neurological or medical disease, associated psychological factors appear and is not produced intentionally.

To describe a case of conversion disorder.

Retrospective review of clinical records and complementary test, including psychiatry, electrophysiology and neurology.

An 18-year-old boy came to the emergency room for paralysis. He has anesthesia of lower limbs. He shows indifference towards this symthoms.He denies any stressful situation. On examination, no psychotic or affective symptoms were observed. Belle indifference. Blood tests and a cranial CT scan were performed without alterations, so the patient was admitted for study. The electromyogram, lumbar puncture and cranial magnetic resonance show negative results. Suggestion is carried out, proving effective and recovering gait and sensitivity. These episodes are repeated up to 4 times until finally, during an interview with the family, episodes of bullying come to light. We work in therapy with a diagnosis of conversion disorder.

The most frequent symptoms in conversion disorder are mutism, paralysis, anesthesia, blindness and seizures. It is usually monosymptomatic for each patient. Diferencial diagnosis with neurological pathology should be made.

No significant relationships.