Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T23:20:52.197Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The powerful consequences of being too weak. The impact of immigration on democratic regimes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Giovanna Zincone
Giovanna Zincone
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi di Torino(Torino).
Get access

Abstract

Common fears about immigration have little basis, such as the fear of being displaced by alien labour or invaded by fundamentalist mobs. Others have some basis, such as those concerning illegal behaviour or the magnitude of inflows, at least in some countries. However the profile of our European democracies may, unless certain policies are pursued, be doomed to change for the worse, not because of these commonly feared dangers but in consequence of the increasing number of workers who do not enjoy basic political, civil and social rights.

Les craintes banales suscitées par Pimmigration sont peu fondées, quc ce soit la crainte de se voir remplacé par un travailleur immigré, ou celle de voir sa societe envahie par des populaces fondamentalistes. Mais d'autres craintes le sont davantage, quecreent des comportements iilégaux ou l'ampleur des flux - dans certains pays tout au moins. Si certaines politiques ne sont pas conduites avec Constance, l'orientation des democraties d'Europe peut evoluer vers le pire, non pas en raison de ces craintes, fondées ou non, mais simplement parce qu'un nombre croissant de travailleurs ne jouissentpas des droits civils, sociaux ou politiques élémentaires.

Die Immigration ruft kaum begründete Angste hervor, sei es die Angst von einem Gastarbeiter ersetzt zu werden, sei es von fundamentalistischen Gemeinschaften überrannt zu werden. Andere sind es eher, zum Beispiel jene, die illegale Verhaltensweisen oder die Bedeutung der Migrationsbewegungen zum Anlass haben-zumindest in manchen Ländern. Wenn die politischen Programme nicht mit der notigen Ausdauer durchgefuhrt werden,kannsich die Ausrichtung der europaischen Demokratien zum Schlimmsten wenden, nicht auf Grund der begriindeten oder unbegriindeten Ängste, sondern weil eine immergrossere Zahl von Arbeitern von zivilen, sozialen oder polirischen Grundrechten ausgeschlossen ist.

Type
Gehen, Bleiben, Kommen
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 38 , Issue 1 , May 1997 , pp. 104 - 138
Copyright
Copyright © Archives Européenes de Sociology 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agozino, B., 1996, Mutations dans la construction sociale de la criminalité parmi les immigrés dans le Royaume Uni, in Palidda, S., Délit d'immigration. La construction sociale de la déviance et de la criminalité parmi les immigrés en Europe (Bruxelles: E.C., Collection COST A2 Migrations).Google Scholar
Albrecht, H.J., 1996, Ethnic Minorities and Crime. The Construction of Foreigners' Crime in the Federal Republic of Germany, in Palidda, S., Délit d'immigration. La construction sociale de la déviance et de la criminalité parmi les immigrés en Europe (Bruxelles: E.C., Collection COST A2 Migrations).Google Scholar
Almond, G.A., Verba, S., 1963, The Civic Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbé, C., 1995, Interazioni etnocentriche. Quali, in che modo, con quali conseguenze?,mimeo, Conference on: Immigrazione, stereotipi, pregiudizi, Università La Sapienza,Rome,April 5–7.Google Scholar
Barbé, C., 1997, Il drastico irrobustimento dell'identità nazionale in Italia, Quaderni di Sociologia, 31 (1), [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Bauböck, R. (ed.), 1994, From Aliens to Citizens (Adershot: Avebury).Google Scholar
Bauböck, R., and Zincone, G. (eds), 1995, Citizenship Beyond the Nation-state, ECPR Joint Session, Bordeaux, 04 27-05 2.Google Scholar
Bauer, T., and Zimmermann, K., 1995, Integrating the East: The Labour Market Effects of Immigration, CEPR Discussion Paper n.1235.Google Scholar
Bean, F.D., Telles, E.E. and Lowell, L.B., 1987, Undocumented Migration to the United States: Perception and Evidence, Population and Development Review, 13(4): 671–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentley, N., 1995, Citizenship, integration and immigration: the attitude of France and German Trade Unions since 1945, in Bauböck, R., and Zincone, G. (eds). Citizenship Beyond the Nation-state, ECPR Joint Session, Bordeaux, 04 27-05 2.Google Scholar
