Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T05:33:37.509Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ageing, Childhood and Social Identity in the Early Neolithic of Central Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Penny Bickle  and
Linda Fibiger
Penny Bickle
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, UK
Linda Fibiger
Affiliation:
School of History, Archaeology and Classics, University of Edinburgh, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this paper, osteological and archaeological data are brought together to further our understanding of childhood in the early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK; c. 5500–5000 cal BC). In many characterizations of LBK society, fixed representations of sex or identities based on subsistence strategies pervade, with children rarely considered and then only as a specialized and separate topic of study. As a challenge to this view, a summary of the current models of childhood in the LBK culture is presented and debated with reference to the burial rites of children. A period of ‘middle’ childhood is proposed for the LBK culture. The osteological evidence suggests that childhood could be a time of dietary stress, perhaps with sex-based differences from childhood, and examples of the diseases and traumas suffered are discussed. Finally, the possibility that the children were actively contributing to acts of personal violence is raised. While the recognition of identity making as a continuous process remains a powerful exploratory route to investigating prehistoric societies, we argue that this should not discourage us from seeing identity as formed over the entire lifecourse.

Dans le présent article sont rassemblées des données ostéologiques et archéologiques afin de mieux comprendre l'enfance dans la culture à Céramique rubanée (Linearbandkeramik) du début du Néolithique (LBK, c.5500–5000 cal BC). des représentations figées du sexe et des identités, basées sur des stratégies de subsistence, persistent dans de nombreuses descriptions de la société rubanée; les enfants y sont rarement considérés ou seulement à part et comme un sujet d'étude spécialisée. Nous voulons défier cette vision en présentant et analysant un résumé des modèles d'enfance actuels du Rubané avec référance aux rites funèbres appliqués aux enfants. Nous proposons une période d'enfance ‘intermédiaire’ pour le Rubané. Les données ostéologiques montrent que l'enfance pouvait être une période de stress alimentaire, différant éventuellement selon le sexe. Nous examinons également des exemples de maladies et de traumatismes. Enfin nous évoquons la possibilité que des enfants participaient activement à des actes de violence interpersonnelle. Tandis que la reconnaissance de la construction identitaire comme processus continu reste une voie exploratoire importante dans l'étude des sociétés préhistoriques, nous estimons que ceci ne devrait pas nous décourager de concevoir que l'identité se forme tout au long d'une vie. Translation by Isabelle Gerges.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Artikel werden osteologische und archäologische Daten verknüpft, um unser Verständnis von Kindheit in der frühneolithischen Linienbandkeramik (LBK, ca. 5500–5000 cal. BC) zu erweitern. Zu Bislang sind viele Charakterisierungen der Gesellschaft der LBK von festen Darstellungen von Gender oder Identitäten auf der Basis von Subsistenzstrategien durchdrungen, bei denen Kinder kaum oder nur als besonderes und abgetrenntes Studienfeld berücksichtigt werden. Um diese Ansichten in Frage zu stellen, wird eine Zusammenfassung der aktuellen Modelle von Kindheit in der LBK dargestellt und unter Berücksichtigung der Bestattungssitten von Kindern diskutiert. Es wird eine Periode der ‘mittleren’ Kindheit für die LBK vorgeschlagen. Osteologische Hinweise machen es wahrscheinlich, dass—vielleicht mit geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden—die Kindheit eine Periode von Ernährungsstress gewesen ist, weiterhin werden Beispiele von Krankheiten und Verletzungen diskutiert. Schließlich wird die Möglichkeit angeführt, dass Kinder aktiv in Handlungen persönlicher Gewalt eingebunden waren. Zwar bleibt das Erkennen von Identitätsschöpfung als kontinuierlicher Prozess ein wesentliches Erklärungshilfsmittel zur Untersuchung vorgeschichtlicher Gesellschaften, doch meinen wir, dass es uns nicht davon abhalten sollte, Identität als über den gesamten Lebensweg hinweg geformt zu betrachten. Translation by Heiner Schwarzberg.

