Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health concern with negative effects on individuals and families. The present study investigated the prevalence, risk factors and gender disparities associated with IPV during the Shanghai 2022 Covid-19 lockdown – a public health emergency which may have exacerbated IPV.

We estimated the total IPV prevalence and prevalence of physical, sexual and verbal IPV by using an adapted version of the Extended-Hurt, Insult, Threaten, Scream scale. This cross-sectional study was carried out using a population quota-based sampling of Shanghai residents across 16 districts during the 2022 Shanghai lockdown (N = 2026; 1058 men and 968 women).

We found a distinct gendered dynamic, where women reported a significantly higher prevalence of experienced IPV (27.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.1–31.4) compared to men (19.8%, 95% CI: 16.1–24.0). Notably, the prevalence estimate mirrored the national lifetime IPV prevalence for women but was over twice as high for men. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, economic stress (income loss: adjusted OR [aOR] = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.28–4.56; job loss: aOR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.02–2.92; financial worry much more than usual: aOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00–3.57) and household burden (one child at home: aOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12–2.92; not enough food: aOR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.04–2.70) were associated with increased odds of overall IPV victimization among women but not men. With regard to more serious forms of IPV, job loss (aOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.09–4.69) and household burden (two or more children at home: aOR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.33–7.69) were associated with increased odds of physical IPV against men. For women, a lack of household supplies was associated with increased odds of physical IPV (water: aOR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.79–6.25; daily supplies: aOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.18–4.35). Lack of daily supplies (aOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.03–4.55) and job loss (aOR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.16–6.12) were also associated with increased odds of sexual IPV.

Although a larger proportion of women reported IPV, men experienced greater IPV during the lockdown than previously estimated before the pandemic. Economic stressors, including job loss, and household burden were critical risk factors for serious forms of IPV. Improving gender equality that my account for disparities in IPV in China is critically needed. Policies that mitigate the impact of economic losses during crises can potentially reduce IPV.

To examine changes in service utilisation before, during and after the 2006 Lebanon War – a 34-day military conflict in northern Israel and Lebanon – among three groups: general population, people ‘at risk’ for depression or anxiety and severely mentally ill individuals. Given that exposure to traumatic events is a pathogenic factor known to cause and exacerbate psychiatric distress and disorder, we hypothesised that healthcare service utilisation would increase in populations exposed to war, especially among more vulnerable populations such as those with mental illness.

A nested case–control design was used to examine changes in health care utilisation and use of psychiatric medication as recorded by the databases of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), one of Israel's largest health maintenance organisations (HMOs). Purchases of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and antipsychotic medications were identified from all the medications purchased in pharmacies by MHS members during 2006. Drug consumption data were expressed as defined daily doses (DDDs), summing all DDDs per person per month. Similarly, number of visits to general practitioners (GPs), psychiatrists and Emergency Rooms (ERs) were summed per person per month. Three-way repeated measures ANOVA was used, including the variables time (12 months), region (north/other) and study group.

During the war there was a decline in GP visits among people from the general population and people ‘at risk’ for depression/anxiety who resided in northern Israel that was not paralleled among controls. Similarly, in all three study groups, there was a decline in the number of psychiatrist visits during the war among people from northern Israel which did not occur to the same extent in the control group. There were no changes in ER visits or use of psychiatric medication that could be attributed to the war.

There is less utilisation of community services at times of war among exposed populations, and there is neither evident compensation in use of emergency services, nor any compensation after the war. This may suggest that if there is an efficient medical and mental health infrastructure, people with or without psychiatric risk factors can tolerate a few weeks of a mass stress event, with no need to expand medical service utilisation. However, service utilisation at times of war may be confounded by other variables and may not serve as a direct measure of increased stress.

Most research exploring the link between traumatic events and psychotic experiences has focused on either Australia, Europe or North America. In this study, we expand the existing knowledge to Thailand and investigate the impact of the type and the number of traumatic events on psychotic experiences in Thailand.

We used data from the nationally representative 2013 Thai National Mental Health Survey (TNMHS), including questions on traumatic events and psychotic experiences. We regressed the lifetime experience of hallucinations or delusions against the following independent variables: the experience of any traumatic event during lifetime (dichotomous; hypothesis 1); the experience of either no traumatic event, one interpersonal, one unintentional or both interpersonal and unintentional traumatic events (categorical; hypothesis 2) and the number of traumatic events experienced during lifetime (categorical; hypothesis 3). We adjusted the regression models for sociodemographic indicators and psychiatric disorders, and considered survey weights.

About 6% (95% confidence interval: 4.9–7.0) of the respondents stated that they had either hallucinatory or delusional experiences during their lifetime. The risk of reporting such experiences was more than doubled as high among respondents who had experienced at least one traumatic event during their lifetime than among those who had not yet experienced one, with higher risks for interpersonal or multiple traumatic events. Our results further indicated an increase in the risk of psychotic experiences as the number of traumatic events increased, with up to an eight-fold higher risk for people exposed to five or more traumatic events in their lifetime, compared to those with no traumatic events.

Individuals reporting interpersonal or multiple traumatic events face much higher risk of psychotic experiences. Effective and widely accessible secondary prevention programmes for people having experienced interpersonal or multiple traumatic events constitute a key intervention option.