Böhning, R.W., and Zegers de Beijl, R., 1995. The Integration of Migrant Workers in Labour Market: Policies and their Impact, International Migration Papers No. 8 (Geneva: International Labour Office, Employment Department).Google Scholar
Borevi, K., 1995, Cultural Identity or Special Interests, in Bauböck, R., and Zincone, G. (eds), Citizenship Beyond the Nation-state, ECPR Joint Session, Bordeaux, 04 27-05 2.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P., 1995, Raisons pratiques (Paris, Éditions de Minuit).Google Scholar
Brion, F., 1996, Chiffrer, déchiffrer, incarcérations des étrangers et construction sociale de la criminalité des immigrés en Belgique, in Palidda, S., Délit d'immigration. La construction sociale de la déviance et de la criminalité parmi les immigrés en Europe (Bruxelles: C.E., Collection COST A2 Migrations).Google Scholar
Brochman, G., 1994, Immigration Policies in Europe: Control of Democracy or Democracy out of Control?,paper presented at XIII World Congress of Sociology, Bielelfeld,July 18–23.Google Scholar
Brubaker, W.R., 1992, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, M., 1974, The Coming of the Welfare State (London: Batsford).Google Scholar
Caponio, T., 1996, Associazionismo e integrazione politica degli immigrati. Un'analisi comparata, Graduation Thesis, Università degli Studi di Torino.Google Scholar
Cherubini, , 1977, Storia della previdenza sociale (Roma: Editori Riuniti).Google Scholar
Confalonieri, M.A., Guidorossi, G., Radaelli, C.M., and Weber, M., 1989, Governo e cittadini (Milano: Franco Angeli).Google Scholar
Dahrendorf, R., 1994, The Changing Quality of Citizenship, in Van Steenbergen, B., The Condition of Citizenship (London: Sage Publications).Google Scholar
Daveri, F., Venturini, A., 1993, Gli effecti economici dell'immigrazione sul paese di destinazione, Economia e Lavoro (I): 93–105.Google Scholar
Dench, J., 1986, Minorities in Open Society (London: Routledge and Kegan).Google Scholar
Diamanti, I., 1996a, Territorio e politica: una mappa elettorale (molte Italie e molti Nord),paper presented to the conference Politics and Society in Italy, Italian Association of Sociology, Political Sociology Section,Turin,May 8–10.Google Scholar
Diamanti, I., 1996b, Il Male del Nord (Roma: Donzelli).Google Scholar
Di Tella, T., 1983, Argentina un'Australia italiana? L'impatto dell'immigrazione sul sistema politico argentino, in Bezza, B. (ed.), Gliitaliani net movimenti operai dei paesi di adozione, 1880–1940 (Milano: Franco Angeli).Google Scholar
Di Tella, T., 1992, Origines historicos del corporativismo argentino, in Barbé, C., Le ombre del passato (Milano: Franco Angeli).Google Scholar
Dworkin, R., 1984, Liberalism, in Sandel, M. (ed.), Liberalism and its Critics (New York: New York University Press).Google Scholar
Dworkin, R., 1992, Deux conceptions de la démocratie, in Lenoble, J., and Dewandre, N. (eds), L'Europe au soir du siècle. Identité et démocratie (Paris: Esprit).Google Scholar
Eisenberg, A., 1995, Reconstructing Political Pluralism (Albany: State University of New York Press).Google Scholar
Epenshade, T.J., 1994, Does the Threat of Border Apprehension deter undocumented US immigration?, Population and Development Review, 20(4): 871–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G., 1990, The Three Worlds of Capitalism (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press).Google Scholar
Ester, P., Halman, L., and De Moor, R., 1993. The Individualizing Society — Value Change in Europe and North America (Tilburg: Tilburg University Press).Google Scholar
Ferrari, S., 1994, La libertà religiosa nell'Europa contemporanea, Il Mulino, XLIII (2): 216–224.Google Scholar
Ferrera, M., 1993a, Modelli di solidarietà (Bologna: Il Mulino).Google Scholar
Ferrera, M., 1993b, EC-Citizens and Social Protection (Brussels: Eurobarometer).Google Scholar
Galeotti, A.E., 1994, La tolleranza (Napoli: Liguori).Google Scholar
Gang, J., and Rivera Batiz, F., 1994, Labor Market Effects on Immigration in the United States and Europe, Journal of Population Economics, VII (2): 157–183.Google Scholar
Garcia Espana, E., 1995, Delicuencia de immigrantes extranjeros en Espana (Madrid: Min. de Asuntos Sociales, Direccion de General de Migraciones).Google Scholar