Keywords

ChildhoodageinglifecourseNeolithicLinearbandkeramikhealthburial practicesenfancevieillissementle cours de la vieNéolithiqueLinearbandkeramiksantérites funérairesKindheitAlternLebenszyklusNeolithikumLinearbandkeramikGesundheitBestattungspraktiken
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 17 , Issue 2: Special Issue—Body Practices and Concepts in Later Prehistoric Europe , 2014 , pp. 208 - 228
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agarwal, S.C. & Glencross, B.A. 2011. Building a Social Bioarchaeology. In: Agarwal, S.C. & Glencross, B.A., eds. Social Bioarchaeology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allard, P., Dubouloz, J. & Hachem, L. 1997. Premiers elements sur cinq tombes rubanées à Berry-au-Bac (Aisne-France): principaux apports à l'étude du ritual funéraire danubien occidental. In: Jeunesse, C., ed. Le Néolithique danubien et ses marges entre Rhin et Seine. Strasbourg: Cahiers de l'Association pour la Promotion de la Recherche Archéologique en Alsace, pp. 31–43.Google Scholar
Andrews, P. & Bello, S. 2006. Pattern in Human Burial Practice. In: Gowland, R. & Knüsel, C.J., eds. Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 14–29.Google Scholar
Baxter, J.E. 2005. The Archaeology of Childhood: Children, Gender, and Material Culture. Oxford: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Baxter, J.E. 2008. The Archaeology of Childhood. Annual Review of Anthropology, 37: 159–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, M.J. 2011. Etruscan Infants: Children's Cemeteries at Tarquinia, Italy, as Indicators of an Age Transition. In: Lally, M. & Moore, A., eds. (Re)Thinking the Little Ancestor: New Perspectives on the Archaeology of Infancy and Childhood. British Archaeological Reports International Series S2271. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 24–36.Google Scholar
Bello, S.M., Thomann, A., Signoli, M., Dutour, O. & Andrews, P. 2006. Age and Sex Bias in the Reconstruction of Past Population Structures. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129: 24–38.Google Scholar
Bentley, R.A. 2006. Strontium Isotopes from the Earth to the Archaeological Skeleton: A Review. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 13: 135–87.Google Scholar
Bentley, R.A. 2007. Mobility, Specialisation and Community Diversity in the Linearbandkeramik: Isotopic Evidence from the Skeletons. In: Whittle, A. & Cummings, V., eds. Going Over: The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-West Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, pp. 117–40.Google Scholar
Bentley, R.A. 2013. Mobility and the Diversity of Early Neolithic Lives: Isotopic Evidence from Skeletons. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 32: 303–12.Google Scholar
Bentley, R.A., Bickle, P., Fibiger, L., Nowell, G., Dale, C., Hedges, R., Hamilton, J., Wahl, J., Francken, M., Grupe, G., Lenneis, E., Teschler-Nicola, M., Arbogast, R.-M., Hofmann, D. & Whittle, A. 2012. Community Differentiation and Kinship Among Europe's First Farmers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109: 9326–30.Google Scholar
Bentley, R.A., Wahl, J., Price, T.D. & Atkinson, T.C. 2008. Isotopic Signatures and Hereditary Traits: Snapshot of a Neolithic Community in Germany. Antiquity, 82: 290–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickle, P., Hofmann, D., Bentley, R.A., Hedges, R., Hamilton, J., Laiginhas, F., Nowell, G., Pearson, D.G., Grupe, G. & Whittle, A. 2011. Roots of Diversity in a Linearbandkeramik Community: Isotope Evidence at Aiterhofen (Bavaria, Germany). Antiquity, 85: 1243–58.Google Scholar
Bickle, P. & Whittle, A. eds. 2013. The First Farmers of Central Europe: Diversity in LBK Lifeways. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Boës, E. 2003. Comportements funéraires, modifications sociales et mentalités aux VIe et Ve millénaires avant J.C. en Alsace. In: Chambon, P. & Leclerc, J., eds. Les pratiques funéraires néolithiques avant 3500 av. J.-C. en France et dans les régions limitrophes. Saint-Germain-en-Laye 15–17 juin 2001. Paris: Société Préhistorique Française, pp. 33–43.Google Scholar