High-quality evidence is lacking for the impact on healthcare utilisation of short-stay alternatives to psychiatric inpatient services for people experiencing acute and/or complex mental health crises (known in England as psychiatric decision units [PDUs]). We assessed the extent to which changes in psychiatric hospital and emergency department (ED) activity were explained by implementation of PDUs in England using a quasi-experimental approach.

We conducted an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis of weekly aggregated data pre- and post-PDU implementation in one rural and two urban sites using segmented regression, adjusting for temporal and seasonal trends. Primary outcomes were changes in the number of voluntary inpatient admissions to (acute) adult psychiatric wards and number of ED adult mental health-related attendances in the 24 months post-PDU implementation compared to that in the 24 months pre-PDU implementation.

The two PDUs (one urban and one rural) with longer (average) stays and high staff-to-patient ratios observed post-PDU decreases in the pattern of weekly voluntary psychiatric admissions relative to pre-PDU trend (Rural: −0.45%/week, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.78%, −0.12%; Urban: −0.49%/week, 95% CI = −0.73%, −0.25%); PDU implementation in each was associated with an estimated 35–38% reduction in total voluntary admissions in the post-PDU period. The (urban) PDU with the highest throughput, lowest staff-to-patient ratio and shortest average stay observed a 20% (−20.4%, CI = −29.7%, −10.0%) level reduction in mental health-related ED attendances post-PDU, although there was little impact on long-term trend. Pooled analyses across sites indicated a significant reduction in the number of voluntary admissions following PDU implementation (−16.6%, 95% CI = −23.9%, −8.5%) but no significant (long-term) trend change (−0.20%/week, 95% CI = −0.74%, 0.34%) and no short- (−2.8%, 95% CI = −19.3%, 17.0%) or long-term (0.08%/week, 95% CI = −0.13, 0.28%) effects on mental health-related ED attendances. Findings were largely unchanged in secondary (ITS) analyses that considered the introduction of other service initiatives in the study period.

The introduction of PDUs was associated with an immediate reduction of voluntary psychiatric inpatient admissions. The extent to which PDUs change long-term trends of voluntary psychiatric admissions or impact on psychiatric presentations at ED may be linked to their configuration. PDUs with a large capacity, short length of stay and low staff-to-patient ratio can positively impact ED mental health presentations, while PDUs with longer length of stay and higher staff-to-patient ratios have potential to reduce voluntary psychiatric admissions over an extended period. Taken as a whole, our analyses suggest that when establishing a PDU, consideration of the primary crisis-care need that underlies the creation of the unit is key.

The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early intervention for psychosis (EIP) services are well established in high-income countries but not in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the scarcity of local evidence, several EIP services have been implemented in LMICs. Local evaluations are warranted before adopting speciality models of care in LMICs. We aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of implementing EIP services in Brazil.

A model-based economic evaluation of EIP services was conducted from the Brazilian healthcare system perspective. A Markov model was developed using a cohort study conducted in São Paulo. Cost data were retrieved from local sources. The outcome of interest was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) measured as the incremental costs over the incremental quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the results.

The study included 357 participants (38% female), with a mean (SD) age of 26 (7.38) years. According to the model, implementing EIP services in Brazil would result in a mean incremental cost of 4,478 Brazilian reals (R$) and a mean incremental benefit of 0.29 QALYs. The resulting ICER of R$ 15,495 (US dollar [USD] 7,640 adjusted for purchase power parity [PPP]) per QALY can be considered cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of 1 Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (R$ 18,254; USD 9,000 PPP adjusted). The model results were robust to sensitivity analyses.

This study supports the economic advantages of implementing EIP services in Brazil. Although cultural adaptations are required, these data suggest EIP services might be cost-effective even in less-resourced countries.

Depressive disorders are a major public health issue in Western societies, particularly among adolescents, young adults and women. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated mental health challenges, increasing depression and anxiety symptoms, especially in younger people. This study focuses on the hard-hit Emilia-Romagna Region (ERR) in Italy, examining changes in antidepressant (AD) drug use post-COVID-19 to understand the pandemic’s effect on mental health.

A population-based interrupted time series design and a segmented regression analysis was carried out on ERR pharmaceutical data (FED, direct dispensation pharmaceuticals, AFT, territorial pharmaceutical assistance) out to estimate changes in AD use during the three pandemic years (2020, 2021 and 2022) compared to 2017–2019.Analyses were stratified by age, gender, citizenship, population density of the area of residence.

A notable increase in AD consumption compared to what was expected was observed among younger age groups, and especially in females. In the 12–19 age group, a gradual increase was recorded from January 2021 until it reached +48% in 2022 (+58% among women, +30% among men). An even more remarkable growth in AD usage among non-Italian residents in the same age group was recorded compared to expected. A relevant increase, although smaller, was detected among individuals in the 20–34 age group, with a peak of +9% in 2022. These differences persisted up until the end of the observation period.

The study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic may have had a lasting negative impact on the mental health of younger individuals. The observed increase in AD use may foreshadow a potential long-term need for enhanced mental healthcare and services directed at this subpopulation.