Plasticity is the ability to modify brain and behavior, ultimately promoting an amplification of the impact of the environment on the individual’s mental health. Thus, plasticity is not beneficial per se but its value depends on contextual factors. High plasticity is beneficial in favorable, but can be detrimental in adverse living conditions, while the opposite applies to low plasticity. Consequently, resilience and vulnerability are not univocally associated to high or low plasticity. Here I will present recent findings supporting this theoretical framework and showing the role of the serotonin system in enhancing plasticity. First, we explored the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression-STAR*D dataset and analyzed the outcome of the SSRI citalopram treatment according to socioeconomic status (SES) and SSRI dosage. The results showed that SSRIs are plasticity-enhancer drugs as they amplify the influence of the living conditions on mood in a dose-dependent fashion. Second, we exploited a meta analytic approach to investigate the contribution of the serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) to depression vulnerability considering time as moderating factor. We found that the 5-HTTLPR x stress interaction is a dynamic process, producing different effects at different time points and confirming that individuals with high plasticity are both at higher risk and more capable to recover from depression. Overall, our findings indicate that treatments and conditions enhancing plasticity have a therapeutic value that depends on context.

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Electroencephalography (EEG) microstates translate resting-state temporal dynamics of neuronal networks throughout the brain and could constitute possible markers of psychiatric disorders. We tested the hypothesis of an increased imbalance between a predominant self-referential mode (microstate C) and a decreased attentional mode (microstate D) in psychosis, mood, and autism spectrum disorders.

We retrospectively included 135 subjects from an early psychosis outpatient unit, with available eyes-closed resting-state 19 electrodes EEG. Individual-level then group-level modified K-means clustering in controls provided four microstate maps that were then backfitted to all groups. Differences between microstate parameters (occurrence, coverage, and mean duration) were computed between controls and each group, and between disease groups.

Microstate class D parameters were systematically decreased in disease groups compared with controls, with an effect size increasing along the psychosis spectrum, but also in autism. There was no difference in class C. C/D ratios of mean duration were increased only in SCZ compared with controls.

The decrease in microstate class D may be a marker of stage of psychosis, but it is not specific to it and may rather reflect a shared dimension along the schizophrenia-autism spectrum. C/D microstate imbalance may be more specific to schizophrenia.

This prospective study aimed to examine changes in mental health and differences due to educational status (ES) and country among young adults aged 20-40 from four countries during the COVID-19 pandemic in a three-month period.

The total of 1714 participants (932 women): students (n = 321) and non-students (n = 519) aged 20-30, educated (n = 388), and non-educated (n = 486) adults aged 31-40 from Poland (n = 445), Slovenia (n = 430), Germany (n = 417), and Israel (n = 422) responded to online survey in February 2021 and May–June 2021. The used measurements were: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8).

A repeated-measures two-way mixed-factor ANOVA was performed to examine changes over time, educational status (ES), and across countries for mental health indicators. The results showed stability over time in anxiety and depression while a small decrease in stress. Students scored significantly higher in stress, anxiety, and depression compared to non-/educated adults and in depression compared to non-studying peers. Participants from Poland and Germany scored higher in anxiety and depression than from Slovenia and Israel. Moreover, Polish participants reported the highest stress among all countries.

The student population is more vulnerable to mental health issues than non-studying peers and adults with and without an academic degree, particularly in Poland and Germany.

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Whether non-genetic prognostic factors significantly influence the variable prognosis of antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) has not yet been systematically explored.

Searches for both randomized and non-randomized studies were undertaken using four electronic databases, two trial registers, and via supplemental searching methods. Unadjusted and adjusted estimates were extracted. Meta-analyses were undertaken using a random-effects generic inverse model. Risk of bias and quality assessments were undertaken using Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE), respectively.