Borić, D. 2007. The House Between Grand Narrative and Microhistory: A House Society in the Balkans. In: Beck, R.A., ed. The Durable House: House Society Models in Archaeology. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, pp. 97–129.Google Scholar
Borić, D. 2008. First Households and ‘House Societies’ in European Prehistory. In: Jones, A.M., ed. Prehistoric Europe: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 109–42.Google Scholar
Borić, D. & Robb, J. eds. 2008. Past Bodies: Body-Centred Research in Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Brittain, M. & Harris, O.J.T. 2010. Enchaining Arguments and Fragmenting Assumptions: Reconsidering the Fragmentation Debate in Archaeology. World Archaeology, 42: 581–94.Google Scholar
Carsten, J. 1995. The Substance of Kinship and the Heat of the Hearth: Feeding, Personhood and Relatedness among Malays of Pulau Langkawi. American Ethnologist, 22: 223–41.Google Scholar
Carsten, J. 2004. After Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coudart, A. 1998. Architecture et société néolithique: l'unité et la variance de la maison danubienne. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. 2002. The Mining Community and the Ageing Body: Toward a Phenomenology of Community? In: Amit, V., ed. Realizing Community: Concepts, Social Relationships and Sentiments. London: Routledge, pp. 21–37.Google Scholar
Díaz-Andreu, M., Lucy, S., Babíc, S. & Edwards, D.N. eds. 2005. The Archaeology of Identity. Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity and Religion. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fadiman, A. 1997. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Clash of Two Cultures. New York: Farra, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Fibiger, L. 2009. Heading for Trouble: Skeletal Evidence for Interpersonal Violence in Neolithic Northwest Europe (, University of Oxford).Google Scholar
Fibiger, L. 2012. Investigating Cranial Trauma in the German Wartberg Culture. In: Schulting, R. & Fibiger, L., eds. Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones: Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 175–89.Google Scholar
Fibiger, L. 2014. Misplaced Childhood? Interpersonal Violence and Children in Neolithic Europe. In: Smith, M. & Knüsel, C., eds. The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 127–45.Google Scholar
Fibiger, L., Ahlström, T., Bennike, P. & Schulting, R. 2013. Patterns of Violence-Related Skull Trauma in Neolithic Southern Scandinavia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 150: 190–202.Google Scholar
Gell, A. 1998. Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J.N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K.M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A.C., Nugent, T.F. III, Herman, D.H., Clasen, L.S., Toga, A.W., Rapoport, J.L. & Thompson, P.M. 2004. Dynamic Mapping of Human Cortical Development During Childhood Through Early Adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101: 8174–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenfield, P. 2001. Children, Material Culture and Weaving: Historical Change and Developmental Change. In: Sofaer Derevenski, J., ed. Children and Material Culture. London: Routledge, pp. 72–86.Google Scholar
Gronenborn, D. 1999. Variations on a Basic Theme: The Transition to Farming in Southern Central Europe. Journal of World Prehistory, 13: 123–210.Google Scholar
Gronenborn, D. 2003. Der ‘Jäger/Krieger’ aus Schwanfeld. Einige Aspekte der politisch-sozialen Geschichte des mitteleuropäischen Altneolithikums. In: Eckert, J., Eisenhauer, U. & Zimmermann, A., eds. Archäologische Perspektiven: Analysen und Interpretationen im Wandel. Festschrift für Jens Lüning zum 65. Geburtstag. Rahden: Marie Leidorf, pp. 35–48.Google Scholar
