Identify spectrum of non-psychotic mental disorders in climacteric hysteria in women.

127 female patients of climacteric age. Clinical-psychopathologic, clinical-dynamic, mathematicstatistical methods were used. Diagnoses have been verified according to ICD-10 (have been introduced in order of lessening number of female patients): adjustment disorders - 47; organic emotional-labile (asthenic) disorder - 30; personality disorders - 11; anxiety disorders - 9; somatoform disorders - 7; organic anxiety disorder - 7; combined organic emotional-labile (asthenic) disorder and adjustment disorder - 6; agoraphobia - 3; organic affective disorder - 2; organic dissociative disorder - 2; dissociative disorders - 2; affective disorders (depressive episode of mild degree of severity, dysthymia) - 1. Large range of non-psychotic mental disorders defines climacteric hysteria as a psychopathologic complex.

Clinical examination was added by analysis of archive medical records and retrospective assessment of dynamic of the disease. Study of clinical typology, dynamic of non-psychotic mental disorders in women with climacteric hysteria has allowed distinguishing 3 variants. Somatized-hypochondriac (72 - 55,69%) - with persistent hypochondriac fixation on body sensations, somatovegetative disorders, nosophobias (cardio-, stroke-, infarction-, cancer-, lissophobia). Anxiety-depressive (44 - 34,65%) - with decreased mood, irritability, tearfulness in the period of hormonal changes of body in climax, accompanying severity of heart, mediastinum, epigastrium, fluctuating arterial pressure, sleep disorders. Psychopath-like (11 - 8,66%) - with explosiveness, increased emotional excitability, stormy affective manifestation of emotions.

Based on distinguished variants we have defined algorithms of therapy of non-psychotic mental disorders in women with climacteric hysteria.

Depression is a growing global mental problem which affects an individual's physical, psychological and social functioning. Reiki, a complementary and alternative therapy which activates the natural healing abilities of body and enhances the growth of psycho-spirituality of an individual, is increasingly used by health care professionals to help clients suffering from depression. Studies showed that Reiki had a positive impact to improve the mood and emotion of depressive clients.

To assess the application of Reiki on depression in nursing.

To review literatures on application of Reiki on depression in nursing.

Databases of CINAHL and MEDLINE between 2000 and 2012 were searched using keywords of ‘Reiki’, ‘depression’ and ‘nursing’.

Three studies were found and relevant to the keywords. An experimental study was performed on older adults which revealed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms when compared with the control group without Reiki treatment. Two randomized clinical trials with control groups performed in community also had found an improvement of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and stress in treatment, of which one of them had showed the continuity of Reiki effect lasted for a year.

Since evidences showed a positive impact of Reiki on depressive clients, it is suggested to perform Reiki treatment by nurses as an adjuvant therapy on depressive clients. Study on the application and effectiveness of Reiki is recommended so as to review the outcome and establish an evidence base for Reiki in nursing practice.

Most studies aiming to predict transition to psychosis for individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) have focused on either neurocognitive or clinical variables and have made little effort to combine the two. We aimed to investigate the relative value of neurocognitive and clinical variables for predicting transition to psychosis as well as long-term functional outcome.

Sixty-seven adolescents at UHR and 72 controls completed an extensive clinical and neurocognitive assessment. Forty-three UHR individuals and 47 controls participated in long-term follow-up approximately six years later. UHR adolescents who had converted to psychosis (UHR-P) were compared to individuals who had not (UHR-NP) and controls on clinical and neurocognitive variables. Regression analyses were performed to determine which baseline measures best predicted transition to psychosis and long-term functional outcome for UHR individuals.

Low IQ was the single neurocognitive parameter that discriminated UHR-P individuals from UHR-NP individuals and controls. The severity of attenuated positive symptoms was the only significant predictor of a transition to psychosis and disorganized symptoms were highly predictive of functional outcome.

IQ was lowest for those individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis who later went on to have a psychotic episode. However, IQ was not a good predictor of either transition or functional outcome. Rather, clinical measures proved to be the most important vulnerability markers for long-term outcome.

Despite the high burden of mental illness worldwide, psychiatric studies in sub-Saharan Africa are sparse. Few have been conducted in Malawi and little information exists about inpatient psychiatric populations within the country.

To describe the spectrum of psychiatric diagnoses and treatment courses of patients admitted to Bwaila Hospital (BH), the inpatient psychiatric unit for the central region of the country.

We reviewed medical records of all patients admitted to BH in 2011 and extracted information about demographics, diagnoses, treatments and outcomes.