Seventy-two prognostic factors were assessed across 27 studies involving 4426 participants. Only age, baseline body mass index (BMI), and sex were suitable for meta-analysis. Age (b=−0.044, 95%CI −0.157–0.069), sex (b=0.236, 95%CI −0.086–0.558), and baseline BMI (b=−0.013 95%CI −0.225–0.200) were associated with nonsignificant effects on AIWG prognosis. The highest quality GRADE rating was moderate in support of age, trend of early BMI increase, antipsychotic treatment response, unemployment, and antipsychotic plasma concentration. Trend of early BMI increase was identified as the most clinically significant prognostic factor influencing long-term AIWG prognosis.

The strong prognostic information provided by BMI trend change within 12 weeks of antipsychotic initiation should be included within AIWG management guidance to highlight those at highest risk of worse long-term prognosis. Antipsychotic switching and resource-intensive lifestyle interventions should be targeted toward this cohort. Our results challenge previous research that several clinical variables significantly influence AIWG prognosis. We provide the first mapping and statistical synthesis of studies examining non-genetic prognostic factors of AIWG and highlight practice, policy, and research implications.

Neuronal plasticity has for a long time been considered important for the recovery from depression and for the antidepressant drug action, but how the drug action is translated to plasticity has remained unclear. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TRKB are critical regulators of neuronal plasticity and have been implicated in the antidepressant action. We have recently found that many, if not all, different antidepressants, including serotonin selective SSRIs, tricyclic as well as fast-acting ketamine, directly bind to TRKB, thereby promoting TRKB translocation to synaptic membranes, which increases BDNF signaling. We have previously shown that antidepressant treatment induces a juvenile-like state of activity in the cortex that facilitates beneficial rewiring of abnormal networks. It is important to note that enhanced plasticity does not necessarily promote recovery, but may also be maladaptive if the environment is adverse. Our findings open a new framework for the antidepressant action and for treatment of depression: antidepressants directly bind to TRKB and allosterically promote BDNF signaling, thereby inducing a state of plasticity that allows re-wiring of abnormal networks for better functionality, when optimal supportive therapy is provided at the time of enhanced plasticity.

E. Castrén Speakers bureau of: Janssen-Cilag

There is increasing evidence for cognitive function to be negatively impacted by COVID-19. There is, however, limited research evaluating cognitive function pre- and post-COVID-19 using objective measures.

We examined processing speed, attention, working memory, executive function and memory in adults (≤69 years) with a history of COVID-19 (n = 129, none acutely unwell), compared to those with no known history of COVID-19 (n = 93). We also examined cognitive changes in a sub-group of COVID (n = 30) and non-COVID (n = 33) participants, compared to their pre-COVID-19 pandemic level.

Cross-sectionally, the COVID group showed significantly larger intra-individual variability in processing speed, compared to the non-COVID group. The COVID sub-group also showed significantly larger intra-individual variability in processing speed, compared to their pre-COVID level; no significant change occurred in non-COVID participants over the same time scale. Other cognitive indices were not significantly impacted in the cross-sectional or within-subjects investigations, but participants (n = 20) who had needed hospitalisation due to COVID-19 showed poor attention and executive function relative to those who had not required hospitalisation (n = 109). Poor health and long-COVID symptoms correlated with poor cognitive function across domains in the COVID group.

The findings indicate a limited cognitive impact of COVID-19 with only intra-individual variability in processing speed being significantly impacted in an adult UK sample. However, those who required hospitalisation due to COVID-19 severity and/or experience long-COVID symptoms display multifaceted cognitive impairment and may benefit from repeated cognitive assessments and remediation efforts.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic’s beginning, psychiatrists and searchers have been worried about mental health degradation, especially for caregivers and students. Health students are still students and yet caregivers.

Two national studies were done in 2021. First on all health students from April 4th to May 11th 2021 (during the 3rd lockdown in France, 1 year after the first one). Second only on medical students from May 27th and June 27th 2021. Both used online surveys

In the first, 16,937 health students answered, including 54% of nurse students. Regarding Kessler- 6 scale for psychological distress, 14% had moderate (8–12), and 83% had high (≥13) levels of psychological distress. In multivariate analysis, being unable to isolate themselves and having financial difficulties were associated with an increased risk of

psychological distress. On the opposite, being a man and not living alone were associated with a reduced risk of psychological distress.