Grosz, E. 1994. Volatile Bodies: Toward a Corporeal Feminism. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hachem, L. 2011. Le site néolithique de Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes—I: de l'analyse de la faune à la structuration sociale. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Halcrow, S.E. & Tayles, N. 2008. The Bioarchaeological Investigation of Childhood and Social Age: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 15: 190–215.Google Scholar
Halcrow, S.E. & Tayles, N. 2011. The Bioarchaeological Investigation of Children. In: Agarwal, S.C. & Glencross, B.A., eds. Social Bioarchaeology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 333–60.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y., Pluciennik, M. & Tarlow, S. 2002. Introduction. In: Hamilakis, Y., Pluciennik, M. & Tarlow, S., eds. Thinking Through the Body: Archaeologies of Corporeality. London: Kluwer Academic and Plenum Publishers, pp. 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, J., Bentley, R.A., Bickle, P., Fibiger, L., Hedges, R., Reynard, L., Wright, C., Cullen, P., Dale, C., Nowell, G. & Whittle, A. 2013. Seeking Diversity: Methodology. In: Bickle, P. & Whittle, A., eds. The First Farmers of Central Europe: Diversity in LBK Lifeways. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 29–48.Google Scholar
Hedges, R., Bentley, R.A., Bickle, P., Cullen, P., Dale, C., Fibiger, L., Hamilton, J., Hofmann, D., Nowell, G. & Whittle, A. 2013. The Supra-Regional Approach. In: Bickle, P. & Whittle, A., eds. The First Farmers of Central Europe: Diversity in LBK Lifeways. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 343–84.Google Scholar
Hillson, S. 2005. Teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Höckmann, O. 1965. Menschliche Darstellungen in der bandkeramischen kultur. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 12: 1–34.Google Scholar
Hofmann, D. 2009. Cemetery and Settlement Burial in the Lower Bavarian LBK. In: Hofmann, D. & Bickle, P., eds. Creating Communities: New Advances in Central European Neolithic Research. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 220–34.Google Scholar
Hofmann, D. 2012. Bodies, Houses and Status in the Western Linearbandkeramik . In: Kienlin, T.L. & Zimmermann, A., eds. Beyond Elites: Alternatives to Hierarchical Systems in Modelling Social Formations. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt, pp. 183–96.Google Scholar
Hofmann, D. in press. Longhouse People: Life, Death and Transformation in the Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik Culture of Central Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hofmann, D. & Bickle, P. 2011. Culture, Tradition and the Settlement Burials of the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) Culture. In: Roberts, B.W. & Vander Linden, M., eds. Investigating Archaeological Cultures: Material Culture, Variability, and Transmission. New York: Springer, pp. 183–200.Google Scholar
Hofmann, D. & Whittle, A. 2008. Neolithic Bodies. In: Jones, A.M., ed. Prehistoric Europe: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 287–311.Google Scholar
Ingold, T. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jeunesse, C. 1996. Variabilité des pratiques funéraires et différenciation sociale dans le Néolithique ancien danubien. Gallia Préhistoire, 38: 249–86.Google Scholar
Jeunesse, C. 1997. Pratiques funéraires au Néolithique ancien: sépultures et nécropoles danubiennes 5500–4900 av. J.-C. Paris: Éditions Errance.Google Scholar
Jones, A.M. 2005. Lives in Fragments? Personhood and the European Neolithic. Journal of Social Archaeology, 5: 193–224.Google Scholar
Joyce, R.A. 2000. Girling the Girl and Boying the Boy: The Production of Adulthood in Ancient Mesoamerica. World Archaeology, 31: 473–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamp, K. 2001. Where Have All the Children Gone? The Archaeology of Childhood. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 8: 1–34.Google Scholar
