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EU Recommendations and Judicial Review

ECJ 20 February 2018, Case C-16/16 P, Kingdom of Belgium v European Commission

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2018

Anthony Arnull
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Type
Case Notes
Information
European Constitutional Law Review , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , September 2018 , pp. 609 - 621
Copyright
© The Authors 2018 

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Footnotes

*

University of Birmingham, UK. I am grateful to the editors for their comments.

References

1 ECJ 20 February 2018, Case C-16/16 P, EU:C:2018:79.

2 Recommendation 2014/478, OJ 2014 L 214/38.

3 General Court 27 October 2015, Case T-721/14, Kingdom of Belgium v European Commission EU:T:2015:829.

4 Ibid., para. 15.

5 Ibid.

6 Supra n. 3, para. 16, citing inter alia ECJ 31 March 1971, Case 22/70, Commission v Council (ERTA) EU:C:1971:32.

7 Supra n. 3, para. 18.

8 Ibid., para. 20.

9 Ibid., para. 21.

10 Ibid., para. 24.

11 Ibid., para. 32.

12 Ibid., para. 40.

13 Ibid., para. 72.

14 ECJ 13 December 1989, Case C-322/88, Grimaldi EU:C:1989:646, para. 18. See Arnull, A., ‘The Legal Status of Recommendations’, 15 European Law Review (1990) p. 318 Google Scholar.

15 Supra n. 3, para. 63.

16 Supra n. 1, para. 26.

17 Ibid., para. 31.

18 Ibid., para. 44.

19 Ibid., para. 21 (emphasis added).

20 Ibid., para. 26.

21 ECJ 12 December 2017, Opinion of A.G. Bobek, EU:C:2017:959, para. 139.

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid., para. 4.

24 The term ’memorandum’ does not appear in Art. 288 TFEU and has no technical meaning.

25 Supra n. 21, para. 30 (emphasis added).

26 Supra n. 6, paras. 39 and 42.

27 Supra n. 21, para. 67.

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid., para. 80.

30 Ibid., para. 36.

31 Ibid., para. 88.

32 Ibid., para. 91.

33 Ibid., para. 93.

34 Ibid., para. 95.

35 Ibid., para. 116 (emphasis in the original).

36 Ibid., para. 117.

37 Ibid., para. 119.

38 Ibid., para. 120 (emphasis in the original).

39 Ibid., para. 121.

40 Ibid., para. 123.

41 Ibid., para. 128.

42 Ibid., para. 168.

43 ECJ, supra n. 6, para. 39 (emphasis added).

44 Ibid., para. 42 (emphasis added).

45 Supra n. 21, para. 73.

46 General Court 28 February 2017, Case T-192/16, EU:T:2017:128.

47 For an attempt to gain access to documents generated or received by the Commission containing legal advice and/or analysis of the legality of the statement and its implementation, see General Court 7 February 2018, Case T-851/16, Access Info Europe v Commission EU:T:2018:69; P. Leino and D. Wyatt, ‘No public interest in whether the EU-Turkey refugee deal respects EU Treaties and international human rights?’, European Law Blog, 28 February 2018, <europeanlawblog.eu/2018/02/28/no-public-interest-in-whether-the-eu-turkey-refugee-deal-respects-eu-treaties-and-international-human-rights/>, visited 14 June 2018.

48 NF v European Council, supra n. 46, para. 54.

49 Ibid., para. 56.

50 Ibid., para. 66.

51 Ibid., para. 74.

52 ECJ 3 October 2013, Case C-583/11 P, EU:C:2013:625, para. 97.

53 See OJ 2007 C 303/17.

54 Art. 6(1) TEU.

55 See ECJ 18 December 2014, Opinion 2/13, EU:C:2014:2454.

56 See Arnull, A., ‘Judicial review in the European Union’, in A. Arnull and D. Chalmers (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of European Union Law (Oxford University Press 2015) p. 376 Google Scholar.

57 ECJ 23 April 1986, Case 294/83, EU:C:1986:166.

58 ECJ 22 May 1990, Case C-70/88, Parliament v Council EU:C:1990:217.

59 ECJ 27 September 1988, Case 302/87, Parliament v Council EU:C:1988:461.

60 ECJ 16 May 1991, Case C-358/89, Extramet Industrie v Council EU:C:1991:214.

61 ECJ 18 May 1994, Case C-309/89, EU:C:1994:197.

62 See further Lenaerts, K., Maselis, I. and Gutman, K., EU Procedural Law (Oxford University Press 2014) p. 354-364 Google Scholar.

63 ECJ 25 July 2002, Case C-50/00 P, Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v Council (UPA) EU:C:2002:462.

64 Supra n. 52.

65 ECJ 16 June 2015, Case C-62/14, EU:C:2015:400.

66 ECJ 14 January 2015, Opinion of A.G. Cruz Villalón, EU:C:2015:7, para 89.