In the second, 11,754 participants (response rate: 15.3%) were included. Prevalence of 7-day anxiety symptoms, 7-

day depressive symptoms assessed by Hospitalization Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 12-month MDE (using Composite International Diagnostic Interview- Short Form), and 12-month suicidal thoughts were 52%, 18%, 25%, and 19%, respectively. Burnout syndrome (evaluated by Maslach Burnout Inventory) concerned 64% of clinical students and residents and 30% of preclinical students.

These 2 studies highlighted the elevated level of mental distress in health students, especially medical students in France. Preventive and curative actions are needed to help them.

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It is important to investigate the needs, experiences, and outcomes of older forensic mental health inpatients. In this consensus document, we offer practitioners working with older forensic inpatients recommendations to meet the unique older-age-related needs of this group.

We report on the findings of a scoping review of service provision and age-responsive interventions for this population. We complement this with a review of qualitative studies investigating staff and patient views on age-responsive inpatient care.

The guidance synthesizes this evidence into sections on: epidemiological studies of demographic, clinical, and legal profiles; qualitative studies; investigations of patient need; evidence for interventions tailored to this patient group; future directions for research; and finally, recommendations for practice. Forensic patients over the age of 50 years have a different set of psychological and physical health needs from their peers. There is a dearth of dedicated interventions and support to assist patients through secure services and into the community.

We suggest service providers involve older patients in treatment and service organization decisions, adapt interventions to be responsive to this group, train staff to recognize physical vulnerabilities and cognitive decline, and embrace methods of communication developed in other areas of care, such as dementia Care.

Adequate sleep quality and quantity are essential for optimal occupational and psychological health as well as cognitive function. In up to 78% of adults with ADHD, several sleep disorders are associated.1,2 These include delayed circadian rhythm, insomnia, sleep-related movement and breathing disorders and altered sleep duration.3,4 Such sleep problems have consequences in the family and somatic health spheres. In the workplace, adult ADHD coupled with untreated sleep disorder leads to significant occupational impairment. Low employment status, unpredictable behaviour, relationship difficulties, mood lability, risk of injury and accidents are all described as potential associations, with far-reaching consequences. When ADHD is coupled with sleep disorders, cognitive performance deteriorates further and sickness absence is more common. The clinical presentation of the sleep disorders commonly associated with ADHD will be described in detail. State-of-the-art therapeutic interventions will be dicussed based on clinical experience and research findings from our Expertise Centre.

Wajszilber D, Santiseban JA, Gruber R. (2018). Sleep disorders in patients with ADHD: impact and management challenges. Nat Sci Sleep,14;10:453-480.

Van Veen MM, Kooij JJ, Boonstra AM et al. (2010). Delayed circadian rhythm in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. Biol Psychiatry. 1;67(11):1091-6.

Wynchank D, ten Have M, Bijlenga D et al. (2018). The association between insomnia and sleep duration in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from a general population study. J Clin Sleep Med, 14(3):349–357.

Fayyad J, Sampson NA, Hwang I et al. (2017). The descriptive epidemiology of DSMIV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord, 91:47-65.

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Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been reported to increase during the COVID-19 lockdowns because of the hygiene requirements related to the pandemic. Patients with adjustment disorder (AD) may, in turn, represent a vulnerable population for identifiable stressors. In this study, we aimed at assessing potential symptoms changes in OCD patients during the lockdown in comparison with AD patients as well as versus healthy controls (HC).

During the COVID-related lockdown, we enrolled 65 patients and 29 HC. Participants were tested with four clinical rating scales (Yale–Brown obsessive-compulsive scale and Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale for OCD patients; Beck Depression Inventory-II and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y for each group) that had been also administered just before the Italian lockdown.

Our results showed that during the lockdown: (i) the symptoms of depression and anxiety increased in all groups, but this increase was most pronounced in HC (p < 0.001); (ii) OCD symptoms severity did not increase, but the insight worsened (p = 0.028); (iii) the proportion of OCD patients showing hygiene-related symptoms increased (p = 0.031 for obsessions of contamination), whereas that of patients with checking-related symptoms decreased.