Katzenberg, M.A., Herring, A.D. & Saunders, S.R. 1996. Weaning and Infant Mortality: Evaluating the Skeletal Evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 23 (Suppl.): 177–99.Google Scholar
Knauft, B.M., Daly, M., Wilson, M., Donald, L., Morren, G.E.E. Jr., Otterbein, K.F., Ross, M.H., van Velzen, H.U.E.T. & van Wetering, W. 1987. Reconsidering Violence in Simple Human Societies: Homicide Among the Gebusi of New Guinea [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology, 28: 457–500.Google Scholar
Knipper, C. & Price, T.D. 2011. Strontium-Isotopenanalysen an den menschlichen Skelettresten aus der ältestbandkeramikschen Siedlung Schwanfeld, Ldkr. Schweinfurt, Unterfranken. In: Lüning, J., ed. Schwanfeldstudien zur ältesten Bandkeramik. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt, pp. 109–17.Google Scholar
Lancy, D.F. 2008. The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lancy, D.F. & Grove, M.A. 2011. ‘Getting Noticed’: Middle Childhood in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Human Nature, 22: 281–302.Google Scholar
Larsen, C.S. 1997. Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Larsen, C.S., Shavit, R. & Griffin, M.C. 1991. Dental Caries Evidence for Dietary Change: An Archaeological Context. In: Kelley, M.A. & Larsen, C.S., eds. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York: Wiley-Liss, pp. 179–202.Google Scholar
Lenneis, E. 1995. Altneolithikum: die Bandkeramik. In: Lenneis, E., Neugebauer-Maresch, C. & Ruttkay, E., eds. Jungsteinzeit im Osten Österreichs. Wien: Niederösterreichisches Pressehaus, pp. 11–56.Google Scholar
Lenneis, E. 2004. Erste Anzeichen der Regionalisierung sowie Nachweise von Fernkontakten in der älteren Linearbandkeramik. Antaeus, 27: 47–60.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1982. The Way of the Masks. Trans. Modleski, S. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, M. 2011. The Osteology of Infancy and Childhood: Misconceptions and Potential. In: Lally, M. & Moore, A., eds. (Re)thinking the Little Ancestor: New Perspectives on the Archaeology of Infancy and Childhood. British Archaeological Reports International Series S2271. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar
Lucy, S. 2005. The Archaeology of Age. In: Díaz-Andreu, M., Lucy, S., Babíc, S. & Edwards, D.N., eds. The Archaeology of Identity. Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity and Religion. London: Routledge, pp. 43–66.Google Scholar
Lukacs, J.R. 2008. Fertility and Agriculture Accentuate Sex Differences in Dental Caries Rates. Current Anthropology, 49: 901–14.Google Scholar
Lüning, J. 2011. Gründergrab und Operfergrab: Zwei Bestattungen in der ältestbandkeramischen Siedlung Schwanfeld, Ldkr. Schweinfurt, Unterfranken. In: Lüning, J., ed. Schwanfeldstudien zur ältesten Bandkeramik. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt, pp. 7–99.Google Scholar
Lüning, J. & Stehli, P. 1989. Die Bandkeramik in Mitteleuropa: von der Natur- zur Kulturlandschaft. In: Lüning, J., ed. Siedlungen der Steinzeit: Haus, Festung und Kult. Heidelberg: Spektrum der Wissenschaften, pp. 110–21.Google Scholar
Meskell, L. 1996. The Somatization of Archaeology: Institutions, Discourses, Corporeality. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 29: 1–16.Google Scholar
Meyer, C., Kürbis, O. & Alt, K.W. 2004. Das Massengrab von Wiederstedt, Ldkr. Mansfelder Land. Auswertung und Gedanken zur Deutung im Kontext der Linienbandkeramik. Jahresschrift für Mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, 88: 31–66.Google Scholar
Modderman, P.J.R. 1988. The Linear Pottery Culture: Diversity in Uniformity. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, 38: 63–139.Google Scholar