Geremek, B., 1978, Swiat opery Zebraczey (trad. fr. 1991, Les fils de Caïn) (Paris : Flammarion).Google Scholar
Geremek, B., 1986, La pietà e la forca: storia della miseria e della carità in Europa (Bari: Laterza).Google Scholar
Gianni, M., 1994, Les Liens entre citoyenneté et démocraties sur la base du débat “Libéraux-Communautariens” (Genève: Université de Genève, Département de Science Politique).Google Scholar
Giddens, A., 1991, Modernity and self idendity (Stanford University Press).Google Scholar
Gonzales, L., 1986, Introduction, in Gonzales, L., Nancie, Mc., and Cannon Carolyn, S., Conflict, Migration and the Expression of Ethnicity (London: Boulder Wersview).Google Scholar
Gramsci, A., 1971, Selections from the Prison Notebook (New York: International Publishers).Google Scholar
Guiraudon, V., 1995, Evolutions of the rights and benefits granted to non-nationals in Western Europe — Different Explanatory Frameworks, in Bauböck, R. and Zincone, G. (eds), Citizens Beyond the Nation-state, ECPR Joint Session, Bordeaux, 04 27-05 2.Google Scholar
Gutton, P., 1979, La société et les pauvres (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France).Google Scholar
Harding, S., Phillips, D., and Fogarty, M., 1986, Contrasting Values in Western Europe (London: McMillan).Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E.J., 1975, The Age of Capital (London: MacMillan).Google Scholar
International Social Survey Program, 1985, 1990, 1992.Google Scholar
Ireland, P.R., 1994, The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity: Immigration Politics in France and Switzerland (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janasson, Bruce S., 1988, The Reluctant Welfare State (Belmont Cal.: Wadsworth).Google Scholar
Jenks, J.W., and Lank, W.J., 1917, The Immigration Problem (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company).Google Scholar
Johnston-Conover, P. and Searing, D., 1995, Citizens and Members: Dilemmas of accomodation for cultural minorities, in Bauböck, R. and Zincone, G. (eds), Citizenship beyond the Nation-state, EPCR Joint Session, Bordeaux, 04 27-05 2.Google Scholar
Kennedy, P.M., 1996, We can still afford to be a Nation of Immigrants?, The Atlantic Monthly, 11, 1996.Google Scholar
Kepel, G., 1994, À l'ouest d'Allah (Paris: Seuil).Google Scholar
Kepel, G., 1996, Il caso francese, paper delivered to the conference: Conflitti culturali e democrazia in Europa,Istituto Gramsci and Goëthe Institut,Torino,June 3–4.Google Scholar
Korpi, W., 1980, Approaches to the Study of Poverty in the United States: Critical Notes from a European Perspective, in Covello, V.T. (ed.), Poverty and Public Policy: an Evaluation of Social Research (Boston: G.K. Hall).Google Scholar
Krasner, S.D., 1979, Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials investments and US Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhnle, S., 1975, Patterns of Social and Political Mobilization: a Historical analysis of the Nordic Countries (London: Sage).Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W., 1989, Liberalism, individualism and Liberal Neutrality, Ethics, 99(4): 883–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kymlicka, W., 1991, Liberalism, Individualism and Liberal Neutrality (Oxford: Clarendon Press).Google Scholar
Layton-Henry, Z., 1993, Citizenship and Nationality in Britain, paper presented at the Conference: Discrimination, Racism and Citizenship.Inclusion and Exclusion in Britain and Germany,Berlin,November.Google Scholar
Leach, E., 1978, Etnocentrismo, Enciclopedia Einaudi vol. V (Torino: Einaudi).Google Scholar
Leca, J., 1992, Nationalité et citoyenneté dans l'Europe des immigrations, in Costa-Lascoux, J., Weil, P. (eds), Logiques d'État et immigrations (a first version of this essay has been published by Agnelli Foundation, Torino, 1991).Google Scholar
Leca, J., 1993, Après Maastricht sur la prétendue résurgence du nationalisme, Témoins (I): 29–38.Google Scholar
Lipiansky, E., 1979, L'âme française ou le National-libéralisme (Paris: Anthropos).Google Scholar
Lukes, S., 1991, Making Sense of Moral Conflict, in Lukes, S. (ed.), Moral Conflict and Politics, Chapter 1 (Oxford : Clarendon Press), p. 3.Google Scholar
Marshall, T.H., 1950, Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press).Google Scholar
Marucco, D., 1986, Mutualismo e sistema politico: il caso italiano, 1861–1904 (Milano: F. Angeli).Google Scholar
