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From Stones to Gendered Bodies: Regional Differences in the Production of the Body and Gender on the Copper Age Statue-Menhirs of Northern Italy and the Swiss Valais

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Susanna Harris  and
Kerstin P. Hofmann
Susanna Harris
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK
Kerstin P. Hofmann
Affiliation:
Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Abstract

Much research has been carried out on identifying gendered iconography on statue-menhirs. This paper seeks to develop this perspective by considering the broader body concepts. Body concepts are of interest to archaeologists because they are closely connected to issues of sex, gender, and age. By investigating stone sculptures, however, we are looking at an ideological view of the body that was produced by reducing the stone from its natural form into a statue-menhir. The presence of bodily features on the statue-menhirs suggests that it was important to construct a body, and that certain aspects of the body were chosen to be represented, either through the size and shape of the stone or iconography, while others were neglected. We propose this is a significant means by which stones were made into bodies and gendered beings. To investigate body concepts, we pose two questions: how was a statue-menhir body made, and how was it gendered? By following the reduction sequence of the stone as the technique of production, we investigate which bodily features were important in constructing a body and in gendering it. We do this through analysing and comparing three regional examples of anthropomorphic statue-menhirs: (1) The Lunigiana groups A and B in northwestern Tuscany and eastern-most Liguria, (2) the Atesino group in Trentino-Alto Adige, and (3) the Sion Type A in the Swiss Valais and the Aosta Style I in northern Italy. Although there is a shared statue-menhir tradition in the three regions and beyond, the observations in this paper suggest that the bodily gender categories were negotiated regionally.

L'identification de l'iconographie sexuée des statues-menhirs a fait l'objet de quantité de recherche, et on essaie ici de développer cette perspective en considérant des concepts corporels plus larges. Les archéologues s'intéressent à ces concepts parce qu'ils sont étroitement liés à des questions de sexe, de genre et d'âge. Toutefois, en examinant des sculptures en pierre, nous découvrons une vision idéologique du corps résultant de la réduction de la forme naturelle de la pierre en statue-menhir. La présence de caractéristiques physiques sur les statues-menhirs suggère qu'il était important de construire un corps, et que certains aspects de ce corps étaient choisis pour être représentés soit par la taille et la forme de la pierre ou de l'iconographie, tandis que d'autres aspects furent négligés. Ceci nous semble essentiel dans le procès de transformation des pierres en corps et êtres humains sexués. Afin d'examiner les concepts du corps, nous posons deux questions: Comment est fait le corps d'une statue-menhir? Comment est exprimé le sexe? En suivant la progression de la réduction de la pierre—donc la technique de fabrication—nous étudions quelles caractéristiques physiques étaient importantes pour la construction d'un corps et pour le sexe attribué. C'est dans ce but que nous analysons et comparons trois exemples régionaux de statues-menhirs anthropomorphes: (1) Lunigiana groupe A et B en Toscane du nord-ouest et à l'extrême est de la Ligurie, (2) groupe d'Atesino à Trentino-Alto Adige et (3) type A à Sion dans le Valais suisse et style I d'Aoste à Aoste, Italie du Nord. Bien qu'il existait dans ces trois régions et au-delà une tradition partagée de statues-menhirs, les observations formulées dans cet article indiquent que les catégories physiques du sexe étaient traitées régionalement. Translation by Isabelle Gerges.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Die bereits umfangreichen Forschungen zur geschlechterspezifischen Ikonographie von Menhirstatuen sollen in diesem Beitrag durch die Berücksichtigung der Körperlichkeit um eine weitere Perspektive bereichert werden. Körperkonzepte sind für ArchäologInnen von großem Interesse, da sie auf das Engste mit Fragen des biologischen, des sozialen Geschlechts und des Alters verbunden sind. Bei der Analyse von Steinskulpturen beschäftigen wir uns mit der ideologischen Sicht auf den Körper, welche durch die Reduktion des Steins von seiner natürlich gegebenen Form hin zur Menhirstatue seine Materialisierung fand. Die bei den Menhirstatuen auftretenden Körpermerkmale lassen vermuten, dass diese für die Konstruktion eines anthropomorphen Körpers relevant waren. Hierbei wurden jedoch nur bestimmte Aspekte des Körpers entweder durch die Größe und Form des Steines oder durch die Ikonographie für die Darstellung ausgewählt, während man andere vernachlässigte. Wir mutmaßen, dass es hierdurch möglich wurde, Steine in Körper und geschlechterdifferenzierte Figuren zu verwandeln. Um die Körperkonzepte zu untersuchen, werfen wir zwei Fragen auf: Wie ist der Körper einer Menhirstatue angefertigt worden? Wie wurde dieser geschlechterdifferenziert? Durch das Nachvollziehen der Reduktionssequenz des Steines als Teil der Produktionstechnik untersuchen wir, welche Merkmale für die Konstruktion eines Körpers und für seine Vergeschlechtlichung bedeutend waren. Dies geschieht durch die Analyse und den Vergleich anthropomorpher Menhirstatuen dreier Fundregionen: (1) der Lunigiana-Gruppe A und B in der Nordwesttoskana und dem östlichsten Ligurien, (2) der Atesino-Gruppe im Trentino-Südtirol sowie (3) dem Sion-Typ A im Schweizer Wallis und dem Aosta-Stil I im Aosta-Tal in Norditalien. Obwohl es eine gemeinsame Tradition von Menhirstatuen in diesen Regionen und darüber hinaus gab, deuten die in diesem Beitrag präsentierten Beobachtungen darauf hin, dass die verkörperten Gender-Kategorien regional unterschiedlich ausgehandelt wurden. Translation by Heiner Schwarzberg and Kerstin P. Hofmann.

Keywords

Statue-menhirgenderbodyCopper Agenorthern ItalySwitzerlandstatue-menhirsexecorpsÂge du CuivreItalie du NordSuisseMenhirstatueGenderKörperKupferzeitNorditalienSchweiz
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 17 , Issue 2: Special Issue—Body Practices and Concepts in Later Prehistoric Europe , 2014 , pp. 264 - 285
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 2014 

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