Neugebauer-Maresch, C. & Lenneis, E. in press. Das bandkeramische Gräberfeld von Kleinhadersdorf. Vienna: Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Nieszery, N. 1995. Linearbandkeramische Gräberfelder in Bayern. Espelkamp: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Oelze, V.M., Siebert, A., Nicklisch, N., Meller, H., Dresely, V. & Alt, K.W. 2011. Early Neolithic Diet and Animal Husbandry: Stable Isotope Evidence from Three Linearbandkeramik (LBK) Sites in Central Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38: 270–79.Google Scholar
Oross, K. & Bánffy, E. 2009. Three Successive Waves of Neolithisation: LBK Development in Transdanubia. Documenta Praehistorica, 36: 175–89.Google Scholar
Pavúk, J. 1972. Neolithisches Gräberfeld in Nitra. Slovenská archeológia, 20: 5–105.Google Scholar
Pawleta, M. 2004. Re-Constructing Childhood in Archaeology. Ethnographisch-archaologische Zeitschrift, 45:S.181–97.Google Scholar
Pechtl, J. & Hofmann, D. 2013. Irregular Burials in the LBK—All or None? In: Müller-Scheeßel, N., ed. Irreguläre’ Bestattungen in der Urgeschichte: norm, ritual, strafe …? Bonn: Rudolf Habelt, pp. 123–38.Google Scholar
Price, T.D., Wahl, J. & Bentley, R.A. 2006. Isotopic Evidence for Mobility and Group Organization Among Neolithic Farmers at Talheim, Germany, 5000 BC. European Journal of Archaeology, 9: 259–84.Google Scholar
Robb, J. & Harris, O.J.T. eds. 2013. The Body in History: Europe from the Palaeolithic to the Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robb, J. & Miracle, P. 2007. Beyond ‘Migration’ Versus ‘Acculturation’: New Models for the Spread of Agriculture. In: Whittle, A. & Cummings, V., eds. Going Over: The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-West Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, pp. 99–115.Google Scholar
Roberts, C.A. & Manchester, K. 2005. The Archaeology of Disease. Stroud: Sutton.Google Scholar
Rück, O. 2007. Neue Aspekte und Modelle in der Siedlungsforschung zur Bandkeramik: die Siedlung Weisweiler 111 auf der Aldenhovener Platte, Kreis Düren. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Rück, O. 2009. New Aspects and Models for Bandkeramik Settlement Research. In: Hofmann, D. & Bickle, P., eds. Creating Communities: New Advances in Central European Neolithic Research. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 159–85.Google Scholar
Sánchez Romero, M. 2004. Children in the Southeast of the Iberian Penisula. Ethnographisch-archaologische Zeitschrift, 45:S.377–87.Google Scholar
Schmotz, K. 2001. Die altneolithische Siedlung von Otzing, Landkreis Deggendorf, Niederbayern. Das Archäologische Jahr in Bayern, 2000: 14–17.Google Scholar
Schulting, R. & Fibiger, L. eds. 2012. Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones: Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schweitzer, R. & Schweitzer, J. 1977. Le nécropole du danubien moyen de Mulhouse-Est. Bulletin de musée historique de Mulhouse, 84: 11–75.Google Scholar
Scott, S. & Duncan, C.J. 1999. Nutrition, Fertility and Steady-State Population Dynamics in a Pre-Industrial Community in Penrith, Northern England. Journal of Biosocial Science, 31: 505–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidéra, I. 2000. Animaux domestiques, bêtes sauvages et objets en matières animales du Rubané au Michelsberg: de l'économie aux symbols, des techniques à la culture. Gallia Préhistoire, 42: 107–94.Google Scholar
Siemoneit, B. 1997. Das Kind in der Linienbandkeramik: Befunde aus Gräberfeldern und Siedlungen in Mitteleuropa. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Sofaer, J.R. ed. 2000. Children and Material Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sofaer, J.R. 2004. The Materiality of Age: Osteoarchaeology, Objects and the Contingency of Human Development. Ethnographisch-archaologische Zeitschrift, 45:S. 165–80.Google Scholar
Sofaer Derevenski, J.R. 1997. Engendering Children, Engendering Archaeology. In: Moore, J. & Scott, E., eds. Invisible People and Processes. Writing Gender and Childhood into European Archaeology. London: Leicester University Press, pp. 192–202.Google Scholar