Miller, M.J., 1994 (ed.), Strategies for Immigration Control: an International Comparison, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, LXXXIX, vol. 534, 07, 8–17.Google Scholar
Moore, B. Jr., 1966, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press).Google Scholar
Muss, P.J., and Van Daam, E.W., 1996, Comparative Researches on International Migration and International Migration policies (Amsterdam: Center for Migration Researches, Department of Human Geography, University of Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Palidda, S. (ed.), 1994, Devianza e criminalità tra gli immigrati (Milano: Fondazione Cariplo-Ismu).Google Scholar
Palidda, S., (ed.), 1996, Délit d'immigration. La construction sociale de la déviance et de la criminalité parmi les immigrés, national chapters by Tournier, P., Albrecht, H.J., Brion, F., Agozino, B., and Palidda, S. (Bruxelles: C.E., Collection COST A2 Migrations).Google Scholar
Pastore, M., 1994, Produzione normativa e costruzione sociale della devianza e della criminalità tra gli immigrati, in Palidda, S. (ed.), Devianza e criminalità tra gli immigrati (Milano: ISMU).Google Scholar
Prescott, F.H., 1908, Immigration (New York: Henry Holt and Co.).Google Scholar
Priore, M., 1979, Birds of Passage-Migrants and Labor in Industrial Societies (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugliese, E., 1991, La portata del fenomeno e il mercato del lavoro, in Maciotti, M.I., and Pugliese, E., Gli immigrati in Italia (Bari: Laterza).Google Scholar
Ratz, J., 1994, Multiculturalism a Liberal Perspective, Dissent, LI, 67–79.Google Scholar
Rawls, J., 1971, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revelli, M., 1995, Economia e modello sociale nel passaggio tra fordismo e toyotismo, in Ingrao, P., and Rossanda, R. (eds), Appunti di fine secolo (Roma: Il Manifesto).Google Scholar
Reyneri, E., 1980, La catena migratoria (Bologna: Il Mulino).Google Scholar
Reyneri, E., 1996, Sociologia del mercato del lavoro (Bologna: Il Mulino).Google Scholar
Reyneri, E., (ed.), 1997, The Migrants Insertion in the Informal Economy. Its Connection with Deviant Behaviours and the Impact on the Receiving Societies, Prog. TSER-DGX1I, [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Rokkan, S., 1970, Citizens, Elections, Parties (Oslo: Universitetforlaget).Google Scholar
Rosenblum, G., 1973, Immigrants Workers: Their Impact on American Labor Radicalism (N.Y.: Basic Books Inc).Google Scholar
Rowbotham, S., 1977, Esclusa delta storia (Roma: Editori Riuniti).Google Scholar
Sayad, A., 1995, L'immigrazione, il pensiero di stato, in Palidda, S., Devianta e criminalità tra gli immigranti (Milano: Fondazione Cariplo-Ismu).Google Scholar
Schain, M., 1996, Minorities and Incorporation in France: the State and the Dynamics of Multiculturalism,paper delivered at the conference: Multiculturalism, Minorities and Citizenship,Florence,April 18–23.Google Scholar
Schmidt, C., Stilz, A., Zimmermann, A., 1994, Mass Migration, Union and Government Intervention, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 55 (2): 185–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitter, Philip C., 1994, Governing capitalist economies (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Schnapper, D., 1994, La communauté des citoyens (Paris: Gallimard).Google Scholar
Segatori, R., 1994, Due ideologie allo specchio: il particolarismo come pretesa di universalismo e l'universalismo come particolarismo occulto,paper presented to the conference: Identità, cittadinanza, globalizzazione, Università di Perugia,October 24–26.Google Scholar
Simon, J.L., 1991, The Economic Consequences of Immigration (Oxford: Basil Blackwell & Cato Institute).Google Scholar
Skocpol, T., 1992, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solé, C., 1997, Spanish Report, in Reyneri, E. (ed.), The Immigrants Insertion in the Informal Economy. Its Connection with Deviant Behaviours and the Impact on the Receiving Societies, Prog. TSER-DGXII, [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Soysal, Y.N., 1994, Limits of Citizenship-Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Stefanizzi, S., and Martinotti, G., 1995, Government without Boundaries? Europeans and their Nation-States, in Sinnot, R. and Niedmayer, O. (eds), The Internationalization of Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Sullerot, E., 1977, L'emploi des femmes dans la Communauté européenne (Office des Publications de la Communauté européenne).Google Scholar