Inpatient care was provided to 457 patients. Patients had a mean age of 30 years and 298 (67%) were male. 258 (56%) had a known psychiatric diagnosis and 222 (49%) had been hospitalized for psychiatric care previously. The most common diagnoses were primary psychotic disorder (360), alcohol dependence (96) and mood disorder (37). The most common precipitating cause for admission was medication non-adherence (132), mostly in patients with psychotic disorders. The average length of presenting symptoms was 7 days, average length of stay was 21 days, and most commonly used treatments were chlorpromazine, diazepam, fluphenazine and carbamazepine. Outcomes included stabilization/release (308), transfer to another facility (75), removal by family against medical advice (40), abscondment (25) and death (7), which was mostly due to alcohol withdrawal.

Primary psychotic disorders and alcohol dependence are the most common reasons for inpatient psychiatric hospitalization at BH. Efforts to increase medication adherence in patients and emphasize the risks of alcohol consumption may lead to decreased psychiatric hospitalizations within Malawi.

There has been an increased interest on the role of urban security and fear of crime on mental health of the general population, but there are not studies about this among patients with minor psychiatric disorders.

Assess patients’ fear of crime and perceived urban insecurity.

To,

1. 1) evaluate the association between perceived urban insecurity and crime, and minor psychiatric disorders;

2. 2) identify subgroups of patients with high levels of perceived urban insecurity and fear of crime.

A sample of 24 patients with depressive or anxiety disorders attending outpatient services was collected. Patients consenting to the study underwent a battery of psychometric instruments. This study is part of a national multicentric study that enrolled 426 subjects.

The sample was mainly composed by females (83%), cohabiting (58%), employed (54%). Patients were more frequently diagnosed with dysthymia (54%) had an average GAF score of 73 (SD=8,44), an average GHQ-12 of 17.33 (SD =3,95). 41% reported high level of insecurity or fear and 58% stated that their worries were increased compared to 10 years earlier. Reported reasons for this were mostly ‘decrease of social security’ and ‘loss of values’. 12.5% of the sample reported of having been victim of a theft or vandalism.

The results of this study are not only useful to understand the role of fear of crime in the onset and relapses of minor psychiatric disorders, but they can also help to plan psychiatrists’ and Public Health's interventions in order to prevent them.

Most women that reached menopause, experience depression. This study was done with this purpose to investigate the effects of regular aerobic exercise on depression in postmenopausal women.

In this experimental study, twenty six postmenopausal depressed women with age of 45-55 years, who sampled randomly in 2 groups (control and experimental), were participated in this investigation. The experimental group followed exercise training program including walking three times a week, for 3 months. But control group did not participate in any exercise program. depression level was measured before and after exercise.

Mean of depression in experimental group before exercise training relative to after exercise training were significantly decreased.

The results of present study demonstrated that regular aerobic exercise training decrease depression symptom. So, the authorities should apply strategies to decrease depression symptoms by changing life style from inactivity to exercise training in order to support postmenopausal women somatic health.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCSs) are frequently comorbid with schizophrenia. Various atypical antipsychotics induce OCSs by 5-HT2A receptor inhibition. Amisulpride causes only minimal inhibition of the 5-HT2A receptor, and therefore, should not induce or exacerbate OCSs in patients with schizophrenia.

To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of amisulpride on OCSs in patients with schizophrenia who were taking typical or atypical antipsychotics.

21 patients, aged 18-65 years, with schizophrenia and OCSs (DSM-4 criteria) with a score of 16 or higher on YBOCS and taking a single antipsychotic were enrolled to a 12-week prospective open trial of amisulpride (400-1200 mg/d). Changes in YBOCS, PANSS,CGI,GAF QLS -18, extrapyramidal symptoms, adverse events, and body-weight changes were evaluated 12 weeks after the antipsychotics were switched to amisulpride.

All 19 patients who completed the trial had an improvement on the YBOCS,PANSS,CGI,GAF AND QLS-18. At week 12,the mean YBOCS total score decreased significantly (26.579 ± 5.124 vs.14.631± 5.479; p < 0.001),the mean PANSS total score decreased significantly (83.947±17.886 vs.63.421±14.311; p < 0.001). Eight patients (42.1%) showed 50% or more improvement in the YBOCS total score. Thirteen patients (68.4%) showed 20% or greater improvement in the PANSS total score. Amisulpiride was safe and well tolerated.

These results indicate that switch to amisulpiride is very effective for OCSs, psychotic symptoms and global functioning in patients with schizophrenia.However, changes in OCSs and psychotic symptoms were independent. Further studies with amisulpiride under controlled conditions are needed for these patients.

Dementia is a serious loss of global cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging.

There are about 820,000 people in the UK with dementia (Alzheimer's Research Trust 2010).

To show whether we compiled with the Department of Health in prescribing antipsychotics for dementia patients. All the patients have an indication recorded for the prescribing of antipsychotics including target symptoms.

We included all the patients with dementia who were under the care of the MCPCT Older Adult Team (Outpatients, inpatients, and memory assessment clinics) between April 1st 2011 - June 30th 2011.