Sommer, U. 2001. ‘Hear the Instructions of Thy Father, and Forsake Not the Law of Thy Mother’: Change and Persistence in the European Early Neolithic. Journal of Social Archaeology, 1: 244–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stig Sørensen, M.L. 2004. The Interconnection of Age and Gender: A Bronze Age Perspective. Ethnographisch-archaologische Zeitschrift, 45:S.327–38.Google Scholar
Strien, H.-C. 2005. Familientraditionen in der bandkeramischen Siedlung bei Vaihingen/Enz. In: Lüning, J., Frirdich, C. & Zimmermann, A., eds. Die Bandkeramik im 21. Jahrhundert. Symposium in der Abtei Brauweiler bei Köln vom 16.9.–19.9.2002. Rahden: Marie Leidorf, pp. 189–97.Google Scholar
Thévenet, C. 2004. Une relecture des pratiques funéraires du Rubané récent et final du Bassin parisien: l'exemple des fosses sépulcrales dans la vallée de l'Aisne. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française, 101: 815–26.Google Scholar
Thévenet, C. 2009. Les sépultures rubanées du Bassin parisien: composition de l'échantillon funéraire et implantation sépulchrale. In: Zeeb-Lanz, A., ed. Krisen—Kulturwandel—Kontinuitäten: zum Ende der Bandkeramik in Mitteleuropa. Rahden: Marie Leidorf, pp. 111–27.Google Scholar
Trautmann, I. 2007. The Significance of Cremations in Early Neolithic Communities in Central Europe (, Eberhard-Karls-Universität).Google Scholar
van de Velde, P. 1979a. On Bandkeramik Social Structure. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia, 12: 1–242.Google Scholar
van de Velde, P. 1979b. The Social Anthropology of a Neolithic Cemetery in the Netherlands. Current Anthropology, 20: 37–58.Google Scholar
Veit, U. 1993. Burials Within Settlements of the Linienbandkeramik and Stichbandkeramik Cultures of Central Europe: On the Social Construction of Death in Early-Neolithic Society. Journal of European Archaeology, 1: 107–40.Google Scholar
Veit, U. 1996. Studien zum Problem der Siedlungsbestattung im europäischen Neolithikum. Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar
Wahl, J. & König, H.G. 1987. Anthropologisch-traumatologische Untersuchung der menschlichen Skelettreste aus dem bandkeramischen Massengrab bei Talheim, Kreis Heilbronn. Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg, 12: 65–193.Google Scholar
Wahl, J. & Trautmann, I. 2012. The Neolithic Massacre at Talheim—A Pivotal Find in Conflict Archaeology. In: Schulting, R. & Fibiger, L., eds. Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones: Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 77–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weston, D.A. 2008. Investigating the Specificity of Periosteal Reactions in Pathology Museum Specimens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 137: 48–59.Google Scholar
Whittle, A. 2012. Being Alive and Being Dead: House and Grave in the LBK. In: Jones, A.M., Pollard, J., Allen, M.J. & Gardiner, J., eds. Image, Memory and Monumentality: Archaeological Engagements with the Material World (A Celebration of the Academic Achievements of Professor Richard Bradley). Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 194–206.Google Scholar
Whittle, A., Bentley, R.A., Bickle, P., Dočkalová, M., Fibiger, L., Hamilton, J., Hedges, R., Mateiciucová, I. & Pavúk, J. 2013. Moravia and Western Slovakia. In: Bickle, P. & Whittle, A., eds. The First Farmers of Central Europe: Diversity in LBK Lifeways. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 101–56.Google Scholar
Whittle, A. & Bickle, P. 2013. Performing LBK Lifeways. In: Bickle, P. & Whittle, A., eds. The First Farmers of Central Europe: Diversity in LBK Lifeways. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M. & Pettitt, P. 2008. Human Condition, Life, and Death at an Early Neolithic Settlement: Bioarchaeological Analyses of the Vedrovice Cemetery and Their Biosocial Implications for the Spread of Agriculture in Central Europe. Anthropologie, 46: 195–218.Google Scholar