The lockdown-induced psychological distress apparently changed the characteristics and the pattern of OCD symptoms expression but not their overall severity. This evidence confirms the heterogeneity and changing nature of OCD symptoms, strongly depending on the environmental circumstances.

Different electrophysiological (EEG) indices have been investigated as possible biomarkers of schizophrenia. However, these indices have a very limited use in clinical practice, as their associations with clinical and functional outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the associations of multiple EEG markers with clinical variables and functional outcomes in subjects with schizophrenia (SCZs).

Resting-state EEGs (frequency bands and microstates) and auditory event-related potentials (MMN-P3a and N100-P3b) were recorded in 113 SCZs and 57 healthy controls (HCs) at baseline. Illness- and functioning-related variables were assessed both at baseline and at 4-year follow-up in 61 SCZs. We generated a machine-learning classifier for each EEG parameter (frequency bands, microstates, N100-P300 task, and MMN-P3a task) to identify potential markers discriminating SCZs from HCs, and a global classifier. Associations of the classifiers’ decision scores with illness- and functioning-related variables at baseline and follow-up were then investigated.

The global classifier discriminated SCZs from HCs with an accuracy of 75.4% and its decision scores significantly correlated with negative symptoms, depression, neurocognition, and real-life functioning at 4-year follow-up.

These results suggest that a combination of multiple EEG alterations is associated with poor functional outcomes and its clinical and cognitive determinants in SCZs. These findings need replication, possibly looking at different illness stages in order to implement EEG as a possible tool for the prediction of poor functional outcome.

In the last decade, neuroplasticity has become largely accepted in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders. Animal models of depression showed that severe stress downregulates many forms of plasticity, resulting in an inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP), a facilitation of long-term depression (LTD) and an impairment of synaptic transmission. Essentially all treatments for mood disorders, including the rapid acting antidepressant ketamine, promote neuroplasticity and plasticity plays a critical mechanistic role in recovery. Therefore, a targeted intervention of LTP/LTD pathways by small molecules or highly specific RNA therapeutics could lead the way to novel and fast acting antidepressants. For instance, an RNA-based modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits rescued LTP and exerted rapid antidepressive effects in mice models of depression. The translation of such principal, the rescue of plasticity as an antidepressive intervention, from rodents to humans is an ongoing challenge. However, various indirect assessment methods of plasticity in humans, like visually evoked (VEP) potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-based paired associative stimulation paradigms revealed an impairment of plasticity in depressed humans, which was found corrected after effective treatment.

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Emotional neglect means that the child’s emotional and developmental needs are not fulfilled by the parents or other caregivers. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) are a risk factor for mental health problems and impaired parenting skills. The objective here was to examine whether parents’ ACEs increase the child’s risk of experiencing emotional neglect.

The participants in the present study were members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986). Emotional neglect experiences were measured in 190 members of this cohort by means of the Trauma and Distress Scale (TADS), and ACEs in both parents were measured with a specific questionnaire. A linear regression model was used to examine the association between parents’ ACEs and the children’s emotional neglect scores.

The children’s mean emotional neglect score was 8.11 on a scale from 5 to 25. There was no significant difference between males (mean 8.01) and females (mean 8.19). Only father’s ACEs were associated with child’s emotional neglect score. In the linear regression model, the children’s emotional neglect scores increased by 0.3 points for father’s ACE.

Our findings suggest that father’s ACEs may increase the child’s risk of experiencing emotional neglect. It seems that childhood adversities are transferred from parents to children, but larger samples would be needed to confirm these findings.

Mental health problems are increasingly prevalent among students, necessitating adequate mental health support both for those who with or at risk of developing a mental health disorder.

This systematic review examined the efficacy of psychological interventions delivered to student populations and whether interventions with some form of adaptation to the content or delivery of the intervention for students could improve outcomes compared to interventions which had no such adaptation.

Randomised controlled trials of interventions for students with or at risk of mental health problems were included. Specific adaptation for students (or whether they utilised a student population as a convenient sample) was recorded. Meta-analyses were conducted and multivariate meta-regressions explored the effect of adaptation on the pooled effect size. Eighty-four studies were included

Promising effects were found for both treatment and preventative interventions for anxiety disorders, depression and eating disorders. PTSD and self-harm data was limited, and did not demonstrate significant effects. Relatively few trials adapted intervention delivery to student-specific concerns, and overall adapted interventions showed no benefit over non-adapted interventions. There was some suggestion that adaptions based on empirical evidence and provision of additional sessions, and transdiagnostic models may yield some benefits

Interventions for students show benefit though uncertainty remains around how best to optimise treatment delivery and content specifically for students. It would be beneficial to understand how intervention content which is specific to underlying mechanisms of problems experienced by students as well as more transdiagnostic approaches could further support recovery and prevention of mental health problems while at university.

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Digital treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders is being developed in order to treat patients online when possible, to reduce waiting lists and to improve efficacy and efficiency of treatment. In this presentation, experiences with the so called Start Program of the Super Brains app for adults with ADHD are presented. The Super Brains app has been developed by Rutger den Hollander, who himself has ADHD and owns an ICT company, together with the speaker of this presentation and Parnassia Groep in the Netherlands.

The Start Program is part of the Super Brains app, and meant for patients referred for treatment, who have to wait on often long waiting lists. Now they have no longer to wait, but can start immediately by preparing for diagnostic assessment by filling in questionnaires, and with psycho-education, lifestyle tips and support by experience experts, who welcome them in the app and show them around.

First data on the use of different parts of the Start Program, the activity of the patients in the app and the satisfaction of patients will be presented. We also aim to study whether the Start Program is effective in reducing severity of ADHD symptoms during the waiting time. Super Brains can be adjusted for use in other (neurodevelopmental) disorders easily (https://www.superbrains.nl/?lang=en).

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Self-binding directives (SBDs) are psychiatric advance directives that include a clause in which mental health service users consent in advance to involuntary hospital admission and treatment under specified conditions. Medical ethicists and legal scholars identified various potential benefits of SBDs but have also raised ethical concerns. Until recently, little was known about the views of stakeholders on the opportunities and challenges of SBDs.

This article aims to foster an international exchange on SBDs by comparing recent empirical findings on stakeholders’ views on the opportunities and challenges of SBDs from Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

Comparisons between the empirical findings were drawn using a structured expert consensus process.

Findings converged on many points. Perceived opportunities of SBDs include promotion of autonomy, avoidance of personally defined harms, early intervention, reduction of admission duration, improvement of the therapeutic relationship, involvement of persons of trust, avoidance of involuntary hospital admission, addressing trauma, destigmatization of involuntary treatment, increase of professionals’ confidence, and relief for proxy decision-makers. Perceived challenges include lack of awareness and knowledge, lack of support, undue influence, inaccessibility during crisis, lack of cross-agency coordination, problems of interpretation, difficulties in capacity assessment, restricted therapeutic flexibility, scarce resources, disappointment due to noncompliance, and outdated content. Stakeholders tended to focus on practical challenges and did not often raise fundamental ethical concerns.

Stakeholders tend to see the implementation of SBDs as ethically desirable, provided that the associated challenges are addressed.

Decades ago, the classical psychedelics psilocybin and LSD entered the therapeutic setting and already then showed their therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. For thousands of years another psychedelic, ayahuasca, is being used by tribes in western Amazonia for healing and divination, and in recent years its use has expanded worldwide.

Research into the therapeutic potential of these substances has re-emerged and (preliminary) findings are promising, showing that after one or two administrations remission is reached in depressed patients that were labeled as treatment-resistant. This is a remarkable finding as the therapeutic effects of treatment with conventional pharmacological agents like SSRIs take longer to lead to remission, with one-third of the patients failing to reach this stage.

The fast onset of positive therapeutic effects by psychedelics increases the interest to discover the mechanism of action behind this. There is a debate about the importance of the psychological experience caused by these agents in the therapeutic outcome, while science also tries to understand the neurobiological correlates. The latter will be addressed in my talk and I will link it to psychedelics’ therapeutic effects.

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Anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) play a pivotal role in stimulating motivational behavior toward food and energy metabolism. Aberrant functioning of the endocannabinoid system has been observed in extreme weight conditions (EWCs), suggesting it may influence pathophysiology. Then, we aimed to analyze fasting AEA and 2-AG plasma concentrations among individuals with EWC (i.e., anorexia nervosa [AN] and obesity with and without eating disorders [EDs]) compared with healthy controls (HCs), and its association with clinical variables and body mass index (BMI).

The sample included 113 adult women. Fifty-seven belonged to the obesity group, 37 without EDs (OB-ED) and 20 with ED (OB+ED classified within the binge spectrum disorders), 27 individuals from the AN group, and 29 from the HC group. Peripheral blood samples, several clinical variables, and BMI were evaluated.

Unlike 2-AG, AEA concentrations showed significant differences between groups (p < 0.001). Increased AEA was observed in the OB-ED and OB+ED compared with both HC and AN group, respectively. Likewise, AEA was differentially associated with emotional dysregulation, general psychopathology, food addiction, and BMI in all clinical groups.

These results support the interaction between biological and clinical factors contributing to delineating vulnerability pathways in EWC that could help fit personalized therapeutic approaches.

Student mental health was a public health problem long before the pandemic. However, first one needs to define what mental health means. Fried (2017) showed that there was a great heterogeneity in the symptoms assessed by the depression scales. Similarly, other factors (study design, assessment period, chosen scale and chosen cut-off or threshold, response rate, data management, etc.) can have an impact on the prevalence found. In addition, theoretical and modelling considerations on mental health need to be answered.

The french Observatoire de la Vie Etudiante measured an increase in student psychological distress since 2016, particularly between 2020 and 2021. Data from three surveys conducted in 2016 (n=18,875), 2020 (n=60,014), and 2021 (n=4,901, longitudinal follow-up from 2020) were used to model psychological distress as a latent common cause or a network with emergent properties.

Preliminary results show that from a latent perspective, measurement invariance does not hold. From a network perspective, the modelled systems showed differences in three aspects (van Borkulo et al., 2022). For participants in the 2020 and 2021 surveys, an increased vulnerability of the modelled system was observed. Prevention and intervention targets in the system were tested with simulation techniques (Lunansky et al., 2022).

Caution is advised for prevalence comparisons when measurement invariance does not hold. The network approach offers an alternative to studying psychological distress as an emergent property of a complex system. However, regardless of the statistical approach, with subjective measures and without measurement error control and qualitative data or cognitive interviews: it is difficult to partition between a change or increase in the phenomenon we wish to measure and a change in the way people tend to respond to a questionnaire, since the representation they have of the specific questions designed to describe this phenomenon might also have changed.

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Current evidence on the risk of admission- or medication-requiring psychiatric sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is limited to selected populations, short durations, and loss to follow-up. This study examined if SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increased long-term risk of psychiatric admissions and de novo prescription of psychoactive medication in the general population of Denmark.

Adults (≥18 years) were assigned to either the control or SARS-CoV-2 group based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests between 1 January 2020 and 27 November 2021. Infected subjects were matched 1:5 to control subjects by propensity score. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated. Adjusted Cox regression was applied to the unmatched population with SARS-CoV-2 infection as a time-dependent covariate. Follow-up time was 12 months or until the end of the study.

A total of 4,585,083 adults were included in the study. Approximately 342,084 had a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and were matched 1:5 with 1,697,680 controls. The IRR for psychiatric admission was 0.79 in the matched population (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73–0.85, p < 0.001). In the unmatched population, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for psychiatric admission were either below 1.00 or with a 95% CI lower limit of 1.01. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with an increased risk of de novo prescription of psychoactive medication in both the matched (IRR 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02–1.11, p < 0.01) and unmatched population (HR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.28–1.34, p < 0.001).

We found a signal of increased use of psychoactive medication, specifically benzodiazepines, among SARS-CoV-2-positive persons, but the risk of psychiatric admissions did not increase.