Antipsychotics were used in 11% of patients with dementia, there’re were clear guidelines as to what the indications were in each case.The initiation of treatment was almost within the scope of specialist mental health services. The review was done by consultants. The indication for antipsychotics were psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) in nearly 40% of cases. In 50% of cases we tried to stop the antipsychotics with successful cessation in half of that sample.

It is clear that antipsychotics are infrequently used in older adult population with Dementia who are under the care of our teams (only 11%).

The older adult psychiatry teams in Milton Keynes Primary care trusts are compliant with the Department of Health's guidance on the prescription of antipsychotics fro dementia patients (Nov 2009).

Non pharmacological methods of managing these behavioural and psychotic features were tried in 71%.

Psychological-behavioral development of adolescents depends on regulations and rules of family. In this regard balance between adolescents' independence-restriction is one of the most important and challenging matters. This study conducted to evaluate adolescents and key informants' perceptions and experiences regarding to this challenge.

This qualitative study was conducted in Sari in the North of Iran. Sixty-seven urban and rural female adolescents between 12-19 years of old participated in 8 focus group discussions. In addition, semi structured interviews were done with 11 key informants. Participants were selected based on purposeful sampling and with maximum variety. All taperecorded data was fully transcribed and thematic analysis was done to identify key themes.

Findings of this research lead to two main themes including: Family trust to adolescents (adolescents' independence, family supervision, not discrimination between children) and Respect to adolescents (kindness, attention).

Providing a balance between independence and restriction in teens lead to promotion of self-esteem in adolescents which in turn reinforce her life skills abilities such as decision-making and critical thinking. So it is necessary to promote parents' knowledge and aware teens from family regulations which they must to meet.

Little is known about the qualitative and quantitative differences in the use of antipsychotics in Arab countries. This study is aimed to examine and compare the prescribing pattern of antipsychotics in two different Arab settings and specifically determine the factors influencing polypharmacy.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jordan (National Center for Mental Health Hospital, Amman) and Egypt (Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura) and included 162 inpatients [g1] with schizophrenia. Patients were surveyed using a standardized protocol.[g2]

There were no significant differences between Egyptians and Jordanians with respect to; demographic, anthropometric, polypharmacy or mean maximum dose of antipsychotics. Jordanians had significantly lower number of hospitalizations and relapses than Egyptian patients. Atypical than typical first antipsychotics were prescribed more to Jordanians compared to Egyptian patients. Irrespective of the patients’ nationalities, the mean hospitalizations, and relapse were predictors of polypharmacy.

Antipsychotic prescribing pattern differs between the Egyptians and Jordanian patients with schizophrenia[g3]. The risks with polytherbay calls for improving the prescribing patterns of antipsychotic drugs in Arab region to establish guidelines on the proper indications and uses for antipsychotic drugs.

Recently, Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS) was developed based on the Baltic Sea Dietary Pyramid. The association between Baltic Sea Diet Score and prevalence of depressive symptoms has not been studied earlier, though diet including fish and whole grain products may be preventive for depression.

We assessed whether adherence to Baltic Sea Diet is associated with a decreased prevalence of depressive symptoms.

The population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study included 2682 Finnish men aged 42-60 years. Diet was assessed by a 4-d food record and depressive symptoms with the 18-item Human Population Laboratory Depression Scale. Those who scored five or more were considered to have elevated depressive symptoms. The BSDS was calculated according to the quartiles of consumption of each score component. For healthy considered foods (fruits and berries, vegetables, wholegrain products, ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids and fish) the quartiles were coded 0-3 points (lowest quartile was coded as 0, etc.). For meat and total fat scores were opposite. Alcohol was coded 1 point (< 20 g), otherwise 0 point.

Altogether 228 (8.5%) men had depressive symptoms. In a multivariable model, after adjustments for age, energy intake, smoking, marital status, socio-economic status, maximal oxygen uptake and body mass index, men in the highest v. lowest BSDS quartile were 40% more likely to be non-depressed (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39, 0.93, p=0.02).

Adherence to Baltic Sea diet may be associated with lowered level of depression.

Cultural, social and educative vulnerability is less in Iranian adolescents. This article examines the spiritual needs of Iranian female Adolescents

A conventional content analysis approach was used for analyzing the participants' experiences and their perceptions. To collect data 8 focus group discussions were conducted with 67 female adolescents (12-19 years) and 11 semi-structured interviews were done with key informants based on open sampling, with the aim of maximum variation from urban and rural areas of Sari in the North of Iran. All the interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim.

Four main categories emerged from the collected data: Religious attitude, Religious practice, Religious aesthetics and Rationality in religion.

Our study show that Iranian female adolescents search some of their health needs in connection to undying source of inspiration and need to explain the beautiful religious truths for them firmly and reasonably. Failure to meeting these needs could lead to irrecoverable cultural and social vulnerability to adolescents.