Taylor, C., 1989, Sources of the Self (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Taylor, C., 1992, Multicuturalism and ‘the Politics of Recognition’ (Princeton: Princeton University Press) (trans., Multiculturalismo: la politica del riconoscimento, Milano, Anabasi, 1993).Google Scholar
Tomasi, L., and S., , 1989, Convergenza attraverso l'atlantico delle questioni relative all'immigrazione, in Bastenier, A. et al. , Quadro delle politiche immigratorie di accesso nei paesi europei, in USA, Canada e Australia (Torino: Edizioni della Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli).Google Scholar
Tournier, P., 1996, La délinquance des étrangers en France. Analyse statistique, in Palidda, S. (ed.), De'lit d'immigration. La construction sociale de la déviance et de la criminalité parmi les immigrés en Europe (Bruxelles: C.E., Collection COST A2 Migrations).Google Scholar
Trevelyan, G.M., 1938, trans, it., La rivoluzione inglese del 1968–89 (Torino: Einaudi, 1945).Google Scholar
Van Steenbergen, B., 1994, The Condition of Citizenship (London: Sage Publications).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venturini, A., 1996, Le migrazioni dei paesi su europei: un'analisi economica (Bergamo: Monografia del Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Università di Bergamo, No. 2).Google Scholar
Visser, J., 1989, European Trade Unions in Figures (Deventer: Kluwe Law and Taxation).Google Scholar
Walzer, M., 1983, Spheres of Justice (N.Y.: Basic Books, chapter II).Google Scholar
Walzer, M., 1986, Il Liberalismo come arte della separazione, Biblioteca della libertà, XXI, 92: 11–30.Google Scholar
Walzer, M., 1988, Citizenship, Democrazia e diritto, XXVIII (2, 3): 43–52.Google Scholar
Walzer, M., 1992, Che cosa significa essere americani (Padova, Marsilio).Google Scholar
Walzer, M., 1994, Con quella faccia da straniero, Reset, n. 10.Google Scholar
Weil, Patrick, 1992, La France et ses immigrés (Paris : Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences politiques).Google Scholar
Wieviorka, M., 1992, La France raciste (Paris: Seuil).Google Scholar
Wieviorka, M., 1996a, Conflitti culturali, conflitti sociali e Democrazia in Europa,conference on: Conflitti culturali e democrazia in Europa, Istituto Gramsci and Goëthe Institut,Turin,June 3–4.Google Scholar
Wieviorka, M., 1996b, Une société fragmentée? (Paris: Éditions La Découverte).Google Scholar
Wieviorka, M., 1996c, Cultural differences and Democracy: United States and France,Conference on Multiculturalism, Minorities and Citizenship, European Forum on Citizenship,San Domenico di Fiesole,April 18–23.Google Scholar
Withol de Wenden, C., 1987, Citoyennetés, Nationalité et Immigration (Paris: Arcantère Editions).Google Scholar
Withol de Wenden, C., 1994, The French Response to the Asylum Seeker Influx, 1980–1993, in Miller, M. (ed.), Strategies for Immigration Control: an International Comparison, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, LXXXIX. Vol. 534, 07.Google Scholar
Williamson, J.B., 1974a, Beliefs about the Welfare Poor, Sociology and Social Research, LVIII: 163–175.Google Scholar
Williamson, J.B., 1974b, Beliefs about the Motivation of the Poor and Attitudes toward poverty policy, Social Problems, XXI(5): 634–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, W.J., 1994, Citizenship and the Inner-city Ghetto Poor, in Van Steenbergen, B. (ed.), The condition of Citizenship (London: Sage Publications).Google Scholar
Zimmermann, K., 1994, European Migration: Push and Pull,Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on: Development Economic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zincone, G., 1992, Da sudditi a cittadini (Bologna: Il Mulino).Google Scholar
Zincone, G., 1994, Uno schermo contro il razzismo (Roma: Donzelli).Google Scholar
Zincone, G., 1996, The Impact of Multiculturalism on Democratic Citizenship,conference on: Blurring Boundaries,Melbourne,June 30-July 4.Google Scholar
Zolberg, A., 1989, The Next Waves: Migration theory from a Changing World, International Migration Review, XXIII (3): 403–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar